This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that influence economic growth in Singapore. The research method used is a qualitative method with descriptive analysis techniques using a literature review approach such as scientific journals and digital books. The results showed that the factors that influence the increase in Singapore's economic growth are foreign direct investment, progressive economic policies, export sector and international trade, energy consumption and infrastructure, human resources and education, finance and banking sector, innovation and technology and strategic geographical location and research issues discussed.
 

This article discusses the review of Social Conflict Resolution Related to Bullying Cases Through the Deliberation System Based on the Perspective of Pancasila. Bullying can be physical, verbal, and mental. Bullying cases in Indonesia are increasing and need serious handling. Deliberation based on Pancasila values can be a solution to resolve bullying conflicts peacefully and constructively. A culture of deliberation needs to be promoted in schools and communities to create a safe environment and respect for human rights. This article discusses the importance of resolving bullying-related social conflicts through a deliberation system based on the perspective of Pancasila. Bullying conflicts create tension and hostility in society, and if not properly addressed can affect the school and workplace environment. This research uses a normative juridical research method by referring to literature and internet materials. Bullying is a form of physical and psychological violence that can be experienced by anyone, and has long existed in society. Bullying is increasingly widespread in educational institutions, influenced by family, environmental, peer group, and media factors. Victims of bullying experience psychological, physical, social and academic impacts. Perpetrators of bullying also experience psychological, social, academic and long-term impacts. The resolution of bullying conflicts can be done through deliberation based on the values of Pancasila, but if not, the conflict can be resolved through deliberation.

Styrofoam digunakan sebagai bahan utama pengganti agreagat kasar guna mendapatkan beton ringan dengan berat volume menjadi kurang dari 1900 kg/m3 dan juga memiliki kuat tekan beton minimum 100 kg/cm2 dengan cara membuat benda uji berbentuk silinder Ø15-30 cm dengan perbandingan volume komposisi 1 yaitu 1Pc : 2Pasir : 3Styrofoam,  perbandingan  volume  komposisi 2 yaitu 1Pc : 1.5Pasir : 2, 5Styrofoam dan perbandingan komposisi 3 yaitu 1Pc : 1,25Pasir : 2,75Styrofoam.  Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik styrofoam tersebut yang digunakan sebagai pengganti agregat kasar tidak memenuhi syarat untuk beton mutu tinggi karena berat volume styrofoam hanya diangka 0,095 kg/ltr, Berat volume yang diperoleh untuk komposisi 1Pc : 2Pasir : 3Styrofoam adalah 1278,89 kg/m3, komposisi 1Pc: 1,5 Pasir: 2,5 Styrofoam adalah 1242,56 kg/m3, dan komposisi 1Pc : 1,25Pasir : 2,75Styrofoam adalah 1097,88 kg/m3, jika dibandingkan dengan beton konvensional dengan komposisi 1Pc : 2Pasir : 3Kerikil adalah 2387,73 kg/m3 yang mempunyai selisih berat kurang lebih 46,43%, karakteristik kuat tekan beton untuk komposisi 1Pc : 1,5Pasir : 2,5Styrofoam 84,73 kg/cm2 dan komposisi 1Pc : 1,25Pasir : 2,75Styrofoam 71,93 kg/cm2 termasuk dalam klasifikasi beton mutu B0 (<100 kg/cm2), sedangkan kuat tekan karakteristik untuk komposisi 1 Pc: 2 Pasir: 3 Styrofoam adalah 107,13 kg/cm2 (>100 kg/cm2)

The purpose of this study was to find out the legal basis for the protection of caregivers and the forms of legal protection of caregivers in taking disciplinary action against cadets of the Police Academy and the forms of disciplinary action by caregivers against cadets of the Police Academy who commit disciplinary violations. The police in creating prospective leaders must be specially educated at a Police Education Institution, namely the Police Academy. The Police Academy or often abbreviated as Akpol is an educational institution to produce Polri officers. The Police Academy is an element implementing the education for the formation of Polri Officers who are under Kalemdikpol. In educating police leaders, professional caregivers are needed in educating them. The research method used is normative juridical, namely legal research conducted by examining literature or secondary data as the basis for research by conducting a search of regulations and literature related to the problem under study. The results of this study indicate that the legal basis for the protection of caregivers in carrying out disciplinary actions against Police Academy Cadets is the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 23 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, Law No. 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers, Government Regulation No. 74 of 2008 Concerning Teachers, PGRI MoU with POLRI No B/53/XII/2012 and 1003/UM/PB/XX/2012 Concerning the Protection of the Teacher Profession, Supreme Court Decision No 1554 K/Pid/2013 Concerning Reasons for Penalizing Teachers Who Commit Disciplinary Actions , Regulation of the Head of the Police Education and Training Institute No. 1 of 2021 Concerning the Life of Students at the Police Academy, Regulation of the Head of the Police Education and Training Institute No. 3 of 2021 concerning Assessment of Educational Outcomes of Police Academy Cadets, Regulation of the Head of the Police Education and Training Institute No. 2 of 2021 Concerning the Academy Council at the Police Academy, reasons for abolishing crimes that are outside the law (KUHP). The form of legal protection for caregivers in carrying out disciplinary actions against Police Academy Cadets is that there are reasons for eliminating crimes that are outside the law (KUHP), namely the rights of parents and teachers to discipline their children or students (tuchtrecht). Thus caregivers who take disciplinary action against Police Academy cadets cannot be punished. Forms of disciplinary action by caregivers against Police Academy Cadets who commit disciplinary violations, namely direct reprimand, giving special educational assignments, other physical actions that are coaching in nature. In taking action against the offenders, the role of Urgakplin (Disciplinary Enforcement Affairs) is needed because URGAPLIN is an element of discipline for cadets as well as security and cleanliness of flats, including violations of Perkalemdikpol, as an element of prosecution for violations committed by cadets, carrying out analysis and evaluation of cadets who commit violations .

This study examines the urgency of privacy reliability certificates in addressing the increasing prevalence of personal data breaches due to the rapid advancement of information and communication technology. In Indonesia, data breaches have significantly increased, with nearly 160 million personal data records exposed since 2004. These breaches have severe consequences, including identity theft and declining public trust in electronic systems. Although Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection has been enacted, its implementation and data security mechanisms remain suboptimal. This research adopts a normative juridical approach to analyze the legal standing of privacy reliability certificates under Law No. 20 of 2014 on Standardization and Conformity Assessment, as well as the legal obligations of electronic system operators in ensuring data security. The findings reveal that privacy reliability certificates are not yet mandatory for non-strategic electronic system operators in Indonesia, unlike in developed countries where similar certifications are required to enhance cybersecurity. The government should accelerate the adoption of privacy reliability certificates as a national standard (SNI) to strengthen personal data protection, increase transparency, and provide legal certainty for electronic system operators and users.
Penelitian ini mengkaji urgensi sertifikat keandalan privasi dalam mengatasi kebocoran data pribadi yang semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Di Indonesia, kasus kebocoran data telah meningkat secara signifikan, dengan hampir 160 juta data pribadi terekspos sejak 2004. Hal ini berdampak serius terhadap individu dan bisnis, termasuk risiko pencurian identitas dan penurunan kepercayaan publik terhadap sistem elektronik. Meskipun Undang-Undang No. 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi telah diberlakukan, implementasi regulasi dan mekanisme perlindungan masih belum optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif untuk menganalisis kedudukan hukum sertifikat keandalan privasi berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2014 tentang Standardisasi dan Penilaian Kesesuaian serta kewajiban hukum penyelenggara sistem elektronik dalam menerapkan standar keamanan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sertifikat keandalan privasi belum menjadi persyaratan wajib bagi operator sistem elektronik non-strategis di Indonesia, berbeda dengan praktik di negara-negara maju yang telah mewajibkan sertifikasi serupa untuk meningkatkan keamanan siber. Diperlukan percepatan adopsi sertifikat keandalan privasi sebagai standar nasional (SNI) untuk memastikan perlindungan data pribadi yang lebih kuat, meningkatkan transparansi, serta memberikan kepastian hukum bagi penyelenggara sistem elektronik dan pengguna.

The aim of this research is to analyze cyber notary practices in civil law countries and the nature of cyber notary in terms of evidentiary value. This research needs to be conducted due to technological developments and their relation to notary practices using cyber notaries. This research is carried out using a normative legal method by studying the regulations that apply in notarial practice with the aim of seeking legal proceedings based on positive law, supported by legal regulations regarding the position of notaries and legal regulations regarding legal matters. formal and transactional electronic, and the results of the legal experts can provide an overview of the requirements that apply in notary cyber practices. The civil law system places authentic deeds as perfect evidence because they are made based on legal regulations, where notaries, as public officials, have the authority to carry out the task of making deeds. In the development of technology, many developments have occurred in the legal system, especially regarding the leeway of notaries, which has created opportunities for notary cyber concepts. The potential for notary cyber in Indonesia needs to be considered, bearing in mind that there is not yet a legal umbrella that directly regulates notary cyber in the execution of autenik deeds that have an impact on evidence. The value of proof of an authentic deed in the notary cyber concept cannot yet be put into practice because the law on the position of notary does not yet accommodate this provision, remembering that the preparation of an authentic deed must comply with the applicable provisions in order to have authentic value.

The aim of this research is to analyze the implications of the implementation of police investigative authority in the criminal justice system and to determine the obstacles that occur as well as coercive efforts made in investigations and prosecutions by authorized institutions so that they can be controlled through the system pretrials. This research discusses the implications and authority of police investigators in the criminal justice system and the role of pre-trial as one of the legal measures for the protection and rights of suspects in examinations at the investigative level, as well as what factors can create obstacles to the protection of suspects' rights. Pre-trial arrangements are regulated in Article 77 of the Criminal Procedure Code, namely examining the validity or not of coercive efforts to arrest and detain as well as checking whether or not the termination of investigation or prosecution, compensation, and rehabilitation is valid. The method used is normative empirical, which is the addition of data or empirical elements from field studies to obtain data by holding questions and answers with police institutions. The result of this study is to find out about the implications of investigator authority in criminal justice and the reasons for pretrial efforts made by suspects rejected or granted by the local district court.




Tujuan dari penelitian ini guna menganalisa implikasi terhadap pelaksanaan kewenangan penyidik kepolisian dalam sistem peradilan pidana dan untuk mengetahui kendala yang terjadi serta upaya paksa yang dilakukan dalam penyidikan maupun penuntutan oleh lembaga yang berwenang, sehingga dapat dikontrol melalui sistem praperadilan. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana implikasi serta kewenangan penyidik kepolisian dalam sistem peradilan pidana dan bagaimana peranan praperadilan sebagai salah satu upaya hukum terhadap perlindungan dan hak-hak tersangka dalam pemeriksaan pada tingkat penyidikan, serta faktor apa sajakah yang dapat menjadikan hambatan tentang perlindungan hak-hak tersangka. Pengaturan praperadilan diatur dalam pasal 77 KUHAP yaitu memeriksa sah atau tidaknya upaya paksa pada penangkapan dan penahanan serta memeriksa sah atau tidaknya penghentian penyidikan atau penghentian penuntutan, ganti rugi dan rehabilitasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah normatif empiris , studi lapangan untuk memperoleh data-data dengan mengadakan tanya jawab dengan institusi kepolisian. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah dapat mengetahui implikasi kewenangan penyidik dalam peradilan pidana dan sebab upaya praperadilan yang dilakukan oleh tersangka ditolak atau dikabulkan oleh pengadilan negeri setempat.

The purpose of this writing is to review and know the supervisory function of the DPRD, to determine the answer and problem solving to obstacles or obstacles in the supervision of the DPRD, in the implementation of regional regulations and mayoral regulations in the city of Semarang. Functions, duties, authority of the DPRD of Semarang city play less optimally or less maximally carry out the function of supervision on the implementation of local regulations and mayoral regulations. So that the supervisory function carried out by the DPRD has not been or is not felt by the community which raises the assumption that dprd supervision is less effective and not in accordance with the expectations of the community. The results showed that there is still weak supervision by the DPRD, against local regulations or mayoral regulations, indicated there are still local regulations or regulations that conflict with the regulations above, Then the constraints in the supervisory function of the number of members of the Semarang city DPRD have not understood the supervisory function of the implementation of regional regulations and mayoral regulations due to their educational background and still attach importance to political groups or parties. Maximize or improve in carrying out the supervisory function of the Semarang city DPRD against local regulations and mayoral regulations, in accordance with Law number 23 of 2014 concerning local government.


Tujuan penulisan ini untuk mengkaji dan mengetahui fungsi pengawasan DPRD, untuk menentukan jawaban dan pemecahan masalah terhadap kendala atau hambatan dalam pengawasan DPRD, dalam pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah dan Peraturan Walikota di Kota Semarang.Fungsi, tugas, wewenang DPRD kota Semarang kurang berperan secara optimal atau kurang maksimal mengemban fungsi pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan peraturan daerah dan peraturan walikota. Sehingga fungsi pengawasan yang dijalankan DPRD belum atau tidak dirasakan oleh masyarakat yang menimbulkan anggapan bahwa pengawasan DPRD kurang efektif dan tidak sesuai dengan harapan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masih Lemahnya pengawasan oleh DPRD, terhadap peraturan daerah atau peraturan walikota, diindikasi masih ada peraturan daerah atau perwal yang bertentangan dengan peraturan diatasnya, Kemudian kendala dalam fungsi pengawasan banyaknya Anggota DPRD kota Semarang belum memahami fungsi pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah dan Peraturan Walikota dikarenakan oleh latar belakang Pendidikan dan masih mementingkang kelompok atau partai politik. Maksimalkan atau tingkatkan dalam menjalankan fungsi pengawasan DPRD kota Semarang terhadap peraturan daerah dan peraturan walikota, sesuai dengan Undang-undang nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang pemerintah daerah.

This research aims to analyze the characteristics, legal protection, application of principles between copyright and trademarks, and the potential disputes that arise. The urgency of this research lies in the need for harmonization between the declarative principle in copyright and the first-to-file principle in trademarks to address the potential legal conflicts that often arise due to the overlapping protection of these two intellectual property rights. This research method uses a normative juridical type of research with secondary data as the main data. The research results indicate that differences in protection principles can trigger legal disputes, especially when elements of copyrighted works are used as trademarks without permission. The novelty of this research is the recommendation for the implementation of cross-database mechanisms and policies for the cancellation of trademark registrations that violate copyright to prevent conflicts. The novelty of this research is to examine the legal relationship between copyright and trademark more holistically, providing an approach based on the Economic Analysis of Law (EAL) to assess the effectiveness of legal protection. The recommendation of this research is that cross-database mechanisms and policies for the cancellation of trademark registrations that violate copyright should be implemented to prevent disputes. In conclusion, the harmonization of the declarative principle and the first-to-file principle can be achieved through enhanced synergy among relevant institutions, education for creators and entrepreneurs, and strengthened regulations to ensure fairness, legal certainty, and balanced protection of economic rights.


Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis menganalisis karakterisitik, perlindungan hukum, penerapan prinsip antara hak cipta dan merek serta potensi sengketa yang terjadi. Urgensi penelitian terletak pada perlunya harmonisasi antara prinsip deklaratif dalam hak cipta dan asas first to file dalam hak merek untuk mengatasi potensi konflik hukum yang sering terjadi akibat tumpang tindih perlindungan kedua hak kekayaan intelektual ini. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatf dengan menggunakan data sekunder sebagai data utama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan prinsip perlindungan dapat memicu sengketa hukum, terutama ketika elemen karya cipta digunakan sebagai merek tanpa izin. Kebaruan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji hubungan hukum antara hak cipta dan hak merek secara lebih holistik, memberikan pendekatan berbasis Economic Analysis of Law (EAL) untuk menilai efektivitas perlindungan hukum. Rekomendasi penelitian ini bahwa implementasi mekanisme lintas basis data dan kebijakan pembatalan pendaftaran merek yang melanggar hak cipta untuk mencegah sengketa. Kesimpulannya, harmonisasi prinsip deklaratif dan asas first to file dapat dicapai melalui peningkatan sinergi antara lembaga terkait, edukasi kepada para pencipta dan pelaku usaha, serta penguatan regulasi untuk memastikan keadilan, kepastian hukum, dan perlindungan hak ekonomi yang seimbang.

The urgency of this research is to inform the public that arisan online agreements are a form of legal action in the electronic realm that can be held accountable. Arisan online is highly important because human life today is closely tied to the virtual world, which will provide society with deeper knowledge about electronic transactions in the form of arisan online. The research approach is normative juridical. This study's novelty lies in discussing the importance of specific regulations for arisan online orally, which often occur with technological advancements and are usually conducted directly or in writing based on the Civil Code and the UU ITE. This study offers novelty by discussing the importance of specific regulations for arisan online, which are currently conducted verbally due to technological advancements. Previously, arisan was predominantly carried out in person and in written form. This is based on the Indonesian Civil Code and the UU ITE. The legal consequences of default in arisan online agreement include compensation (Article 1243 of the Civil Code), cancellation o(Article 1266 of the Civil Code), and payment of court fees if the case is brought to court (Article 181, paragraph 1 of the H.I.R.). By understanding these two aspects, this study provides input for legal practitioners in the field of electronic transactions and enhances the development of legal knowledge, particularly civil law.


Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kekuatan hukum perjanjian arisan online dan akibat hukum wanprestasi dalam perjanjian arisan online dikaitkan KUHPerdata dan UU ITE. Perjanjian arisan online merupakan kegiatan yang sedang digemari oleh semua golongan. Pada awalnya arisan dilakukan secara tatap muka, seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi arisan dapat dilakukan secara online, namun seringkali terjadi wanprestasi. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah masyarakat dapat mengetahui bahwa praktik arisan online merupakan salah satu perbuatan hukum dalam lingkup elektronik yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Arisan online memiliki urgensi yang sangat penting karena kehidupan manusia pada saat ini sangat berkaitan erat dengan dunia virtual sehingga akan memberikan pengetahuan baru yang lebih mendalam mengenai kegiatan transaksi elektronik berupa arisan online pada masyarakat. Metode pendekatan penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini memiliki kebaharuan yaitu membahas mengenai pentingnya regulasi khusus dalam praktik arisan online saat ini dilakukan karena adanya perkembangan teknologi yang biasanya dilakukan secara langsung dan secara tertulis dengan didasari KUHPerdata dan UU ITE. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan perjanjian arisan online yang dilakukan melalui sistem elektronik adalah sah dan mengikat kedua belah pihak dengan memenuhi syarat sah dan unsur perjanjian dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 15 ayat 1 UU ITE. Akibat hukum apabila terdapat wanprestasi dalam perjanjian arisan online meliputi ganti rugi (1243 KUHPerdata), pembatalan perjanjian (1266 KUHPerdata), dan pembayaran biaya perkara jika diperkarakan di pengadilan (181 ayat 1 H.I.R.). Diketahuinya kedua hal tersebut memberikan masukan bagi para praktisi hukum dalam lingkup transaksi elektronik dan menambah pemahaman pengembangan ilmu hukum khususnya hukum perdata.