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Working memory (WM) has been extensively studied as a cognitive factor influencing second language acquisition (SLA), but many studies treat it as a static, trait-like capacity. This approach provides limited insight into how WM works across different stages of development, proficiency levels, and learning contexts. This article combines theoretical and empirical research on working memory in SLA from a dynamic and developmental perspective, analyzing how the influence of WM varies over time and interacts with other cognitive and contextual factors. Referencing Baddeley's multicomponent model, complex dynamic systems theory, and longitudinal research, this article examines evidence regarding the role of WM in various language domains, including vocabulary learning, grammar processing, and language production. It also investigates how WM works differently at various proficiency levels and developmental periods, from childhood to adulthood. Evidence suggests that WM plays a very strong role in the early stages of learning when processing is effortful and controlled, but becomes less central as linguistic knowledge becomes automated. The relationship between WM and SLA appears to be bidirectional, with sustained language learning contributing to the development of specific WM components, particularly executive control. The influence of WM varies significantly based on task characteristics, teaching context, and learner profiles. Understanding WM as a dynamic resource rather than a fixed constraint has important pedagogical implications. Instructions that manage cognitive load, provide support, and encourage metacognitive awareness can help learners with diverse cognitive profiles. A developmental approach in WM research requires longitudinal designs and task-aligned methodologies to capture changes over time, thereby advancing theory and practice in SLA.

This study explores the profound impact of teacher personality competence on student character formation through a descriptive narrative lens grounded in the sociology of education. Education is not merely a technical transfer of knowledge but a complex social process where the teacher acts as a pivotal moral agent and role model. By synthesizing classical sociological paradigms—Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism—with contemporary empirical evidence, this article argues that a teacher's personality is a dynamic social construct that shapes the "hidden curriculum" and the overall school climate. The narrative analysis reveals that traits such as empathy, integrity, and social justice are not just individual attributes but essential tools for moral socialization and the internalization of collective values. The study finds that teachers who embody these virtues foster a sense of social belonging and ethical responsibility in students, effectively bridging the gap between individual identity and societal expectations. The article concludes that strengthening teacher personality competence is a strategic imperative for developing a resilient and morally grounded generation, recommending integrated professional development that emphasizes the teacher's role as a moral authority in the 21st-century social landscape.

This study explores the representation of hegemonic masculinity in The Super Mario Bros (2023), focusing on the character Bowser as a central figure of dominance and authority. Using Connell’s (2005) theory of hegemonic masculinity, this research identifies the masculine traits manifested through Bowser’s verbal and non-verbal expressions. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method with textual analysis on thirty selected scenes from the film. The findings reveal that Bowser exhibits all seven traits of hegemonic masculinity, including aggression and competition, dominance and control, physical strength, emotional restraint, risk-taking, sexual conquest, and self-confidence. Among these, aggression and competition (23.3%) and dominance and control (20%) are the most prominent. Bowser’s masculinity reflects how patriarchal ideals are embedded within modern animated cinema, emphasizing control, strength, and emotional suppression. This study contributes to the understanding of how traditional masculinity continues to be reproduced in contemporary media, influencing audience perceptions of male identity and power.

Community-based servant leadership development has emerged as a critical approach for Christian nonprofit organizations seeking to cultivate authentic leaders who embody Christ-centered values. This study explores the integration of theological foundations from Mark 10:45 with Robert K. Greenleaf's servant leadership theory to develop a comprehensive model for leader formation within Christian nonprofit contexts. Employing a qualitative methodology with a library research design, data were collected from scholarly literature and theological sources, then analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The research reveals a significant alignment between the core message of Mark 10:45—“For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve”—and the key principles of Greenleaf’s servant leadership, particularly the emphasis on selfless service, empathy, listening, and community building. Community plays a vital role as both a laboratory and an incubator for spiritual and leadership formation, where individuals can internalize leadership values through biblical teaching, mentorship, active religious practices, and shared life experiences. The study proposes a five-stage model: Foundation Building, Community Immersion, Skill Development, Practical Application, and Leadership Multiplication. This model serves as a strategic guide for Christian organizations to intentionally nurture servant leaders. Findings highlight improvements in character formation, organizational effectiveness, and the embodiment of servant leadership traits such as humility, sacrifice, and empathy. The study concludes with practical recommendations for implementation, including structured mentoring systems, the formation of communities of practice, and ongoing evaluation mechanisms. Ultimately, this integrated model supports the mission of Christian nonprofits by shaping leaders who advance both spiritual and social transformation.

This study aims to analyze the interpretation of the issue of gender performativity in the two picture books,  Introducing Teddy (2016) and Julian Is A Mermaid (2018), written by Jessica Walton and Jessica Love. From the data analysis, it was found that these two picture books portray how gender performativity exists in society. Identification of social construction is also discussed in these two picture books. The persumption of the binary system is that women should align with her gender that is feminine, while men should be masculine. This process is called gender performativity of gender which was asserted by Judith Butler theory.  The result of this research reveals that the gender performativity and gender construction in the two picture books surrounded all aspects of human life. The society constructed color, appearance, traits, acts, gestures, roles, and stereotypes based on individuals’ gender category. It is also found that the characters from the two picture books were gender fluid with certain stages conforming to the performativity but also to the gender construction.

The foundations of Western epistemology are profoundly rooted in ancient Greek philosophy. Throughout its historical development, this epistemological tradition has been shaped by rational, secular, and value-neutral modes of thought. It has given rise to dominant paradigms such as rationalism, empiricism, critical philosophy, and intuitionism. While these paradigms differ in their methodologies and approaches to acquiring knowledge, they are all grounded in a shared philosophical outlook that prioritizes human reason and sensory experience. This study investigates the core aspects of Western epistemology, including its historical evolution, defining traits, inherent limitations, and adverse effects. The research adopts a qualitative method based on literature review and philosophical analysis, employing a systematic and reflective approach. Data were gathered from library sources and examined using various analytical tools, including interpretation, induction and deduction, coherence analysis, holistic reasoning, heuristics, and descriptive analysis. The study concludes that Western epistemology is characterized by an overreliance on rational and empirical methods, a dichotomous worldview, anthropocentrism, resistance to spiritual insight, perpetual doubt, secularism, and a dismissal of sacred values. These traits give rise to fundamental weaknesses such as extreme rationalism, a fragmented view of truth and reality, secularist ideology, and the elevation of humanism and existentialism as ultimate values. The impact of Western epistemology extends beyond the West, influencing Islamic intellectual traditions by encouraging secularization, liberalism, and the advancement of scientific disciplines that exclude recognition of divine authority.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of educational philosophy in the development of educational theory and practice in Indonesia. Education is an essential component of human life. Education is critical in shaping human character and traits. The author employs qualitative research techniques. The author employs a literature review as a research method, while perusing and observing multiple written sources of information associated to the topic of educational philosophy's role in the formation of the Independent Learning Curriculum in the development of educational theory and practice in Indonesia. According to the research findings, the Independent Learning Curriculum is a curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology to give educational institutions flexibility in establishing a curriculum based on their unique requirements and features. The autonomous Learning Curriculum embodies the ethos of autonomous learning, specifically the spirit of student-centered learning. This paper concludes that theme learning is one of the learning approaches used in the Merdeka Belajar curriculum. This is consistent with the progressive educational concept, which holds that education must be focused on students' needs and interests.

Masculinity is a social construct often internalized in society through various forms, including literary works. This study aims to analyze the representation of masculinity in Boy Candra's novel Trauma, particularly through male characters interacting with the protagonist, Kimara. This research employs the approaches of literary sociology, gender theory, and trauma theory to understand how masculinity is depicted. Data were collected through a critical reading technique applied to the novel's text. The analysis reveals that masculinity is represented in various forms, ranging from emotional dominance to expressions of affection, as well as the influence of trauma in shaping gender dynamics. These findings emphasize that masculinity in Trauma is not an innate trait but a social construct influenced by emotional and social contexts. The study contributes to gender studies and Indonesian literature, while also enhancing readers’ understanding of the complexity of masculinity in literary works.

Masculinity is a social construct often internalized in society through various forms, including literary works. This study aims to analyze the representation of masculinity in Boy Candra's novel Trauma, particularly through male characters interacting with the protagonist, Kimara. This research employs the approaches of literary sociology, gender theory, and trauma theory to understand how masculinity is depicted. Data were collected through a critical reading technique applied to the novel's text. The analysis reveals that masculinity is represented in various forms, ranging from emotional dominance to expressions of affection, as well as the influence of trauma in shaping gender dynamics. These findings emphasize that masculinity in Trauma is not an innate trait but a social construct influenced by emotional and social contexts. The study contributes to gender studies and Indonesian literature, while also enhancing readers’ understanding of the complexity of masculinity in literary works.

"Yuni" is a film that tells about a teenage girl who has big goal to continue her education to the university level. Yuni faces various inner problems that arise from herself and her environment related to myths and engagement. The film "Yuni" underwent a change in character traits which can be seen in the 5-act story structure. The purpose of this research is to find out the changes in the characters based on the 5-act story structure proposed by John Yorke. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method using various theories and references to analyze changes in the character of the main character based on the five-act story structure. The theory used is the three-dimensional character theory proposed by Lajos Egri and the 5-act story structure theory proposed by John Yorke. From the research that has been done Yuni's character has changed in character in the form of a three-dimensional character that can be seen from the beginning and the end. The change in character can be completed with five rounds which include exposition, complication, climax, fall and disaster in the story in the film "Yuni". This concludes theme of the film “Yuni”, namely a woman who chooses freedom to achieve her dreams and fights against the myths of marriage in her environment.

"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone," a big movie released in 2001. The movie succeeded J.K. Rowling's fantasy novel of the same name. The film shows different characters and different characters. This study examines this description of personality through the lens of the Big Five personality model (OCEAN: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism). By examining how the characters interact and behave, this study aims to identify the ways in which the characters display the characteristics associated with each of the Five Five personality traits. Using a descriptive method, the analysis focuses on the dialogue and monologues of the characters, supplemented by extensive library research on personality psychology, the Big Five Personality theory, and cinematic analysis. The study found that the characters in this movie possess characteristics related to the Big Five pattern, which can be seen in their actions, speech and behavior throughout the film. The results showed that openness to experience, extraversion, and neuroticism were the most prominent traits, while conscientiousness and flexibility were less common. It is important to understand how people affect people, because it determines how people act and how they treat others. Examining the characters in this movie not only enhances the viewing experience of the film, but also enhances the value of the Big Five model for analyzing characters in various literary and film works.  

This research will focus on one of the original Javanese arts in the form of East Javanese style shadow puppet performance “Sumantri Gugur” puppeteer Ki Puguh Prasetyo as oral literature. Dasamuka's journey in fighting for his love ambition for Dewi Citrawati allows researchers to know more deeply about Dasamuka's personality traits. The aim of this research is to describe the personality structure, mental problems and consequences of the actions of the Dasamuka characters. The theory used in this research is Ludwig Klages' theory of personality psychology. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with video documentation of shadow puppet performance “Sumantri Gugur” puppeteer Ki Puguh Prasetyo which will be broadcast live in 2023 as the main source. The aim of using this method is to be able to present data in the form of descriptions, not in the form of numbers. Data collection was carried out using listening and transcription techniques.  The results and discussion of this research are that the character Dasamuka is included in the temperament group sanguinis, with various negative desires to justify various means to fight for an ambition. In order to justify any means, the character Dasamuka will face the consequences of his own actions.  

This research will focus on one of the original Javanese arts in the form of East Javanese style shadow puppet performance “Sumantri Gugur” puppeteer Ki Puguh Prasetyo as oral literature. Dasamuka's journey in fighting for his love ambition for Dewi Citrawati allows researchers to know more deeply about Dasamuka's personality traits. The aim of this research is to describe the personality structure, mental problems and consequences of the actions of the Dasamuka characters. The theory used in this research is Ludwig Klages' theory of personality psychology. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with video documentation of shadow puppet performance “Sumantri Gugur” puppeteer Ki Puguh Prasetyo which will be broadcast live in 2023 as the main source. The aim of using this method is to be able to present data in the form of descriptions, not in the form of numbers. Data collection was carried out using listening and transcription techniques.  The results and discussion of this research are that the character Dasamuka is included in the temperament group sanguinis, with various negative desires to justify various means to fight for an ambition. In order to justify any means, the character Dasamuka will face the consequences of his own actions.  

Systematically, this paper describes the reasons for the importance of educational entrepreneurship in character building for students and assumes that educational entrepreneurship will encourage students to start entrepreneurship. The many problems of poverty do have consequences on competition in getting jobs because in Indonesia it is very limited. It is only fitting that as the next generation of the nation in the future, students should be persistent in encouraging the spirit of entrepreneurship so that they do not rely on limited job opportunities but must become job providers and creators. The method used in this study is the Literature Review method, which is to review the themes raised. The way to collect information from this library activity is from various library sources which are needed as a source for developing new ideas in the form of a framework which will eventually become a theory. Entrepreneurial character through learning about entrepreneurship can be built through higher education. For students to cultivate entrepreneurial traits, they must start early because truly reliable and successful entrepreneurs start from small to large things or businesses, not the other way around. Students must get rid of thoughts about entrepreneurship, namely when starting a business they must have large capital money and feel unable to take risks that will be faced in the future.

This study is about the idea of toxic masculinity as reflected in The Power of The Dog by Jane Champion based on the toxic theory of masculinity by Terry A. Kupers. In Kupers' theory, masculinity has toxic characteristics in the form of misogyny, wanton violence, aggression, and dominance. The researcher uses qualitative methods in conducting this research. Researcher focused on written data in the form of scripts from movie related to toxic masculinity. The researcher uses Jan Mukarovsky's dynamic structuralism approach. There is a relationship between toxic masculinity and hegemonic masculinity. There are many toxic masculinity traits that can be found in society. However, researchers limit the properties contained in the movie. The purpose of this study is society has knowledge about the characteristics of toxic masculinity and one factor of toxic masculinity. The results of this research contained 19 data which are characteristics of toxic masculinity and factors that cause toxic masculinity. Researcher found 4 (four) data covering the characteristics of misogyny, 2 (two) data on naughty violence, 6 (six) data on aggression, and 3 (three) data on dominance and 5 (five) factors to motivate toxic masculinity. The conclusion of this research is that the idea of toxic masculinity is not only dangerous for women but also for men. And the factor of the occurrence of toxic masculinity can also be due to trauma from the past.

Personality recognition is one of the important things for recognizing oneself and other people. This identification is made based on a person's personality traits, based on Kant's personality theory. There are very few teachers who do not understand their students' personalities. During the teaching and learning process, some teachers do not clearly understand students' personalities, so it will be difficult for teachers to deliver learning material that arouses students' interest and thus influences the process of imparting knowledge. Consciousness is inhibited. Therefore, the FuzzyTsukamoto method is used to identify student personalities. The aim of this research is to help teachers group and identify students' personalities so that they can easily determine the right treatment method to develop their talents and interests. The system's input is taken from personality traits relevant to the student. The knowledge base is taken from child clinical psychologists and is built on the principle (IF-THEN). The results of the fuzzy calculation are that the student has a personality that is optimistic, quick-tempered, melancholic, or boring. The results of this method test by carrying out systematic calculations and tests, obtain personality results that are in accordance with the student's personality characteristics. and works fine. Therefore, it may be advisable to help teachers determine how to treat students.

This research is motivated by the author's desire to introduce novel literature to students and  explore everything in it in the form of content, language, elements, rules, and genres in the novel. This study aims to analyze the character traits of the main character in the novel The Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides and to analyze the psychological values ​​of the main character by using Sigmund Freud's personality theory, namely id, ego, and super ego. This research is also an alternative teaching material regarding the content and language of novels for class XII students of SMA and SMK. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data source used in this research is the literary novel entitled The Silent Patient written by Alex Michaelides. The research data obtained is in the form of the results of the analysis of the character of the main character who has two character traits, namely the protagonist and antagonist. As well as the main characters who have psychological values ​​in accordance with Sigmund Freud's personality theory, namely the id, ego, and super ego. The results of the analysis from this study were then adjusted to the demands of the curriculum, namely referring to Core Competence and Basic Competence 3.9 regarding the content and language of the novel. Then made a teaching material to support the learning process of class XII students. The content and language teaching materials of the novel are based on the research process that has been carried out, and can be used in Indonesian language subjects.

The activity of fighting ma'pasilaga tedong (buffalo fighting) is one of the Toraja culture which is favored by many people, one of them is teenagers. The euphoria of teenagers towards buffalo fighting activities is very high. Adolescents' penchant for buffalo fighting activities will be seen how the impact occurs on adolescents, especially in the formation of traits or character in the future. To see this, the author uses the observation method by observing the activities of adolescents in buffalo fighting activities and the library method through books and journals. In particular, the author uses the theory of Behaviorism, social cognitive, and ecology. From this it can be concluded that buffalo fighting activities are a determining factor in the formation of character and traits, especially for teenagers who are involved in them, especially for teenagers who have euphoria about buffalo fighting. Therefore education is needed from various parties such as family and social environment.

Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that leadership is concerned with the intentional process of a person exerting a strong influence over others. The purpose of this research is to know the importance of the trait approach in an organization. In this study, we define leadership according to individual perspective and the aspect of the symptom that attracts the most attention. The research method uses the method (Library research) the purpose of this study is to find out the importance of leadership theory.

Concept of leadership evolved from the traditional view of leadership (i.e. Great Man Theory) to more radical concept of leadership (i.e. transformational leadership). Research developments have accelerated the emergence of new theories about leadership. Unfortunately, academic studies that discuss about the association between leadership and power in order to achieve organizational goals are very little. This article proposes an integration model of leadership, power, influence tactics to achieve organizational outcomes.