In the automotive sector, which produces over 60-70% of global pollution emissions, the world faces difficulties in making the switch from fossil fuels to environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. Technology has advanced significantly, and companies such as Toyota and FiA are working to improve competitiveness and attract more manufacturers to produce hybrid cars. Reducing environmental impact and greenhouse gas emissions is the goal of the Formula 1 project, which partners with ARAMCO, one of the world's largest mining companies. Using the methodology of reviewing literature on energy-efficient fuels and adapting to Formula 1 vehicle regulations, with a special emphasis on hybrid strategies, to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Research on the use of synthetic materials in fuels such as ethanol, ethanol, butanole, dimethyl methacrylate (DMM), and oxymethylethyl (OME) 3-5 has shown promising results in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The transition to renewable energy sources is essential to reduce global pollution.

TBody image dissatisfaction and increasing interest in cosmetic procedures present significant psychosocial challenges among contemporary university students. This study examined body image satisfaction levels, areas of physical dissatisfaction, and attitudes toward plastic surgery among University of Zakho students. A descriptive survey approach collected data from 49 students (28 males, 21 females) using a validated 10-item questionnaire measuring satisfaction and attitudes. Analysis revealed hierarchical patterns of body dissatisfaction, with the nose being most dissatisfying facial feature (91.8% reported some facial dissatisfaction), followed by hair. The chest area generated highest body dissatisfaction (80% of those reporting body issues), followed by abdomen/buttocks. Students strongly perceived increased prevalence of cosmetic procedures (67.3% agreed "to a large extent") and acknowledged significant media influence (69.4%). While recognizing plastic surgery as necessary for others (particularly women), 65.3% expressed unwillingness to pursue such interventions personally, even if cost-free. Statistical analyses found no significant differences in attitudes based on gender or age variables. Findings suggest educational institutions should implement body image programs while regulatory frameworks ensure plastic surgeries address genuine needs rather than reinforcing unrealistic standards.

TTeachers' psychological security impacts educational quality, yet few studies examine its relationship with professional performance in Kurdistan's educational context. This study investigates the relationship between psychological security and professional performance among Zakho's basic education teachers across various demographic factors. Using correlational-descriptive approaches, 100 randomly selected teachers completed Maslow's Security Scale and a standardized Professional Performance Scale with five-point measurements. Results revealed high levels of psychological security and professional performance among teachers. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in psychological security across gender, age, or years of service. However, professional performance varied significantly with years of service, with teachers having 31-40 years of experience demonstrating superior performance compared to other groups. The study established a significant positive correlation (r=0.512, p<0.01) between psychological security and professional performance, indicating that teachers with stronger psychological security tend to demonstrate more effective professional performance in educational settings. Enhancing teachers' psychological well-being represents a crucial strategy for improving teaching effectiveness and educational quality in basic education

This study aims to analyze the position of the Constitutional Court's decision in the formation of laws and to examine the legal implications if the laws formed are in conflict with the Constitutional Court's decision. This study is important to conduct considering the polemic of alleged non-compliance of state administrators with the Constitutional Court's decision, especially in the formation of laws. This study is different from several previous studies because it examines the position of the Constitutional Court's decision and the legal implications of laws formed in conflict with the Constitutional Court's decision. Using a normative legal research method. The results obtained from this study are that the Constitutional Court's decision is a source of law in the formation of laws as stipulated in Article 10 paragraph (1) letter d of Law No. 12 of 2011, that one of the materials that must be included in the law is the follow-up to the Constitutional Court's decision. The legal implications of the formation of laws that are in conflict with the Constitutional Court's decision are that it will cause legal uncertainty, can harm human rights, and the law can be submitted for judicial review to the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court's decision is the official interpretation of the 1945 Constitution. Therefore, the DPR and the President are obliged to follow up on it in the formation of laws, so that the resulting laws can provide justice, benefits, and legal certainty as well as protection of human rights.
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam pembentukan undang-undang serta mengkaji implikasi hukum apabila undang-undang yang dibentuk bertentangan dengan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan mengingat adanya polemik dugaan ketidakpatuhan penyelenggara negara terhadap putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi khususnya dalam pembentukan undang-undang. Penelitian ini memiliki perbedaan dengan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya karena mengakaji kedudukan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi dan implikasi hukum undang-undang yang dibentuk bertentangan dengan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.  Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi berkedudukan sebagai sumber hukum dalam pembentukan undang-undang sebagaimana ditentukan pada Pasal 10 ayat (1) huruf d UU No. 12 Tahun 2011, bahwa salah satu materi yang wajib dimuat dalam undang-undang adalah tindak lanjut atas putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Implikasi hukum pembentukan undang-undang yang bertentangan dengan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yakni akan menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum; dapat merugikan hak asasi manusia; dan undang-undang tersebut dapat diajukan judicial review di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Putusan Mahkamah Kontitusi merupakan penafsiran resmi UUD 1945. Oleh karena itu, DPR dan Presiden wajib menindaklanjutinya dalam pembentukan undang-undang, agar undang-undang yang dihasilkan dapat memberikan keadilan, kemanfaatan dan kepastian hukum serta perlindungan terhadap hak asasi manusia. 
 

This study aims to analyze the legal implications of granting building use rights to foreign nationals under the Job Creation Law. The main problem that currently occurs is the limited availability of land in Indonesia, while development is progressing rapidly, especially in urban areas. To meet the needs of the community, including foreign citizens, for housing, the government then took the path of building flats as part of housing development, considering the limited land in urban areas. In its development, the government then enacted the Job Creation Law, which turned out to be inconsistent with previous regulations. This is interesting to study regarding the impact that will occur if Building Use Rights are granted to Foreign Citizens living in Indonesia, so that the problems that arise can be in the form of legal certainty of the Job Creation Law regarding ownership of Building Use Rights by Foreign Citizens and ownership of flat units by Foreign Citizens according to the Job Creation Law linked to the principle of nationality. This study uses a normative legal approach method by reviewing library materials or secondary data, and the nature of this research is descriptive and analytical. The results of the study concluded that the legal certainty of ownership of Apartment Ownership Rights on land with building use rights by foreigners based on the Job Creation Law is still not guaranteed, because in the UURS and UUPA, foreigners can only have usage rights, while in the UUCK, they can have HGB. The novelty of this study lies in its normative analysis of conflicting regulations and the identification of legal gaps in the implementation of foreign ownership of apartment units.

The purpose of this study is to analyze consumer protection for Pineapple Chips UMKM that do not register SNI and BPOM, and to find out the process of determining SNI and BPOM certification for Pineapple Chips UMKM products that can provide legal certainty for business actors. Consumers have the right to comfort, security, and safety in consuming goods and/or services, products that must register SNI and BPOM to ensure consumer safety and security. The urgency of this research for consumers is the importance of choosing certified products. As well as for business actors to realize legal awareness in registering their products, in order to create legal protection, and as an evaluation of the government to provide counseling and guidance to MSMEs in registering their product certification. The research method used is sociological research with a statutory regulatory approach. The novelty of this research lies in the importance of legal protection for consumers by registering SNI and BPOM, as well as the determination or process of SNI and BPOM that should be carried out by the pineapple chips UMKM to create legal certainty. The results of the study showed that there are two forms of legal protection for consumers, namely preventive protection by conducting supervision once a year at the factory where the product is made, before it is distributed. BPOM carries out licensing by testing product content, product specifications, and processed materials used before being distributed. As well as repressive legal protection through litigation and non-litigation, if there is an unlawful act or a criminal act.
 
Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis perlindungan konsumen terhadap UMKM Keripik Nenas yang tidak mendaftarkan SNI dan BPOM, dan proses penetapan sertifikasi SNI dan BPOM pada produk UMKM Keripik Nenas yang dapat memberikan kepastian hukum bagi pelaku usaha. Konsumen berhak mendapatkan hak atas kenyamanan, keamanan, dan keselamatan dalam mengkonsumsi barang dan/atau jasa, hal ini dibuktikkan dengan produk harus mendaftarkan SNI dan BPOM untuk menjamin keamanan, keselamatan konsumen. Urgensi penelitian ini bagi konsumen pentingnya dalam memilih produk yang telah tersertivikasi. Serta bagi pelaku usaha untuk mewujudkan kesadaran hukum dalam mendaftarkan produknya, demi terciptanya perlindungan hukum, serta sebagai evaluasi kepada pemerintah untuk memberikan penyuluhan, dan pembinaan kepada UMKM dalam mendaftarkan sertifikasi produknya. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian sosiologis dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Kebaharuan penelitian ini terletak pada pentingnya perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dengan mendaftarkan SNI dan BPOM, serta penetapan atau proses SNI dan BPOM yang seharusnya dilakukan UMKM Keripik Nenas untuk menciptakan kepastian hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada dua bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen, yakni perlindungan preventif dengan melakukan pengawasan satu kali setahun di pabrik tempat pembuatan produk, sebelum diedarkan. BPOM melakukan perizinan dengan menguji kandungan produk, spesifikasi produk, bahan olahan yang digunakan sebelum diedarkan. Serta perlindungan hukum represif melalui litigasi dan non litigasi jika terjadi perbuatan melawan hukum, ataupun tindak pidana.

This research intention is to find out how the legal protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on TikTok video content is from a penal law perspective and to find out the penalties given to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement. The background of this research is based on the large number of uses of most of the songs on the Tiktok application without permission from the copyright holder who should have economic rights to their creations. This action can be categorized as a criminal act of piracy. A crime is an unlawful act that is detrimental to society and the perpetrators can be subject to criminal penalties. The development of communication technology has given birth to a new media called social media, and TikTok is one of the popular social media among the public. The problem is that most of the songs used in the Tiktok application are used without permission from the copyright holder who should have economic rights to their creation. The research method used in this study is the normative legal method with a statutory approach. The specifications of this study are descriptive analytical. The results of the study show that the criminal approach in the protection of Intellectual Property Rights is very important to ensure that the intellectual property rights of the results of creation are respected in society, the imposition of criminal sanctions in cases of violations, such as the use of songs without permission is important to provide a deterrent effect on the perpetrators while protecting the interests of the rights owners and creating legal certainty. The novelty of this research lies in the multidisciplinary approach that connects aspects of penal law with social and economic problems in the protection of Intellectual Property Rights.

This study seeks to investigate and acquire insights regarding the legal validity of the sale and purchase deed associated with Letter C and the impact of land erosion on land rights owners. The foundation of this research stems from the transaction involving the deed of sale and purchase of Letter C, carried out by the Land Deed Official, who overlooked the measurement of the Letter C land when transferring rights from one person to another. The significance of this research lies in addressing the issues that arise in various places in the archipelago are increasingly complex and increasingly varied, especially regarding the ownership of land rights with Letter C status, which do not have legal certainty over their ownership rights. This research employs the Normative Juridical approach, which analyzes literature documents and related regulations while emphasizing the duties and permits of PPAT, so that it will provide the right answers regarding land rights problems and literacy to the community regarding land rights ownership. The results of this study explain that Letter C land sale and purchase transactions that are not accompanied by measurements and are not immediately certified have the potential to cause disputes and difficulties in proving land rights because there are legal loopholes, so owners must confirm the validity of ownership of land rights. The novelty of this research lies in the analysis of cases that occurred in Bogor Regency, illustrating the consequences of the incident, so that it can provide a solution so that the Letter C land that is still circulating in the community can immediately change its land rights status to provide security in land ownership.
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali serta mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang keabsahan akta jual beli Letter C serta dampak dari terkikisnya tanah bagi pemilik hak atas tanah. Dasar penelitian ini berasal dari transaksi akta jual Beli Letter C yang disusun oleh Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) tanpa memperhatikan pengukuran tanah Letter C yang dialihkan haknya dari satu individu ke individu lainnya. Urgensi dari penelitian ini adalah permasalahan yang terjadi diberbagai tempat di Nusantara semakin kompleks dan semakin variatif khususnya tentang kepemilikan hak atas tanah yang berstatus Letter C yang tidak mendapatkan kepastian hukum atas hak kepemilikannya. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode Yuridis Normatif dengan menganalisis dokumen literatur dan peraturan yang relevan serta memperjelas tugas dan kewenangan PPAT, sehingga penelitian ini akan memberikan jawaban yang tepat mengenai permasalahan hak atas tanah serta meningkatkan literasi terkait kepemilikan hak atas tanah kepada masyarakat. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan jual beli tanah Letter C yang tidak disertai pengukuran dan tidak segera disertifikatkan berpotensi menyebabkan sengketa serta kesulitan pembuktian hak atas tanah karena terdapat celah hukum, sehingga pemilik harus mempertegas validitas kepemilikan hak atas tanah. Kebaruan dalam penelitian ini dijelaskan dalam analisis dari kasus yang terjadi di Kabupaten Bogor yang menjabarkan dampak dari peristiwa tersebut, sehingga dapat memberikan solusi agar tanah Letter C yang masih beredar dalam masyarakat segera diubah status hak atas tanahnya untuk memberikan keamanan dalam kepemilikan tanah.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Business Model Canvas (BMC) at the Purwokerto branch of PT Jamkrindo Syariah in addressing competitiveness within the Islamic finance sector. The BMC is a strategic framework consisting of nine building blocks: customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partnerships, and cost structure. This research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis, utilizing observation and unstructured interviews with relevant stakeholders as data collection techniques. The findings reveal that the application of BMC at PT Jamkrindo Syariah has been optimal and has positively impacted the company’s operations, particularly in market penetration, customer relationship management, and cost efficiency. Furthermore, partnerships with both private and governmental institutions serve as critical elements for ensuring business sustainability. The study recommends that the company continuously pursue product innovation, strengthen digital channels, enhance human resources, and regularly evaluate its business model to remain responsive to market changes. Effective implementation of BMC can serve as a strategic tool to boost the company’s competitive advantage.

This study aims to optimize sales profit at the MSME Batagor Bandung Tarakan by applying the Simplex method in linear programming, supported by the POM-QM for Windows software. Profit optimization plays a crucial role in strategic decision-making, particularly in determining the optimal daily production quantities to enhance operational efficiency, maximize the use of raw materials, and meet market demand effectively. The Simplex method was chosen for its ability to solve linear optimization problems involving multiple constraints and variables, providing accurate mathematical solutions to achieve maximum profit. This research utilizes daily production data as the basis for analysis, which is then processed using the Simplex method in POM-QM. The results show that implementing the Simplex method can increase daily profits from IDR 634,000 to IDR 831,408 through a more efficient production combination. The study concludes that the Simplex method, when applied via the POM-QM software, is an effective tool for daily production decision-making and can support MSMEs like Batagor Bandung Tarakan in improving their competitiveness and business sustainability.