Phishing is an evolving form of cybercrime that targets users' sensitive information through URL manipulation. Conventional detection methods such as blacklists and signature-based approaches have become increasingly inadequate in addressing the dynamic variations of modern phishing attacks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) variants, such Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), in detecting phishing threats based on URL data. The methodology involves a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of scholarly publications from the past ten years, complemented by experimental implementation of the models using a public dataset from Kaggle. Literature findings show that Bi-LSTM consistently achieves the highest accuracy, up to 99%, while GRU stands out for its computational efficiency. Experimental results support these findings, with Bi-LSTM achieving an accuracy of 96.22%, GRU 96.29%, and LSTM 95.43%. Classification metrics indicate that RNN-based models perform very well in detecting benign and defacement URLs, although their performance on phishing URLs remains challenged, particularly in terms of recall. These results confirm that RNNs remain a promising approach for phishing detection systems, especially when integrated into hybrid models with complementary architectures. This study is expected to provide a foundation for developing precise and adaptive AI systems to combat increasingly sophisticated phishing threats.

Environmental crises such as climate change, ecosystem degradation, and pollution have prompted countries to formulate environmental policies aimed at preserving environmental sustainability. However, the effectiveness of these policies is often questioned, particularly in their implementation. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of environmental policies implemented over the past decade on biodiversity, air quality, and waste management, as well as to identify implementation barriers and provide recommendations for policy improvement. The study employs a literature review method by analyzing various scientific sources, policy reports, and related documents. The evaluation results indicate that economic incentive-based policies, such as carbon taxes and renewable energy subsidies, tend to be more effective in reducing emissions and promoting clean energy adoption. Nevertheless, policy implementation frequently faces obstacles including lack of political support, limited resources, public resistance, and weak inter-sectoral coordination. Improvement strategies are needed, including enhanced cross-sector collaboration, strengthened data and information systems, and public education to support the success of sustainable environmental policies.

The aim of this research is to compare the roles and duties of BAZNAS and LAZ based on the old zakat law and the new zakat law, as well as the synergy of roles between the two. The urgency of this research is that it is hoped that this research can provide input for the implementation of zakat management in Indonesia to be more optimal, as well as input for the revision of the zakat law related to the duties and roles of the two zakat management institutions. The type of research used in this research is normative juridical with a statutory and comparative approach, with analytical descriptive research specifications, and the type of data used is secondary data. The results of this research show that BAZNAS and LAS, both have similar tasks and similar goals, they are not competitors with each other, in fact, they are partners and must work together so that zakat management becomes more effective and efficient so that the potential of zakat in society can be maximally absorbed. The findings from this research are that there is harmonization of roles between BAZNAS and LAZ, this harmonization does not yet exist in the Zakat Law. It is hoped that the new zakat law will include this as part of an effort to increase the quality of implementing the functions of BAZNAS and LAZ as they should in accordance with current developments, especially in the digital era.




Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji perbandingan peran dan tugas BAZNAS dan LAZ berdasarkan UU zakat lama dan UU zakat yang baru, serta sinergi peran di antara keduanya. Urgensi penelitian ini diharapkan penelitian ini dapat menjadi masukan bagi pelaksanaan pengelolaan zakat di Indonesia agar lebih maksimal, serta masukan revisi Undang-Undang Zakat terkait dengan tugas dan peran kedua lembaga pengelola zakat tersebut. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan perbandingan, dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis, dan jenis data yang digunakan ialah data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa BAZNAS dan LAS, keduanya memiliki persamaan tugas dan kesamaan tujuan, keduanya bukan pesaing satu sama lain, justru keduanya merupakan mitra dan harus bersinergi, agar pengelolaan zakat menjadi lebih efektif, dan efesien sehingga potensi zakat di masyarakat dapat terserap secara maksimal. Temuan dari penelitian ini adanya harmonisasi peran antara BAZNAS dan LAZ, harmonisasi ini belum ada dalam Undang-Undang Zakat. Harapannya Undang-Undang Zakat yang baru nanti memasukkan terkait hal tersebut sebagain upaya untuk peningkatan kulitas penerapan fungsi BAZNAS dan LAZ sebagaimana mestinya sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman terutama di era digital.

The principle of business dispute resolution in a legal relationship contained in the clause of the dispute settlement agreement through Arbitration, in practice there are still few who use the method of dispute resolution through peace (non-litigation). One of the legal principles in arbitration is the legal principle in proof applied by arbitrators (referees) to state that business disputes actually occur, even though in reality the parties prefer arbitration to court (litigation), because the process is simpler. The purpose is to find out and analyze the legal principles of proof in business disputes. Methods in normative legal research using Statute Approach, Conceptual Approach, Case Approach and Comparative Approach are then analyzed, legal reasoning, legal interpretation and legal argumentum are carried out logically and systematically. The results show: the legal principle of proof in business disputes in arbitration is implemented according to the law of arbitration procedure. The process of proving with testimony, referring to civil cases and their statements can be carried out in certain places wherever possible. All activities in the examination and arbitration hearing are recorded in the Minutes of Examination. The principles of proof are applied in the arbitration proceedings according to the agreement of the parties. Whether this principle of proof is exactly the same as a civil procedure in a court trial or whether there is a difference, it is not expressly regulated in the law.AbstrakPrinsip penyelesaian sengketa bisnis dalam suatu hubungan hukum yang termuat dalam klausula perjanjian penyelesaian sengketa melalui Arbitrase, prakteknya masih sedikit yang menggunakan cara penyelesaian sengketa melalui perdamaian (non litigasi). Salah satu prinsip hukum dalam persidangan melalui Arbitrase adalah prinsip hukum dalam pembuktian yang diterapkan oleh arbiter (wasit) untuk menyatakan bahwa sengketa bisnis benar-benar terjadi, meskipun dalam kenyataannya para pihak lebih memilih arbitrase dibandingkan melalui pengadilan (litigasi), dikarenakan lebih sederhana prosesnya. Tujuan, untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis tentang prinsip-prinsip hukum pembuktian dalam sengketa bisnis. Metode dalam penelitian hukum Normatif menggunakan Statute Approach, Conceptual Approach, Case Approach dan Comparative Approach kemudian dianalisis, dilakukan penalaran hukum (legal reasoning), interpretasi hukum (legal interpretation) dan argumentasi hukum (legal argumentum) secara logis sistematis. Hasil menunjukkan: prinsip hukum pembuktian dalam sengketa bisnis pada arbitrase dilaksanakan menurut hukum acara arbitrase. Proses pembuktian dengan kesaksian, mengacu pada acara perdata dan keterangannya dapat dilakukan di tempat tertentu dimana saja memungkinkan. Semua kegiatan dalam pemeriksaan dan sidang arbitrase dicatat dalam Berita Acara Pemeriksaan. Prinsip-prinsip pembuktian diterapkan dalam proses beracara arbitrase sesuai kesepakatan para pihak. Prinsip pembuktian ini apakah persis sama dengan acara perdata di persidangan pengadilan ataukah ada perbedaannya, hal tersebut tidak diatur secara tegas dalam undang-undang.

The implementation of BIM has long been known to building but is still relatively new to road infrastructure. With various demands such as safety, comfort and maintenance budget, the traditional way of managing road infrastructure is considered inadequate. According to UNECE (United Nation Economic Commission for Europe), in large-scale of infrastructure project, more than 50 percent of contract modification - which is considered inefficient - are related to deficiencies, BIM provides an effective way to overcome this by integrating all the stakeholder since the design phase to post construction phase. This article reviews the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in road infrastructure, particularly in the design phase. The methodology used is by reviewing some journals discussing implementation of BIM in road infrastructure.