This study aims to describe the level of resilience in former drug addicts and analyze its influence on their recovery and social reintegration process. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through a questionnaire based on Grotberg’s theory consisting of 48 items. Five participants who had abstained from drugs for approximately two years were involved in this research. The results showed that most participants had high to very high levels of resilience. External factors such as family support and economic conditions, as well as internal factors like self-awareness and future-oriented motivation, significantly contributed to increased resilience. This study emphasizes the crucial role of resilience in helping former drug addicts endure challenging times and prevent relapse.

This study aims to determine the effect of jumping and throwing park games on improving basic motor skills of junior high school students. The research method used is an experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of two classes, each consisting of 30 students, divided into experimental and control groups. The instrument used refers to the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) to measure jumping, throwing, and balance abilities. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant increase in the post-test results of the experimental group compared to the control group (p = 0.000). Jumping and throwing park games have proven effective in integrating locomotor and manipulative movements through a fun play approach, thereby increasing students’ motivation and active participation in physical education learning. These findings indicate that learning media designed according to the characteristics of student development can make a real contribution to improving motor skills. Therefore, the use of this media is recommended as an alternative learning strategy that is educational and fun in the school environment. 

This research aims to analyze the character values of the Punakawan wayang which then becomes a consideration for its use as a learning medium in Javanese language subjects in elementary schools. This research uses qualitative methods which are then analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results of the discussion from this research are that the use of stories from the Punakawan wayang as a learning medium will have a positive impact if the teacher can highlight the good character values of the wayang which can be emulated by students, and vice versa

The rice straw waste is a byproduct of rice processing and is a plentiful natural resource in Indonesia. It has been utilized as a renewable energy source to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and tackle worldwide energy concerns. Rice straw waste contains various organic compounds, such as 36.6% cellulose, 25.3% hemicellulose, and 14.3% lignin. These compounds can be converted into various types of bioenergy, such as bioethanol, biogas, biomass, and bioelectricity through fermentation and pyrolysis processes. Rice straw waste has significant potential as a raw material in bioethanol production, biogas and bio-oil. rice straw waste also has the potential to produce bio-oil through the pyrolysis process. Tiny organisms, like bacteria and fungi, have a crucial part in the creation of bioethanol, biogas, and bio-oil. These microscopic organisms will be used in the process of fermentation, decomposition, or other biochemical reactions to convert rice straw waste into the desired renewable energy source. In the production of bioethanol, the use of enzymes such as amylase or cellulase may be required to break down the raw materials into simpler components that can be converted through the fermentation process into bioethanol. The process of producing biogas involves utilizing an anaerobic digester, which is a controlled environment devoid of oxygen. In this environment, microorganisms decompose the organic material found in rice straw waste and generate biogas. The methods used in the production of bioenergy (bioethanol, biogas and bio-oil) from straw waste may vary depending on the context and available technology.

This research aims to examine the legal limitations in the application of excessive self-defense (noodweerexces) and its implications for criminal liability in the Indonesian criminal law system. The urgency of this study stems from inconsistencies in judicial practice regarding the interpretation of reasonable limits in self-defense cases, creating legal uncertainty and potential injustice. This research employs a normative juridical method examining legal regulations, theories, principles, and court decisions related to justification and pardon in Indonesian criminal law. The findings indicate that the application of excessive self-defense requires particular attention to avoid violating fundamental principles of justice, with both objective and subjective evaluations necessary to ensure fair law enforcement. The study reveals that variations in judicial decisions necessitate clearer guidelines to ensure legal certainty, while psychological factors of perpetrators significantly influence considerations in noodweerexces assessments. This research contributes new insights by specifically integrating the analysis of objective legal standards with subjective psychological states in criminal liability determination, filling the gap left by previous studies that examined these aspects separately. The study recommends the development of standardized judicial guidelines through Supreme Court circular letters (SEMA) and mandatory training for judges on psychological assessment in self-defense cases, as well as the incorporation of forensic psychology experts in the judicial process for noodweerexces cases.

Background: Football is a sport that combines aerobic and anaerobic endurance during training and matches. Physical fitness can support blood circulation function and heart work and increase muscle strength, speed, agility, and explosiveness. Muscle fatigue can be affected by various internal and external factors, including physiological, nutritional, exercise, psychological, environmental, and health factors. One of the nutritional factors that can affect muscle fatigue is micronutrients such as potassium. Potassium and vitamin C deficiency can lead to muscle weakness and fatigue. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in the effect of giving isotonic drinks and sweet orange juice on the fatigue level of North Sumatra PPLP football athletes. Method: The research design is true experimental, with the post-test only with a control group design. The subjects consisted of 24 athletes who were selected using systematic random sampling. The level of fatigue is known through the RAST test. Bivariate analysis uses an independent sample t-test to determine the difference in influence between each variable. Results: As a result of this study, there was a significant difference in fatigue levels in the two groups. The average fatigue level value in the treatment group was 4.61±1.42, while the control group was 6.62±2.33 or the Sig. p<0.05 value was p = 0.01. Conclusion: This showed a significant difference in the mean level of athlete fatigue between the treatment group and the control group.

Industri genteng sangat mengutamakan tampilan dan ketepatan, sehingga kualitas produk harus menjadi perhatian utama. PT XYZ sebagai salah satu supplier genteng nasional saat ini tengah menghadapi permasalahan tingginya jumlah produk cacat terutama pada bagian roll forming machine. Jenis cacat yang paling dominan antara lain penyok sebesar 30%, dimensi tidak sesuai (dimensi NG) sebesar 26%, kerut sebesar 18%, berkarat sebesar 15%, tergores sebesar 7%, dan pudar warna sebesar 4%. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada periode Juni sampai dengan Agustus 2024 dan memiliki persentase cacat yang cukup tinggi serta telah melampaui batas target perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis sumber permasalahan dengan menggunakan metode Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) dan Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). Melalui FMEA akan diperoleh nilai Risk Priority Number (RPN) yang menjadi acuan utama dalam menentukan skala prioritas perbaikan yang dibutuhkan.

Purpose: The study examines the impact of CEO demographics on corporate cash holdings in the Indonesian banking industry, focusing on CEO tenure, age, education, and gender. The study considers how regulatory constraints, firm characteristics, and macroeconomic factors shape corporate liquidity decisions.
Method: Using data from 46 banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2004 to 2022, this study analyzes 637 firm-year observations. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model assesses the relationship between CEO demographics and cash holdings, incorporating firm-specific and macroeconomic control variables such as firm size, leverage, working capital, inflation, and GDP growth.
Findings: The result reveals that CEO tenure negatively affects corporate cash holdings, suggesting that longer-tenured CEOs may optimize liquidity management rather than hold excess cash. CEO education positively influences cash holding, reflecting a stronger understanding of financial management and risk mitigation. In contrast, CEO age shows an insignificant effect, implying that experience and strategic priorities may matter more than age alone. Female CEOs exhibit a negative influence on cash holdings, possibly due to a more cautious financial approach or external governance expectations.
Novelty: The study contributes to the literature on corporate liquidity by integrating CEO demographic factors with firm-specific and macroeconomic contexts. It extends the application of the upper echelons theory in a highly regulated sector, demonstrating how leadership traits influence cash management decisions. The research offers valuable insights for regulators, investors, and corporate boards in evaluating CEO profiles when assessing financial policies and risk management strategies.

The Community Learning Center (CLC) as a Non Formal Education (NFE) unit has the principles of 'from', 'by' and 'for' the community in management. CLC has an equality education Package program which is an alternative solution for affordable primary and secondary education services. Development of the NFE program at CLC based on entrepreneurship through coaching clinics with activities; delivery of material related to the NFE program and independence strategy, consulting on various problems faced by CLC, field visits to ensure the strategies chosen in developing the NFE program can be implemented properly, and building a shared commitment to developing the NFE program, so as to create self-reliance based CLC entrepreneurship. The objective of this research is to analyze the implementation of Package equality learning based on entrepreneurship in creating independence.
This research uses descriptive qualitative, with data analisys; (1) data reduction through department-interviews, participant observation, documentation, (2) data display, (3) conclusions. As for checking the validity of the data to measure the degree of trust (credibility) with transferability and confirmability.
The results of the study show changes in conducting entrepreneurship learning for Package students which are more contextual and emphasize hands-on practice. Entrepreneurship-based NFE program development carried out in CLC is carried out through 3 stages, namely (1) the stage of context analysis and identification of community learning needs in which there are problems and resources that can be used for learning. (2) The stage of managing entrepreneurship learning which includes planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising entrepreneurship learning programs. (3) The evaluation stage is carried out to find out the learning outcomes and processes. Learning outcomes through theory and performance exams during practical work, while process evaluation is carried out at each stage of implementing entrepreneurship learning.
The conclusion is that the development of an entrepreneurship-based NFE program through a coaching clinic can provide changes in the management of culinary and barista entrepreneurship learning  as a program advantage in CLC. The novelty of this research is learning equality education packages combined with vocational skills which accelerate students' independence.

This article discusses the application of deductive and inductive methods in management, which are relevant in facing modern business challenges. Deductive methods, which move from general principles to specific cases, are used to confirm decisions based on established theories, whereas inductive methods, which move from specific observations to generalizations, allow the formation of new theories based on empirical data. These two methods have complementary advantages and disadvantages; deductive excels in efficiency and systematic logic, but is limited to initial premises, while inductive offers flexibility in understanding complex situations, although it risks producing less valid generalizations. The integration of deductive and inductive methods can provide a holistic approach, helping organizations make decisions that are evidence-based, adaptive, and relevant to specific contexts