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Gender equality in the religious sphere in Indonesia is a complex phenomenon, shaped by the interaction between theological doctrines, institutional practices, and the socio-cultural context of each tradition. This study employs a qualitative-descriptive approach through literature review to analyze six major religions in Indonesia: Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Hindu Dharma, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The analysis focuses on three main dimensions: theological perspectives regarding gender roles and positions, social changes influencing gender relations, and transformations in institutional structures and practices that support gender equality. The findings indicate that historically, women were often placed in subordinate positions due to patriarchal norms, although the core teachings of these religions contain egalitarian principles and recognition of women’s dignity. Contemporary transformations are reflected in the reinterpretation of religious texts and practices that promote gender equality: Catholicism emphasizes the recognition of women’s dignity within the clerical hierarchy; Protestantism opens opportunities for the ordination of female pastors; Islam reinterprets the principles of Qawwamun and family law rights; Balinese Hindu Dharma adjusts women’s roles in rituals and public spheres; Buddhism revives the bhikkhuni order within the sangha; and Confucianism modernizes the interpretation of Wu Lun and San Cong to emphasize mutual responsibilities between husband and wife. In conclusion, despite persistent patriarchal challenges, this study affirms that religion has the potential to act as an agent of social transformation promoting gender equality while maintaining the moral, spiritual, and traditional values distinctive to each tradition. These findings contribute significantly to academic literature, interfaith dialogue, and the development of more gender-inclusive policies.

Madhhab fanaticism in Islamic education, which appears in fiqh teaching practices that tend to absolutize a single madhhab, restrict dialogical space, and insufficiently appreciate the diversity of scholarly opinions. Such conditions may foster exclusive and intolerant religious attitudes among students. To respond to this problem, the study employs a qualitative approach with a library research design by critically examining books, journal articles, and documents related to fiqh madhhabs, Islamic education, religious moderation, and multicultural education. The data are analyzed using content analysis and descriptive–analytical techniques to map the forms of madhhab fanaticism in the learning process, the stages of transformation in madhhab understanding, and the pedagogical strategies that support the emergence of tolerant attitudes. The findings indicate that the transformation toward a more tolerant understanding of madhhabs is supported by curricula that accommodate comparative fiqh (multi-madhhab), inclusive learning materials, dialogical teaching methods, and teachers’ role modeling of moderate attitudes. Inhibiting factors include deeply rooted madhhab fanaticism, the dominance of conservative curricula, ideological bias in textbooks, and a weak culture of critical thinking. It is concluded that strengthening fiqh instructional design that consciously integrates religious moderation and multicultural education is essential for shifting madhhab understanding from patterns of fanaticism to patterns of tolerance within Islamic educational institutions.

This study examines the role of Islamic Religious Education in shaping the character of young generations in the contemporary era. Islamic Religious Education is not only focused on cognitive aspects but also emphasizes moral, spiritual, and social development. The rapid development of technology and globalization has influenced the lifestyle and mindset of youth, creating challenges in maintaining ethical values and noble character. This research aims to analyze how Islamic Religious Education contributes to the formation of students’ character, including honesty, responsibility, discipline, tolerance, and social awareness. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review and analysis of relevant educational practices. The results show that effective Islamic Religious Education can strengthen students’ moral awareness, develop positive behavior, and build spiritual intelligence. Teachers play a significant role as role models in integrating Islamic values into daily life. Therefore, strengthening curriculum, learning methods, and collaboration between schools, families, and communities is essential to optimize the role of Islamic Religious Education in forming a morally upright and responsible young generation.

Education functions as a central pillar in shaping the quality of human capital, encompassing knowledge, skills, and health, and thus plays a significant role in influencing Indonesia’s Human Development Index (HDI). This study employs a qualitative literature review by examining key theoretical frameworks in the economics of education, such as Becker’s Human Capital Theory and Schultz’s investment model, supported by relevant national empirical data. The findings indicate a very strong relationship between education and HDI improvement. This is reflected in a correlation coefficient of 0.943 between education expenditure and Indonesia’s HDI during the 2004–2023 period. The results suggest that an increase in education spending of IDR 1 trillion has the potential to raise the HDI by approximately 0.002 points. These findings confirm that investment in education not only enhances the quality of human resources but also directly contributes to sustainable national development. Despite the positive trend and the achievement of an HDI score of 75.02 in 2024, several challenges persist, particularly regional disparities, unequal access to education, and quality gaps between urban and rural areas. Therefore, more inclusive education policies, equitable access, and strengthened vocational education and training are essential to ensure that the benefits of human capital development are distributed evenly across all regions of Indonesia.

This research explores how monopoly markets operate in the context of a sharia-based microeconomy, with a primary focus on how prices are regulated based on the principle of adl or justice. Unlike traditional monopolies, which often create inefficiencies in resource allocation and exploit consumers, Islamic teachings require fair prices, in accordance with the Quran's prohibition of gharar (uncertainty) and zulm (oppression). Referring to the theories of Ibn Taymiyyah and modern thinkers such as Chapra, we examine how monopoly companies can achieve maslahah or mutual benefit through profit restrictions, combining prices with zakat, and supervision by a sharia council. Through a simple mathematical model, we prove that monopolies regulated by justice produce better Pareto outcomes than equilibria that only maximize profits, by reducing social losses while still encouraging innovation. Empirical data from Islamic markets in Indonesia, such as halal commodities, support these findings, where regulations can stabilize prices at 15-20% lower. The conclusion of this study highlights the importance of Sharia principles in managing sustainable markets in developing countries, with policy recommendations to reform antitrust rules to align with the maqasid al-Shariah.

Every individual possesses both rights and obligations that must be understood and exercised in a balanced manner to maintain social order, justice, and collective well-being. A clear understanding of citizens’ responsibilities is essential for creating a prosperous and harmonious society. This study examines the rights and obligations of citizens as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, with a primary focus on exploring how the Constitution guarantees, regulates, and implements these fundamental principles in national life. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through desk research, analysis of constitutional provisions, examination of relevant legal documents, and review of related academic literature. The findings indicate that the 1945 Constitution provides strong protection for fundamental human rights, including the rights to education, health services, employment, legal protection, and freedom of expression. At the same time, the Constitution clearly outlines citizens’ obligations, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, respecting the rights of others, participating in national defense, and contributing to social harmony. The study emphasizes that rights and obligations are interconnected and must be carried out proportionally. Understanding and applying these constitutional principles is crucial for strengthening democratic governance, enhancing legal awareness, and fostering a just, orderly, and sovereign nation.

In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, Islamic Religious Education (PAI) must emphasize not only memorizing religious content, but also fostering advanced thinking skills such as analysis, evaluation, and creativity through the Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) method. This study aims to describe the implementation of HOTS-oriented Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning at SMAN 2 Banjit, focusing on implementation methods, supporting and inhibiting factors, and their influence on students. This study uses a qualitative descriptive methodology with data collection methods such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects of the study were Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers. Data analysis was carried out by means of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers at SMAN 2 Banjit have implemented host-based Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teaching methods. HOTS-based learning through discussion methods, advanced question and answer, and problem-based learning, but the implementation has not been evenly distributed across classes. Teachers understand the basic concepts of HOTS, but still face obstacles in preparing HOTS-based learning devices and assessment instruments. Supporting factors for implementation are the support of the principal, technological facilities, and the enthusiasm of some students. Meanwhile, emerging obstacles include a rote-oriented learning culture, unequal distribution of learning facilities, and teacher administrative burdens. The implementation of HOTS has a positive impact on improving students' critical thinking skills and argumentative skills, as well as helping them understand Islamic values ​​more contextually.

Arabic grammar (nahwu) instruction has long been dominated by rule-based approaches that emphasize memorization and formal analysis, often resulting in rigid learning structures and limited responsiveness to learners’ cognitive diversity. While such approaches play an important role in preserving grammatical accuracy, they frequently overlook individual learning trajectories, cognitive readiness, and adaptive instructional needs. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), language education is increasingly shaped by adaptive learning systems that personalize content, pacing, and instructional strategies based on learners’ profiles. This study aims to reconceptualize Arabic grammar instruction by proposing a conceptual framework that integrates traditional nahwu principles with adaptive learning systems informed by AI. Using a qualitative conceptual analysis, this paper synthesizes classical Arabic grammar pedagogy, contemporary theories of adaptive learning, and recent developments in AI-supported language instruction. The proposed framework highlights key components, including learner profiling, cognitive-level alignment, hierarchical nahwu content structuring, and AI-assisted scaffolding mechanisms. The findings suggest that adaptive learning systems offer significant pedagogical potential to transform nahwu instruction from a static, rule-centered model into a flexible, learner-centered process. This reconceptualization is expected to enhance grammatical comprehension, reduce cognitive overload, and promote learner autonomy in Arabic language education, particularly in Islamic higher education contexts. The study concludes by discussing pedagogical implications and directions for future empirical research on AI-assisted Arabic grammar learning.

This study analyzes the implementation of Islamic inheritance law (mawaris) in contemporary Muslim society as a means to realize justice and blessing (barakah) in the distribution of inherited wealth. The research is motivated by the growing number of inheritance disputes caused by limited understanding of faraid principles, the persistence of customary inheritance practices, and the coexistence of national legal systems that often diverge from Islamic inheritance regulations. These conditions frequently lead to unequal distribution and family conflicts. The study aims to examine the relevance of mawaris in modern contexts and to explore how its application, when aligned with the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-shariah), can address current social challenges. Employing a qualitative method with a normative library research approach, the study draws on primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, and classical fiqh texts, as well as secondary sources including contemporary books and scholarly journal articles. Data were analyzed through content analysis to identify key concepts and arguments regarding the contemporary application of mawaris. The findings show that proper implementation of Islamic inheritance law fosters justice, minimizes family disputes, strengthens kinship ties, and safeguards the blessing of wealth. Nevertheless, insufficient public literacy on Islamic inheritance law and the dominance of non-sharia considerations remain significant barriers. Therefore, the study underscores the need for enhanced public education, greater involvement of religious scholars in inheritance mediation, and contextual integration of Islamic legal principles to ensure fair and beneficial inheritance distribution in modern Muslim families.

Halal tourism has continued to grow as a highly attractive segment for Muslim travelers, particularly in the provision of Sharia-compliant accommodation such as Islamic hotels. This study aims to examine consumer perceptions of halal food-and-beverage facilities and Sharia-based operational standards in Islamic hotels across the Greater Jakarta area (Jabodetabek). A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, involving 150 respondents who had stayed in Sharia hotels. Data were collected through closed-ended Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed using the Weighted Mean Score (WMS) technique to evaluate respondents’ assessments of each indicator. The results indicate that consumer perception of halal food-and-beverage facilities falls into the very high category, with average scores exceeding 4.838. Consumers acknowledged that Sharia hotels maintain halal assurance, hygiene, and food safety through proper processing and the availability of halal certification. Regarding operational aspects, consumer perception is also classified as very good, with an average score of 4.606, particularly for policies prohibiting unmarried couples from sharing a room and banning entertainment deemed inappropriate or immoral. However, the use of Sharia-compliant financial institutions still requires improvement. Overall, the findings affirm that Sharia hotels in Jabodetabek have successfully implemented most Sharia principles, although further enhancement of internal operational practices is needed to achieve more comprehensive Sharia compliance.

The Islamic insurance industry in Indonesia, including in the city of Medan, continues to face various challenges, one of which is the low level of public participation in using Islamic insurance products. Public decisions to choose Islamic insurance are influenced not only by economic factors but also by non-economic factors, such as the level of religiosity, Islamic financial literacy, and trust in insurance service providers. This study aims to examine in depth the role of religiosity, financial literacy, and trust in influencing public decisions regarding the use of Islamic insurance in Medan City. This research employs a qualitative approach by utilizing secondary data obtained from reports of the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), fatwas issued by the National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI), as well as relevant national and international scholarly articles. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques to obtain a comprehensive understanding of public behavior, perceptions, and preferences. The findings indicate that religiosity plays a role in increasing awareness of the importance of financial products that comply with sharia principles, financial literacy strengthens public understanding of the benefits and mechanisms of Islamic insurance, while trust emerges as the key factor most decisively influencing decision-making. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for formulating strategies to enhance public literacy and trust in Islamic insurance in Medan City.

This study aims to analyze the role and effectiveness of Islamic monetary policy in Indonesia in facing digital transformation, particularly through the instruments of Sertifikat Bank Indonesia Syariah (SBIS) and Sukuk Bank Indonesia (SukBI). The digital transformation of the national financial system demands an adaptive monetary policy that remains grounded in the principles of maqashid shariah. In the context of Islamic economics, monetary policy not only functions to regulate the money supply and maintain price stability but also ensures the realization of justice and economic welfare. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, using literature-based data collection from official publications of Bank Indonesia, the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and relevant academic references on Islamic monetary policy. The analysis adopts an inductive approach by examining the roles of SBIS and Sukuk BI in supporting the stability of the Islamic financial system and their alignment with maqashid shariah values such as al-‘adl (justice), al-wudhuh (transparency), and ar-rawaj (circulation of wealth). The findings indicate that digitalization has positively impacted the efficiency and transparency of Islamic monetary instruments, where SBIS plays a role in regulating the liquidity of Islamic banks in a non-usurious manner, while Sukuk BI serves as an essential instrument in maintaining national economic stability. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including the limited digital infrastructure for Islamic finance and the need to strengthen regulations to ensure that digital monetary systems remain consistent with sharia principles.

The tradition of Ketupat Qunutan on the 15th night of Ramadan in Kampung Pinang, Tangerang City, is a religious practice of the Muslim community that integrates congregational qunut prayers, the making and distribution of ketupat as a symbol of gratitude, almsgiving, purity of heart, and brotherhood. Through a living hadith study approach, this research analyzes how the values of the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, such as communal prayer, food charity, and strengthening Islamic brotherhood, are contextualized within the local culture of the archipelago without a literal textual basis, but rather as a harmonious actualization between Islamic teachings and traditional wisdom. The findings show the dynamics of religious understanding between textual and contextual approaches, in which this tradition strengthens social solidarity, mutual cooperation, and the transmission of the Islamic identity of the archipelago, while also functioning as effective cultural da'wah without contradicting sharia law. This study contributes to the study of Islamic anthropology and living sunnah, affirming cultural acculturation as a form of religious expression that is alive and relevant.

Arabic holds an important position in Islamic education as the language of the Qur'an and Hadith. However, the teaching of Arabic in Islamic educational institutions often focuses only on linguistic aspects, thus not fully achieving the goals of comprehensive Islamic education. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Arabic language education objectives from the perspective of Islamic Tarbiyah. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature study and descriptive analysis approach. The analysis was conducted on relevant sources. The findings indicate that Arabic education within the framework of Islamic Tarbiyah not only emphasizes mastery of language skills but also the importance of shaping students' faith, morals, and Islamic character. The integration of tarbawi values into the objectives, materials, methods, and evaluation of learning becomes a key element in creating Arabic language education that is valuable and aligned with the goals of Islamic education. Its implications are expected to serve as a reference for curriculum development, teacher competence improvement, as well as the formulation of contextual, integrative, and sustainable Arabic language learning policies in national Islamic educational institutions.

Solid waste management in Makassar City constitutes a strategic issue that extends beyond technical and administrative concerns to encompass legal, ethical, and socioreligious dimensions. Although the local government has established regulatory frameworks and policy instruments for waste management, empirical conditions reveal a persistent gap between legal norms and their implementation, as reflected in high waste generation rates, weak source segregation, limited public participation, and increasing pressure on landfill capacity. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of waste management in Makassar City from the perspective of Islamic law and to examine the potential integration of Sharia principles in strengthening sustainable environmental governance. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design based on policy analysis, literature review, and theoretical synthesis of Islamic legal doctrines, particularly maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and fiqh al-bī’ah. The findings indicate that, despite the existence of adequate local legal instruments, waste management practices remain ineffective due to insufficient internalization of ethical values, weak law enforcement, and limited behavioral change within society. From the perspective of Islamic law, these conditions demonstrate the incomplete realization of the principles of amanah (trust and responsibility), maslahah (public interest), and the prevention of harm (lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār) in both governmental practice and public conduct, thereby undermining the objectives of protecting human life and the environment. The implications of this research highlight the importance of synergizing positive law and Islamic legal principles to promote environmentally sustainable governance oriented toward long-term public welfare.  

Incest is a form of sexual violence that not only violates social and religious norms but also causes serious physical and mental health impacts on victims. In the context of Islamic law, incest is considered a heinous act that violates sharia and may be subject to hudud or ta'zir punishment. Meanwhile, in public health, incest is viewed as an issue that poses long-term risks, such as genetic disorders, psychological trauma, and socio-economic consequences. This study aims to examine prevention strategies for incest through a holistic approach combining Islamic legal principles and public health perspectives. The method used is qualitative research with a normative literature review and descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that incest prevention can be achieved through strengthening religious values within families, sharia-based sexual education, and improving mental health services and case reporting systems in the community. The implications of this study highlight the importance of synergy between religious institutions, healthcare professionals, and public policy in establishing effective and sustainable incest prevention systems.

This research analyzes the legal status of zakat within the state financial system and explores its potential integration as a sharia-based fiscal instrument in Indonesia through a comparative study with Malaysia. In Islamic law, zakat functions both as a religious obligation and as a mechanism for wealth redistribution aimed at achieving social justice. However, under Indonesia’s positive law framework, zakat is still treated as a socio-religious institution outside the formal state fiscal system, as stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2011 on Zakat Management. In contrast, Malaysia has successfully integrated zakat into its Islamic fiscal policy through the authority of the State Islamic Religious Council (MAIN), which holds legal legitimacy as a regional public body. This study adopts a normative and comparative legal approach by examining statutory regulations, Islamic legal doctrines, and zakat institutional practices in both countries. The findings indicate that the integration of zakat into Indonesia’s fiscal system is constitutionally permissible and does not conflict with Article 23A and Article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, as it aligns with welfare state principles and the state’s responsibility toward poverty alleviation. The legal implications of such integration include the establishment of lex specialis regulating zakat as a sharia fiscal instrument, harmonization with state finance laws, and the strengthening of institutional legitimacy and accountability in zakat management. Therefore, zakat holds significant potential to become a core pillar of Islamic economic law that supports economic equity and enhances national fiscal resilience.

The wedding walimah is a religious tradition that has strong roots in Islamic teachings and continues to thrive in social practices. In the West Cengkareng area, the walimah tradition is not only understood as an expression of gratitude for the marriage contract, but also as a means of strengthening social solidarity and maintaining relationships. This study aims to analyze the wedding walimah tradition of the Cengkareng Barat community from the perspective of living hadith, which is to see how the Prophet's hadith is understood and manifested in the context of local culture. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that the practice of walimah is based on the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad, which encourages the holding of walimah, even if it is simple. In practice, walimah has undergone local cultural acculturation, both in terms of the form of the banquet and the series of events. This study concludes that the tradition of wedding walimah in West Cengkareng is a form of hadith that is alive and dynamic in the community.

This paper reviews the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic education within secondary schools, emphasizing both its practical uses and the ethical challenges it presents. The review looks into the current trends, tools, and the impact of AI on the learning experience, as well as its ethical implications from an Islamic perspective. The study follows a systematic literature review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA guidelines and includes research from 2022 to 2025, sourced from platforms like Google Scholar. After a thorough selection process, 15 articles were included in the review, offering valuable insights into the technological and ethical aspects of AI in Islamic secondary education. The use of AI has notably enhanced learning outcomes in Islamic education by allowing personalized learning, boosting student engagement, and streamlining feedback mechanisms. Tools like intelligent tutoring systems and educational chatbots have been widely adopted. However, challenges around data privacy, algorithmic bias, and technology access persist. Additionally, incorporating Islamic ethical values into AI-driven educational platforms presents both opportunities and challenges. Addressing these ethical implications is vital, requiring frameworks that align with Islamic principles such as maṣlaḥa (public welfare), justice, and human dignity. Education policies and teacher training programs should concentrate on promoting the responsible use of AI, ensuring it improves educational experiences while preserving ethical and cultural integrity.

In this study, we will discuss the concept of Islamic education from Buya Hamka's perspective. Buya Hamka was an Indonesian Muslim cleric and scholar with a profound perspective on the relationship between knowledge, faith, and morality. The purpose of this study is to analyze aspects of Islamic education according to Buya Hamka and their relevance to the modern education system. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach, drawing on relevant academic literature such as journals, books, and articles. This research concludes that Buya Hamka views Islamic education as an effort to shape a holistic human being, balancing spiritual, intellectual, moral, and social aspects. Hamka emphasized that education is not only intended to cultivate the intellect but also to purify the heart and develop noble character. According to Hamka, Islamic education must be grounded in monotheism, direct educators as role models of morality, and integrate religious and intellectual knowledge for the benefit of the community. Buya Hamka's perspective is sufficient to address the challenges of modern education, which tends to focus on academic values ​​without considering the instilling of moral and spiritual values.