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This study aims to analyze the skills gap in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the factors influencing it. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach based on literature studies and the author’s analysis of the dynamics of formal education curricula and the development of industrial needs. The findings indicate that formal education curricula that are less adaptive to technological developments are the main factor causing the skills gap. In addition, the slow adaptation to technology in educational and industrial environments, as well as the unequal distribution of skills development across various regions in Indonesia, further widen the gap between graduates’ competencies and labor market demands. This condition affects the low readiness of the workforce in facing digital transformation and global competition. The study concludes that the skills gap is a strategic issue requiring serious attention from the government, educational institutions, and the industrial sector. Curriculum reform that is responsive to technological advancements, strengthening digital literacy, and ensuring equal access to training and skills development are essential steps to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian human resources. These efforts are expected to support poverty reduction, reduce social inequality, and achieve the long-term national development goals toward Indonesia Golden Vision 2045.

21st-century skills are a crucial aspect that students must master, equipping them to face the challenges of modern development. In history learning, the use of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is considered a powerful tool for transforming learning from rote memorization to active, problem-solving-based learning. This study aims to analyze the role of PBL in enhancing 21st-century skills in history learning through the Problem-Based Learning (SLR) approach. The research method used in this study is the SLR with a prism procedure. The data were obtained from a search of scientific articles through Google Scholar using the keywords Problem-Based Learning, 21st-Century Skills, and history learning. From the initial 2,540 articles obtained, after screening based on relevance, quality, and year range, six key articles were obtained. The study results indicate that PBL is effective in enhancing 21st-century skills through discussions, historical source analysis, and contextual problem-solving. This approach is considered appropriate for the curriculum because it encourages student-centered learning, rather than teacher-centered learning. Although PBL still faces several challenges in its implementation, it remains a relevant and effective learning strategy for developing 21st-century skills.

This study aims to examine the role of mathematics education in building numerical literacy in elementary schools, as well as strategies that can be implemented to enhance students' numerical skills. Numerical literacy is a fundamental skill needed by students to understand, interpret, and use numerical information in daily life. The research method used is library research, reviewing various related literature, including books and recent scholarly journals in the field of mathematics education. The results show that the integration of technology, the use of contextual approaches, and collaborative learning are effective strategies in improving students' numerical literacy. Technology helps simplify the understanding of abstract concepts, while contextual and collaborative approaches make mathematics more relevant and applicable. The implications of these findings are the need for further development in teacher training to integrate technology in teaching and the importance of involving students in more interactive and contextual learning processes. This study also suggests further evaluation of the implementation of these strategies in various educational settings.

This research was motivated by the low level of children’s speaking ability in learning activities. This study aims to improve the speaking skills of children aged 5–6 years at Raudhatul Athfal Mas’udi and to examine how animated video learning is implemented to enhance the speaking skills of children aged 5–6 years at Raudhatul Athfal Mas’udi. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with the type of Classroom Action Research (CAR). The subjects of this study were Group B students of Raudhatul Athfal Mas’udi Pontianak, totaling 17 children. There are three aspects examined in this study, namely understanding information that is heard, repeating more complex sentences, and answering more complex questions. To obtain the data, this research used observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that children’s speaking skills before and after each cycle experienced a very good improvement. Thus, animated videos are proven to be effective in improving children’s speaking skills.

This article explores inconsistencies in employee performance within small, project-oriented service sectors, where quality depends on daily tasks, punctuality, and adherence to procedures. Since skill development relies largely on informal workplace learning, differences in worker competencies often lead to rework, customer complaints, and safety issues. The study investigates how skills and competencies affect employee performance, illustrating how individual abilities translate into observable performance through the ability–motivation–opportunity (AMO) framework and experience-based learning. A qualitative case study at Rajasa Teknik included interviews and observations to examine project coordination, quality standards, and supervision practices. Results indicate that competencies and skills primarily influence ability, but sustained motivation- driven by realistic goals and fair feedback- along with ample opportunities such as smooth material flow, clear roles, and on-site decision support, enhance performance. The findings underline the importance of a cohesive work system (task division, quality control, communication), a consistent safety culture (K3), and straightforward, repetitive HR practices that facilitate tacit knowledge transfer into routines. Improvements suggested involve mapping core competencies, brief mentoring sessions, quality-focused standards, and evaluation systems to minimise service variation and promote sustainable performance in similar businesses. Overall, this research broadens the understanding of performance management in small enterprises and offers practical guidance for interventions.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using Problem Based Learning (PBL) oriented E-LAPD to improve students' metacognitive skills on chemical equilibrium material, especially on the sub-material of factors that influence chemical equilibrium shifts. This study was conducted at SMAS Hang Tuah 4 Surabaya class XII-2 as many as 25 students. The type of research used is research and development (R&D) with a 4-D model that was tested on a limited basis using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Scoring on the pretest-posttest uses N-gain (normalized gain) which aims to determine the increase in metacognitive skills through the results of students' pretest-posttest scores. The results showed that the N-gain value for each component of metacognitive skills, namely planning skills, monitoring skills, and evaluating skills, obtained values ​​​​sequentially, namely 0.85; 0.73; and 0.74 which are included in the high category, from the assessment shows that the use of PBL oriented E-LAPD is declared effective in improving students' metacognitive skills. This is supported by the results of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) questionnaire, which showed a percentage of planning skills of 82.43% with very good criteria, monitoring skills of 81.86% with very good criteria, and evaluating skills of 77.67% with good criteria. These results indicate that the MAI questionnaire can support pretest-posttest data to determine the improvement of metacognitive skills in students.

Students have a strategic role as agents of change that requires adequate leadership and managerial skills. Formal learning in the classroom has not been able to fully develop these practical skills. This community service activity aims to improve the basic management skills of students at the Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro through Basic Student Management Skills Training (LKMM TD) with the theme Sailing Beyond Limits. The implementation method uses a Participatory Learning Action approach that includes problem identification, strategic planning, activity implementation, and joint evaluation. The activity was attended by 193 students from student organizations and general students. The learning process was carried out through lectures, case studies, discussions, group work, and pre- and post-tests. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in participant capacity, marked by an increase in the average score from 68.21 percent in the pre-test to 91.69 percent. LKMM TD activities effectively equip students with managerial, leadership, communication, and motivational control skills as provisions for carrying out the role of student agents of change.

Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) health is an essential component of adolescents’ well-being and learning performance; however, health literacy related to ENT care among senior high school students remains limited. This community service activity aimed to improve students’ knowledge and basic ENT skills at SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru through skill lab–based learning as a school health promotion strategy. The program was conducted through theoretical education covering basic ENT anatomy and common ENT disorders among adolescents, followed by hands-on training in simple ENT examinations using demonstration and direct practice with learning aids. Evaluation was carried out using pre-test and post-test assessments to measure knowledge improvement, as well as direct observation to assess students’ practical skills. The results demonstrated a clear increase in students’ knowledge after the intervention, along with improved ability to perform basic ENT examinations under instructor guidance. Students also showed better understanding of early signs of ENT disorders and appropriate preventive behaviors. Participation and enthusiasm during the activities were high, and most students reported that the program was beneficial and relevant to their daily experiences. This activity also supported the School Health Unit (UKS) program and strengthened collaboration between the school and the university. In conclusion, skill lab–based basic ENT training is an effective promotive and preventive approach to enhancing ENT health literacy and basic clinical skills among senior high school students.

This study aims to explore the communication styles and experiences of healthcare workers in enhancing public service communication skills at Petir Community Health Center (Puskesmas Petir) in Tangerang City. Effective communication is a crucial factor in the quality of healthcare services for patients; however, various challenges such as time constraints, differences in patients’ backgrounds, and work pressure often hinder optimal interactions. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method, involving in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and document analysis to uncover the experiences, perceptions, and practices of healthcare workers in communicating with patients and the community. The findings indicate that communication skills are improved through internal training, peer mentoring, and the adaptation of communication strategies to match patient characteristics. Additionally, personal motivation, managerial support, and a conducive work environment play significant roles in the successful implementation of communication strategies. The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of public service communication practices within the community health center context and serve as a basis for recommendations in developing training programs and policies to enhance the quality of interactions between healthcare workers and the community.

The evaluation of Indonesian language instruction at the junior secondary level remains predominantly oriented toward lower-order thinking skills, thereby constraining the advancement of students’Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). This situation necessitates the development of comprehensive assessment tools that are coherently aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum. The present study introduces a model for constructing HOTS-oriented assessment instruments targeting procedural text writing in Phase D. The development process was systematically organized through several stages: translating learning outcomes into measurable indicators, preparing assessment blueprints, creating item cards, formulating scoring rubrics for attitudes, knowledge, and skills, and finally analyzing and interpreting the assessment data. These instruments were specifically designed to capture students’ analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities in producing procedural texts that are logical, coherent, and effective. Findings demonstrate that the instruments provide an objective and holistic representation of students’ competency attainment. In summary, the proposed HOTS-based assessment model for procedural text writing is practical, methodical, and contextually relevant, serving as a valuable framework for evaluating Indonesian language learning in accordance with the Merdeka Curriculum principles.

Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit gangguan metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh defisiensi sekresi insulin, kerusakan sel Beta pankreas, atau resistensi insulin sebagai akibat insulin yang tidak digunakan. DM secara progresif menyebabkan terjadinya komplikasi makrovaskuler, mikrovaskuler, dan neuropatik kronis yang mengancam jiwa. Selain berdampak pada masalah kesehatan, DM juga memiliki konsekuensi ekonomi yang besar. Biaya pengobatan meningkat khususnya apabila terjadi komplikasi jangka panjang dan pilihan pengobatan modern. Perubahan gaya hidup dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan kualitas hidup sehingga penderita tidak mengalami komplikasi. Modifikasi gaya hidup dilakukan dengan mengurangi asupan energi, meningkatkan aktivitas fisik sebagai terapi utama untuk pasien DM yang obesitas. Penurunan berat badan dikombinasikan dengan peningkatan aktivitas dapat meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan kontrol glikemik serta mencegah perkembangan DM tipe 2 terhadap risiko tinggi gangguan toleransi glukosa. Target pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan, dan kemampuan penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dalam melakukan modifikasi gaya hidup guna mencegah komplikasi diabetes. Kegiatan  ini dilakukan di layanan kesehatan praktik mandiri bidan (LKPMB) dengan melibatkan mitra dari lahan yaitu bidan dan tim kesehatan terkait dalam bentuk pemberian edukasi dan pelatihan keterampilan mengenai cara melakukan menejemen gaya hidup. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan pemahaman peserta menjadi lebih baik tentang modifikasi gaya hidup dan memiliki motivasi untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari

Pendidikan seks kepada anak sejak dini dan pemilihan jenis tontonan yang sesuai dengan usia anak perlu menjadi perhatian orang tua sebagai upaya untuk mencegah kekerasan seksual yang terjadi pada anak. Namun faktanya pendidikan seksual kepada anak usia prasekolah belum dilakukan secara optimal oleh orang tua sehingga pemahaman seksual pada anak masih terbatas selain itu juga anak suka menonton video di aplikasi yang beresiko munculnya video tidak sesuai usia anak. Belum optimalnya orang tua dalam melakukan pendidikan seksual juga ditemukan di TK GMIM Alfa Omega dan TK Pembina, dimana orang tua mengungkapkan tidak mengetahui cara untuk melakukan pendidikan seksual dan anak suka menggunakan youtube untuk menonton. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dibentuk kegiatan pemberdayaan orang tua dalam bentuk kegiatan pelatihan metode story telling.dan pemanfaatan youtube kids. Program pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan orang tua dalam melakukan pendidikan seksua dengan metode story telling dan penggunaan youtube kids. Pelaksanaan kegiatan terdiri atas 3 tahapan yaitu sosialisasi, pelatihan serta monitoring dan evaluasi yang diikuti oleh orang tua anak usia prasekolah di Tk GMIM Alfa Omega dan TK Pembina. Hasil dari pelaksanaan kegiatan ini yaitu adanya peningkatan pengetahuan orang tua dan keterampilan orang tua dalam melakukan pendidikan seks kepada anak usia prasekolah dan pemanfaatan aplikasi youtube kids. Kesimpulan dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini membawa dampak positif terhadap kemampuan orang tua melakukan pendidikan seksual dan pengunaan youtube kids sebagai alternatif tontonan bagi anak.

Latar Belakang: Pendekatan kewirausahaan sosial yang diterapkan dalam proyek ini mencerminkan sinergi antara inovasi, kepedulian sosial, dan keberlanjutan lingkungan. Dengan memberdayakan masyarakat lansia untuk menciptakan produk yang bermanfaat, kegiatan ini berkontribusi pada tercapainya beberapa tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan (SDGs), seperti pengurangan limbah, pengentasan kemiskinan, dan pemberdayaan komunitas. Tujuan: Mengurangi limbah plastik serta meningkatkan keterampilan dan kemandirian ekonomi lansia melalui pembuatan gantungan kunci berbahan dasar limbah plastik. Metode: Pemberdayaan Masyarakat ini melibatkan warga Panti Perlindungan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Lanjut Usia “Budi Sejahtera” Martapura. Kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui pendekatan yang komprehensif berupa pelatihan partisipatif dengan tahapan pengumpulan bahan baku dari masyarakat, penyediaan peralatan, pembentukan tim kerja, serta pelatihan kewirausahaan yang meliputi edukasi kepada lansia mengenai pentingnya daur ulang sampah, proses pemilahan, pembersihan, pemotongan, pencampuran resin, pencetakan, hingga finishing produk gantungan kunci. Hasil: Adanya peningkatan keterampilan dalam mengolah limbah menjadi produk bernilai, serta terbukanya peluang ekonomi melalui penjualan produk. Dari sisi sosial, kegiatan ini memperkuat rasa kebersamaan dan meningkatkan kepercayaan diri lansia, sementara dari sisi lingkungan, berkontribusi nyata dalam pengurangan sampah plastik dan pencemaran lingkungan. Kesimpulan: kegiatan sociopreneur ini membuktikan bahwa melalui pendekatan inovatif berbasis partisipasi, lansia dapat diberdayakan untuk menghasilkan karya yang bermanfaat, ramah lingkungan, sekaligus bernilai ekonomi.

This research is motivated by the importance of managerial skills in improving business productivity and efficiency, particularly in the entrepreneurial sector, which faces the challenges of competition, market changes, and limited resources. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of managerial skills development and its contribution to optimizing entrepreneurial performance. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which examines various relevant scientific publications and then categorizes the findings to obtain a comprehensive overview of effective strategies for improving managerial competency. The results indicate that technical skills, human relations skills, and conceptual skills play a significant role in supporting decision-making processes, resource management, and adapting business strategies to business dynamics. The findings also indicate that training, mentoring, continuous learning, and the use of technology are development strategies capable of significantly increasing productivity and efficiency. The implications of this research emphasize that improving managerial skills is a strategic necessity for entrepreneurs to strengthen competitiveness, increase operational effectiveness, and promote business sustainability. Furthermore, this research provides a basis for the development of more structured training programs and supporting policies to strengthen the managerial capacity of entrepreneurs.

Bullying behavior in elementary schools, characterized by the intentional harm of others, can manifest as teasing, harsh words, intimidation, and physical actions. It involves aggressive and repeated behavior aimed at demeaning others, which can significantly impact victims. Repeated bullying can lead to psychological issues, hindering students' ability to engage in the learning process, communicate with peers, and interact at home. Bullying in schools can result in mental health problems like anxiety and depression, academic struggles such as poor performance and truancy, and social challenges like difficulty forming relationships. Long-term effects may include trauma, low self-esteem, and even self-harm. To prevent bullying, schools should adopt a holistic approach that includes collaboration with parents and students. Strategies involve character education to promote empathy and respect, establishing clear school policies, and creating a safe, supportive environment. Raising awareness through anti-bullying campaigns and providing psychological support for victims, along with intervention for perpetrators, can further contribute to reducing bullying. Engaging the entire school community in these efforts is crucial to creating a positive, inclusive atmosphere where bullying is actively prevented.

Negotiation is a strategic communication process in which multiple parties work to reconcile differences and reach mutually beneficial agreements through the exchange of information, interests, and viewpoints. Although traditional theories emphasize analytical elements such as developing a BATNA, crafting offer–counteroffer strategies, and employing persuasive framing, recent research underscores the growing importance of interpersonal competencies in shaping negotiation success. Through a qualitative literature-based approach, this study explores how empathy, assertive communication, and emotional regulation influence negotiation outcomes, examines their relevance in digital negotiation environments, and proposes an integrated training framework for professionals and entrepreneurs. The findings reveal that empathy strengthens a negotiator’s ability to interpret emotional cues, identify underlying concerns, and build trust, thereby minimizing miscommunication. Assertive communication supports clear expression of interests and boundaries while maintaining respect, which enhances collaborative problem-solving. Emotional regulation promotes composure and cognitive flexibility, particularly in high-pressure interactions. In technology-mediated negotiations conducted via email, messaging platforms, or virtual meetings, these skills must be adapted due to limited physical cues and higher risk of misinterpretation, requiring explicit wording and intentional emotional management. The proposed model incorporates empathy training, assertive communication development, emotional regulation practices, and digital negotiation skills to cultivate adaptive and emotionally intelligent negotiators.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parental communication skills on the self-confidence of kindergarten children using a quantitative approach. The background of this research is rooted in the essential role of effective parental communication in shaping the psychosocial development of children, particularly in fostering self-confidence, which is crucial for children's social and academic success. The research sample consisted of parents and kindergarten children selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires designed to measure parental communication patterns and children's levels of self-confidence. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, including simple linear regression to examine the relationship and effect of parental communication skills on children's self-confidence. The results reveal that positive, supportive communication skills characterized by democratic communication patterns have a significant positive effect on increasing children's self-confidence. Effective and empathetic communication creates a conducive environment for children to express themselves, boosting their self-esteem and social-emotional potential. The study concludes that enhancing parental communication skills is a vital strategy for family guidance and early childhood education to optimally support the development of children's self-confidence.

Waste management is an urgent environmental issue that requires active community participation. This study aims to analyze the speaking skills of members of the Sapu Lidi Community in Pekalongan during waste management discussions, a community that actively processes organic waste into valuable products such as eco-enzyme. Using a qualitative approach and an ethnographic case study design, this research explores speaking skills within its natural social context. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and non-participatory observation of community discussions, then analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The findings show that the community members' speaking skills are characterized by fluent delivery, appropriate and credible word choice, and a persuasive, egalitarian, and humorous speaking style. Community members utilize rhetorical strategies such as humor, calls to action, and concrete evidence such as harvest results to build participation and environmental awareness among residents. The application of dialogic communication and the integration of verbal delivery with hands-on practice demonstrations proved effective in achieving the community's goals. Academically, this research contributes to environmental communication studies within grassroots communities. Practically, the findings can serve as a foundation for developing speaking skills training for volunteers in similar communities in other areas.

This study aims to synthesize the relationship between learning styles and instructional media in optimizing 21st-century skills among Diploma Three (D3) vocational students. The research employed a simple literature review method by analyzing 20 national and international journal articles published between 2018 and 2024. The results reveal that the alignment between learning styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) and the types of instructional media significantly influences the development of critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration skills. Technology-based media, such as interactive videos, learning management systems (LMS), and virtual simulations, effectively accommodate diverse learning preferences while enhancing students’ motivation and engagement. Furthermore, integrating such media not only supports individual learning needs but also fosters a more dynamic and inclusive educational environment. The study concludes that integrating learning styles with digital-based media serves as an effective strategy to produce competent and adaptive vocational graduates who are well-prepared to face the challenges of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0.

Students' critical thinking skills in colloid material are still low, possibly due to a lack of problem-solving abilities. Therefore, the application of various learning models is considered necessary, one of which is Problem-Based Learning (PoE). This study aims to investigate the impact of PoE on students' critical thinking skills at Granada Polytechnic (SMA IT Granada) in colloid material. A quasi-experimental design and quantitative experimental methods were used. Fifty students from grades 11 A and B were selected as research subjects through census sampling. A post-test control design was used. Data collection used post-test data as primary data, supplemented by observation sheets of student classroom activities. The results showed that the average post-test score of the experimental group was 78, while the average post-test score of the control group was 59. The t-test results showed that the hypothesis Ha was true, therefore, it can be concluded that the application of the PoE model at Granada Polytechnic can improve students' critical thinking skills in colloid material.