This article discusses the implementation of the Caring Class program (Kelas Peduli) as a means of cultivating responsibility among elementary school students. The program is carried out through daily routines such as rotating clasroom duties, journaling, weekly class discussions, and positive reinforvement. A descriptive qualitative method with a participatory approach was used, involving both teachers and students in value hanituation. The results indicate that this program enhances students’awarenes of personal and sosial responsibility, strengthens discipline, and fosterscommunication and colaboration within the classroom community. Therefore , Kelas Peduli can be considered a best practice model for character aducation in elementary schools.

Corruption remains a serious issue that hinders development and erodes public trust in the government, particularly in countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. Both nations have long histories of dealing with systemic corruption. This study aims to compare the legal systems and anti-corruption law enforcement in Indonesia and Malaysia to identify challenges and areas for improvement. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, analyzing legal documents, academic journals, and regulations related to anti-corruption agencies in both countries. This study employs legal system theory and institutional theory. The main problem examined is how anti-corruption law enforcement differs between Indonesia and Malaysia and what the main enforcement challenges are. The findings show that while Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) was once powerful, recent political interference and regulatory revisions have weakened its impact. Conversely, Malaysia has more comprehensive legal instruments, but its enforcement agencies struggle with independence and political pressure. In conclusion, both countries must strengthen legal supremacy, institutional independence, and public engagement to enhance the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts.

The rapid development of the digital world and e-commerce has changed the dynamics of global trade, including in Indonesia. Although technology has brought convenience and efficiency to consumers, consumer protection in digital transactions still faces a number of challenges. This study aims to analyze consumer protection in digital transactions based on the perspective of business law in Indonesia. This study also discusses how the application of business law principles, including Islamic law, can strengthen existing regulations to ensure fair and transparent digital transactions.Keywords: consumer protection, and e-commerce, Digital transactions

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks remain a critical threat to network infrastructure, necessitating timely and precise detection techniques to mitigate their impact. This study presents a hybrid deep learning framework that integrates the Three Conditions for Feature Aggregation (3ConFA) framework with a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) for effective DDoS detection. Initially, salient features were selected using the 3ConFA approach, which combines multi-filter feature ranking—based on Chi-square, Information Gain, and Decision Tree Recursive Feature Elimination (DT-RFE) to extract robust and relevant features from raw network traffic data. The training samples were balanced using the Adaptive Synthetic Sampling Approach (ADASYN) to address the high-class imbalance typically present in DDoS datasets. The refined features were then passed through a 1D-CNN model designed to learn temporal and spatial attack behavior patterns. Feature fusion was applied by concatenating the aggregated statistical features and the deep features learned by the CNN, then re-selected the most informative features using Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation (RFECV). The final classification was performed using a Softmax output layer, and the model was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation and a separate test set. Experimental results demonstrated an average training accuracy of 99.42%, an F1-score of 99.35%, and an AUC-ROC of 99.87%. On the test set, the model achieved a detection accuracy of 99.56%, a precision of 99.61%, and an F1-score of 99.50%, with an AUC-ROC of 0.9982. The proposed hybrid approach outperforms traditional models such as Random Forest, Decision Tree, XGBoost, and standalone CNN, validating the synergistic impact of integrating 3ConFA with deep temporal convolutional modeling for accurate and interpretable DDoS attack detection.

Abstrak
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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum termanfaatkannya limbah kulit singkong di Sumatera Barat meskipun produksi singkong mencapai 143.330,00 ton pada tahun 2022. Kulit singkong yang mencapai 15-20% dari total berat umbi sering dianggap sebagai limbah yang dapat mencemari lingkungan, padahal memiliki kandungan gizi yang cukup baik meliputi protein 8,11 gram, serat kasar 15,20 gram, dan kalsium 0,63 gram per 100 gram bahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas keripik dari kulit singkong meliputi aspek bentuk, warna, aroma, tekstur, dan rasa melalui uji sensori. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan eksperimental. Pengujian dilakukan di workshop tata boga Departemen Ilmu Kesejahteraan Keluarga, Fakultas Pariwisata dan Perhotelan, Universitas Negeri Padang. Objek penelitian adalah keripik yang terbuat dari kulit singkong jenis lambau (ubi manis). Proses pengolahan meliputi perendaman kulit singkong selama 3 hari dengan penggantian air setiap 24 jam, perebusan selama 30 menit, penjemuran 2-3 hari, dan penggorengan. Uji organoleptik dilakukan oleh 6 orang panelis terlatih dari kalangan dosen Tata Boga UNP dengan pengujian sebanyak tiga kali, menggunakan instrumen penilaian kualitas bentuk, warna, aroma, tekstur, dan rasa dengan skala 1-5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas sensori keripik kulit singkong pada pengujian ketiga memperoleh nilai tertinggi dengan parameter warna 4,83 kategori "coklat", tekstur 4,67 kategori "renyah", aroma 4,33 kategori "cukup beraroma khas kulit singkong", rasa 4,50 kategori "cukup gurih", dan bentuk 4,33 kategori "cukup rapi dan seragam". Keberhasilan mengolah limbah kulit singkong menjadi produk keripik dengan kualitas sensori yang baik menunjukkan potensi besar untuk pengembangan produk pangan bernilai ekonomis sekaligus berkontribusi pada pengurangan pencemaran lingkungan. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa limbah kulit singkong dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif makanan ringan yang memiliki nilai ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan.
 
Abstract
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This research is motivated by the unused cassava peel waste in West Sumatra even though cassava production reached 143,330.00 tons in 2022. Cassava skin, which reaches 15-20% of the total weight of the tubers, is often considered waste that can pollute the environment, even though it has a fairly good nutritional content including 8.11 grams of protein, 15.20 grams of crude fiber, and 0.63 grams of calcium per 100 grams of ingredients. This study aims to analyze the quality of chips from cassava peels including aspects of shape, color, aroma, texture, and taste through sensory tests. This study uses a quantitative method with an experimental approach. The test was carried out at the culinary workshop of the Department of Family Welfare Sciences, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Padang State University. The object of the research is chips made from cassava skins of the lambau type (sweet potato). The processing process includes soaking the cassava peel for 3 days with water change every 24 hours, boiling for 30 minutes, drying for 2-3 days, and frying. The organoleptic test was carried out by 6 trained panelists from UNP Culinary Lecturers with three tests, using an instrument to assess the quality of shape, color, aroma, texture, and taste on a scale of 1-5. The results showed that the sensory quality of cassava peel chips in the third test obtained the highest score with color parameters of 4.83 in the "brown" category, 4.67 in the "crispy" category, 4.33 in the aroma category "quite aromatic typical of cassava skin", 4.50 in the "quite savory" category, and 4.33 in the "quite neat and uniform" category. The success of processing cassava peel waste into chips products with good sensory quality shows great potential for the development of food products with economic value while contributing to the reduction of environmental pollution. The results of this study prove that cassava peel waste can be used as an alternative to snacks that have economic and environmentally friendly value.
 

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of grape leaf extract to chitosan edible coating on vitamin C and phenolic content of red grapes on day 0 and 7 storage at room temperature. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four concentrations of grape leaf extract (0%, 3%, 4%, and 5%). Measurement of vitamin C and phenolic content was done using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The results showed that the addition of grape leaf extract significantly increased the vitamin C content of grapes both on day 0 and day 7, with the highest level found in the 5% treatment. Phenolic content increased at 3% concentration on day 0 but decreased at 3% concentration on day 7. Two Way Anova statistical test showed a significant effect of extract concentration and storage time on vitamin C and phenolic content. The addition of grape leaf extract into chitosan edible coating was effective in maintaining vitamin C and phenolic content and extending the shelf life of grapes at room temperature. These findings support the potential use of natural materials as plant-based preservatives in food coating systems.

Flights from Bima to Yogyakarta can be done via transit or non-transit flight routes. The selection of flight routes carried out by cadets of the Yogyakarta Aerospace Technology College (STTKD) is quite important to know the factors that are considered in choosing the flight route to be taken, in addition, this route selection offers different alternatives in terms of travel time, ticket costs and comfort in transit and non-transit flights. With accurate information, cadets can choose the most efficient and economical option, so as to minimize their experience in traveling using air transportation. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method. Where this research method is a method of research that is descriptive and tends to use analysis. Based on the results of data analysis of five selected sources, it shows that the selection of flight routes from Bima to Yogyakarta is influenced by several main factors such as travel time, price, and comfort. In this study, the data validity checking technique used is the triangulation technique, where the triangulation technique is to test the credibility of the data carried out. In the selection of transit flight routes, the comfort of the service is more dominant, while for non-transit flight routes, the ticket price and travel time are more dominant. Of the two flight routes, each has its own main factors in selecting a flight route, namely price, travel time, and comfort.

The aim of this research is to analyze the accuracy and efficiency of the Centralized KPPN Salary Application in managing state finances, especially in terms of main salary distribution. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with primary data sources in the form of interviews and secondary data in the form of documentation. The research results show that this application is able to increase efficiency through automation processes, reduce manual intervention, and speed up data reconciliation. Accuracy is also increased with an automatic validation system that ensures accuracy in calculating and recording salaries. Compared to manual mechanism, this application is able to reduce the potential for errors, speed up data processing, and optimize electronic document management.

This research focuses on optimising precise Brushless DC (BLDC) motor speed control using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The fundamental problem lies in the performance of PID control, which is highly dependent on the accuracy of determining its gain parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd), where manual tuning methods often do not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the Ziegler-Nichols systematic method to the PID control tuning process for BLDC motors and then evaluate the performance of the resulting system based on key response time parameters such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error. The proposed method involves designing a mathematical model of the BLDC motor and applying the Ziegler-Nichols technique, specifically the Ultimate Oscillation Method, to systematically derive the values of Ku and Pu which are then used to calculate Kp (5.1), Ki (22.7), and Kd (0.29). The main findings show a dramatic performance improvement in the BLDC speed control system after the implementation of the tuned PID; the rise time is significantly reduced from 0.3728 seconds (without PID) to 0.0041 seconds, the settling time improves from 0.6642 seconds to 0.0073 seconds, and most importantly, the steady-state error of 45.38% is eliminated to 0%.  The main idea synthesis is that the Ziegler-Nichols method provides an effective and practical approach to PID parameter optimization, resulting in a highly responsive, accurate and stable BLDC motor control system. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrates that applying a PID controller with parameters determined via the Ziegler-Nichols method significantly improves the speed control quality of a BLDC motor, overcoming the steady-state error problem and substantially improving the transient response characteristics.