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This study aims to analyze the values ​​of Civic Education (PKn) in learning at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (Islamic elementary schools) through a literature study approach. This study uses a qualitative method with a library research type, utilizing various written sources such as scientific journals, reference books, and academic articles as primary data. Data collection techniques are carried out through documentation studies by reviewing various relevant literature, while data analysis techniques use content analysis to identify, categorize, and interpret the values ​​contained in Civic Education learning. The results of the study indicate that Civic Education learning plays a strategic role in instilling character values ​​in students, such as responsibility, tolerance, cooperation, and love of the homeland. These values ​​are not only conveyed theoretically, but also internalized through a contextual and values-based learning process. This approach has proven effective in increasing students' understanding and awareness of the importance of civic values ​​in everyday life. However, the implementation of Civic Education learning still faces several obstacles, such as a lack of variety in learning methods and limited supporting resources. Therefore, more interactive and creative learning strategy innovations are needed to improve the quality of Civics learning in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah.

The increasing variety of digital financial products has contributed to greater access to financial services. However, there is growing need to enhance financial literacy, particularly among Generation Z, which dominates the use of technology compared to other generations. This generation is highly proficient in utilizing technology, including financial technology, which facilitates economic transactions through digital transfers and payments. On the other hand, this convenience also creates financial vulnerabilities for Generation Z, as reflected in poor personal fianncial management that leads to consumptive behavior and engagenment in online lending. Moreover, Generation Z tends to have lower levels of financial literacy compared to other generations. This community service program was conducted for Generation Z, specifically senior high school students at SMA Averos in Sorong City. The activity aimed to improve students’ understanding of financial literacy and provide practical tips for effective financial management. The program was implemented in the form of a financial literacy socialization activity, with the expectation of fostering financial awareness among young people regarding the importance of managing their finances and developing positive financial attitudes. The results of this activity indicate that students were able to understand financial literacy concepts effectively, leading to increased awareness and the ability to manage their finances in a prudent and responsible manner.

The increasing variety of digital financial products has contributed to greater access to financial services. However, there is growing need to enhance financial literacy, particularly among Generation Z, which dominates the use of technology compared to other generations. This generation is highly proficient in utilizing technology, including financial technology, which facilitates economic transactions through digital transfers and payments. On the other hand, this convenience also creates financial vulnerabilities for Generation Z, as reflected in poor personal fianncial management that leads to consumptive behavior and engagenment in online lending. Moreover, Generation Z tends to have lower levels of financial literacy compared to other generations. This community service program was conducted for Generation Z, specifically senior high school students at SMA Averos in Sorong City. The activity aimed to improve students’ understanding of financial literacy and provide practical tips for effective financial management. The program was implemented in the form of a financial literacy socialization activity, with the expectation of fostering financial awareness among young people regarding the importance of managing their finances and developing positive financial attitudes. The results of this activity indicate that students were able to understand financial literacy concepts effectively, leading to increased awareness and the ability to manage their finances in a prudent and responsible manner.

This study aims to examine the perspectives of students in the Primary School Teacher Education Program (PGSD) who are about to begin the Learning Strategies course. The main focus of this research is to investigate how students view the concept of learning strategies, their experiences with various teaching methods, and their expectations regarding the Learning Strategies course. Information was obtained through questionnaires completed by 84 students during the first session of the course. The results of the analysis show that the majority of students have a fairly good basic understanding of learning strategies, although there are some variations in their preferences regarding the use of technology and certain teaching methods. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL) are considered effective by the students, although they still face challenges such as time management and differences in learning styles that pose obstacles. This study recommends that teaching in the Learning Strategies course better integrates technology and takes into account the variety of student learning styles to create a more inclusive learning environment.

Guidance and counseling constitute a crucial element in the educational structure of elementary schools, functioning to support students’ holistic development, including academic, social, emotional, and personal aspects. As students at this level are in the early stages of development, they require systematic guidance to actively adapt to the school educational context while optimizing the development of their potential to an optimal level. This study aims to examine the variety of guidance and counseling services in elementary schools and their role in addressing students’ problems through a literature review of relevant scientific sources, including national and international journals as well as reference books published after 2020. The results indicate that the implementation of guidance and counseling at the elementary school level encompasses various forms of services, such as orientation to the school environment, information services, placement and referral guidance, group guidance activities, individual and group counseling services, consultation, and mediation efforts. These services contribute to helping students overcome learning difficulties, behavioral problems, social adjustment issues, and personality development. However, their implementation still faces several challenges, including a shortage of professional personnel and teachers’ limited understanding of guidance and counseling. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen guidance and counseling programs in elementary schools in a well-planned and sustainable manner.

Literature is not only a source of entertainment, but also a tool for contemplating human life that is full of internal conflicts and psychological issues. Short stories as a type of literature often present the realities of life in a concise yet meaningful way, making them interesting to analyze with a variety of scientific methods. This research focuses on the short story "Happiness That Kills" by applying two main approaches, namely the analysis of intrinsic elements and literary psychology. This story depicts a happy state that appears from the outside, but actually hides the emotional burden experienced by the main character, Malla. The method applied in this study is qualitative descriptive with literature study techniques, which is oriented towards the introduction of themes, plots, characters, settings, and mandates, as well as exploring the psychological dynamics of characters using Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The results of the study show that the internal conflicts in this story arise from the battle between the id, ego, and superego, especially when Malla struggles to maintain harmony in her family at the expense of herself. Overall, this short story shows that forced happiness can lead to suffering. By combining structural and psychological analysis, this study reveals the deep meaning related to social pressures, inner struggles, and humanitarian messages that the author seeks to convey. It is hoped that the results of this research can contribute to the study of literature, especially in understanding the relationship between story structure and the psychological condition of characters in contemporary literary works.

This study aims to analyze teachers' teaching strategies in improving the quality of science learning for upper grade students (IV, V, and VI) at the SD Inpres Perumnas II Makassar. The results show that teachers implement various strategies including selecting approaches that suit students' needs, using a variety of learning methods, actively involving students in learning activities, utilizing media that support conceptual understanding, and implementing continuous evaluation to assess learning success. All of these strategies complement each other and help create more engaging, understandable, and relevant science learning for students. Research findings also revealed that the choice of teaching strategy is influenced by several important factors: student characteristics, the characteristics of the science material being taught, the availability of learning media and facilities, the learning environment, and the desired learning objectives. These five factors serve as the basis for teachers to determine the most appropriate strategy, ensuring a more effective, focused learning process that enhances students' understanding of the material. Furthermore, this study identified several challenges teachers face in implementing science teaching strategies, such as diverse student abilities, time constraints, a lack of supporting media and facilities, sub-conducive classroom conditions, and uneven student motivation. These challenges require teachers to be creative and adapt strategies to ensure learning objectives are achieved and the quality of science instruction continues to improve.

Business competition in the culinary sector continues to increase along with changes in people's consumption patterns towards ready-to-eat food. One product that is quite popular is fried dim sum, which is known for its variety of flavors and relatively affordable prices. In this competitive environment, understanding how consumers perceive product price and quality is crucial for businesses to maintain and increase customer interest in purchasing goods. Consumer perceptions of product price and quality when they choose fried dim sum are the subject of this study. Informants were selected purposively in this study, which used a qualitative and descriptive approach, namely consumers who have purchased and consumed fried dim sum products. Data collection methods included comprehensive interviews, direct observation, and supporting documentation. The collected data were analyzed using an interactive analysis model developed by Miles and Huberman through steps such as data reduction, data presentation, and discovery. The results show that consumers view price as an indicator related to the affordability and suitability of the product value. Price is considered acceptable if it is commensurate with perceived quality. In addition, product quality, including taste, texture, cleanliness, and packaging, is a primary factor considered before making a purchase. Positive perceptions of product quality increase customer trust and encourage repeat purchases. This study concluded that customer perceptions or opinions about price and product quality influence fried dim sum purchasing decisions. Therefore, culinary businesses need to prioritize proportional pricing and maintain consistent product quality to enhance business competitiveness.

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students in science through the application of an experimental learning model on the material of changes in the state of matter. The study used a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach with the Kemmis and McTaggart model which includes the stages of planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the study were 20 fourth-grade students of SDN Daan Mogot 1. The study was conducted in two cycles. Data collection techniques included learning outcome tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively by calculating the average value and percentage of learning completion, and qualitatively through descriptive analysis of the observation results. The results showed that the application of the experimental method was able to improve the quality of the learning process and student learning outcomes. Teacher activity increased from the sufficient category in cycle I to very good in cycle II, while student activity increased from the good category to very good. Increased student activity in observing, discussing, recording results, and drawing conclusions from experiments had a positive impact on understanding the concept of changes in the state of matter. Student learning completion also increased although not all of them reached the classical standard of 80%. Thus, the experimental method is effective in improving the activeness, quality of the learning process, and the science learning outcomes of fourth-grade students. Although material reinforcement and a variety of learning strategies are still needed to optimize learning outcomes.

This study aims to analyse the difficulties experienced by female students at Tunas Ilmu Islamic Junior High School in learning English. English is an important subject in the curriculum, but some students still show difficulties in understanding and using the language effectively. This study uses a  qualitative descriptive method with observation, interviews and a questionnaire given to students. The initial results of the essay questionnaire show that 50% of students say they like English lessons, while the other 50% experience difficulties in learning. Meanwhile, the results of the multiple-choice questionnaire showed that students experienced three difficulties, namely difficulty reading sentences, understanding vocabulary, and understanding grammatical concepts. Learning difficulties are a problem that prevents students from following lessons as well as other students in general. Learning difficulties are commonly experienced by students. The results of the study show that the main difficulties students face are in speaking and listening skills, which are caused by a lack of vocabulary, low self-confidence, and limited exposure to English outside the classroom. Another contributing factor is the lack of variety in teaching methods. Therefore, this study is expected to serve as a basis for teachers to design more effective learning strategies that are tailored to the needs of students.

This study aims to analyze the opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses of Arch Barbershop, a modern barbershop in Maumere City. The study was conducted using a descriptive approach through observation of the business environment, competitor analysis, and identification of local consumer preferences. The analysis shows that Arch Barbershop has promising opportunities due to the increasing trend of grooming among teenagers and young adults, and the lack of barbershops offering modern and consistent service concepts in the area. However, this business also faces threats in the form of competition from new barbershops, rapidly changing consumer preferences, and dependence on barber skills as the spearhead of service quality. Furthermore, internal weaknesses such as limited space, inflexible operating hours, and a less than optimal variety of services pose challenges to business development. By understanding these opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses, Arch Barbershop can formulate a more effective development strategy to increase its competitiveness and business sustainability in Maumere City.

Halal certification is a primary requirement for Muslims when choosing food. This requirement is stated in Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 168 of the Quran, which commands Muslims to consume food that is halal and wholesome. Halal certification is assessed not only by the ingredients used but also by the entire production process, from processing and raw material use, transportation, to sales and consumption methods. In Indonesia, the development of halal products continues to grow rapidly in line with the large Muslim population. However, public understanding of halal certification, particularly for food and beverage products, remains relatively low. Based on this situation, this study examines the impact of halal certification on the marketing strategies of MSMEs in the food sector. This research seeks to answer two main questions: first, to what extent do MSMEs understand the importance of halal certification? and second, does the existence of halal certification influence consumer purchasing interest? The study used a library method, reviewing a variety of relevant literature, and an empirical approach to obtain data directly from the public.

This study aimed to improve the speaking skills of sixth-grade students at SDN Negeri Kelapa Dua Wetan 01 Pagi in using the Simple Past Tense pattern (was/were) through the implementation of the Role Playing method. The research was conducted in two cycles involving 32 students as the subjects. The research method used was Classroom Action Research, consisting of the stages of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection in each cycle. Data were collected through oral pre-tests and post-tests, as well as observations of students’ learning activities during the lessons. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ speaking skills. Their average score increased from 60.3 on the pre-test to 74.1 on the post-test. The percentage of students who achieved the Minimum Mastery Criteria also rose from 31% to 75%. The Role Playing method proved effective in enhancing students’ accuracy in using was/were, improving speaking fluency, and boosting self-confidence in oral communication. In conclusion, the application of the Role Playing method had a positive and significant impact on English learning outcomes among the sixth-grade students at SDN Negeri Kelapa Dua Wetan 01 Pagi. It is recommended that teachers continue to apply this method consistently, and that schools provide additional supporting facilities to optimize the learning process. For future studies, teachers and students are encouraged to expand the variety of role-play scenarios and include a control group to obtain a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of the Role Playing method.

The development of social media as a space for disseminating information has presented opportunities as well as challenges in religious learning for students. TikTok, as a digital platform that is popular among the younger generation, provides a variety of Islamic content with the theme of fiqh and morals that have the potential to affect users' religious understanding. This study aims to analyze the influence of Islamic content on TikTok with the theme of fiqh and morals on the religious knowledge of students of the PAI Study Program UIN Palopo. The research method used a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis of 268 respondents selected through random sampling techniques. The results of the study show that the content of fiqh has a positive and significant effect on students' religious knowledge, so that content that contains explanations of the laws of worship can improve religious understanding. Moral content has also proven to be significant, especially because of the presentation of moral values that are simple and relevant to student life. Simultaneously, the two variables contributed 61.3% to the increase in religious knowledge. These findings confirm that TikTok plays a role as an effective informal learning medium, although the limitations of the duration of the content make the understanding formed not always deep. This research implies the need to strengthen digital literacy and students' critical attitudes in filtering religious content so that the understanding obtained is more comprehensive and accurate.

This study aims to analyze business development strategies through a SWOT analysis approach for Patricia Aksesoris, focusing on understanding the internal and external conditions that influence business development. The analysis results show that Patricia Aksesoris has strengths in good product quality and a variety of attractive designs. However, this business also faces weaknesses, such as limitations in promotion and capital that can limit expansion. Opportunities that can be exploited include the growing trend in accessories and the great potential for marketing through digital platforms. On the other hand, the main threats faced are intense price competition and rapid changes in consumer tastes. Based on these findings, the recommended strategies to increase business competitiveness are strengthening marketing through social media, improving customer relationships, and improving operational management to achieve greater efficiency. With these strategies, Patricia Aksesoris can strengthen its position in the market and achieve sustainable growth.

Early childhood education is an important foundation in character building, because the golden age is a period when physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development occurs very rapidly, requiring planned and continuous stimulation. One effort that can be made is through the implementation of G7KAIH activities, which is a program of seven positive habits designed to instill the values of independence, discipline, cooperation, cleanliness, and responsibility from an early age. This study aims to describe the implementation of G7KAIH as a strategy for character development in early childhood at Sartika Kindergarten. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews with teachers directly involved in the program implementation. The results show that G7KAIH has been integrated into daily routines, although it is still in its early stages and does not yet have standard operating procedures. The children's responses varied; some were enthusiastic, but others still needed guidance due to differences in their social-emotional development. The obstacles that arose were related to the children's understanding and the limitations of the implementation guidelines, but these could be overcome through motivation and a variety of activities. Overall, G7KAIH made a positive contribution, especially to the children's independence and discipline.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning model that utilizes the surrounding environment in improving the learning outcomes of Biology Science on plant material and its functions in grade 3 students of MI Al Barokah Jember. This approach refers to David A. Kolb's experiential learning theory and Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky's constructivism theory, which emphasizes the importance of active student involvement through real-life experiences and social interactions. This study uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) model with four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research subjects were 24 students, with data obtained through observation, learning outcome tests (pre-test and post-test), and reflective interviews. Data analysis was carried out using quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed a significant increase in students' conceptual understanding, with an average pre-test score of 60 increasing to 82 in the post-test, and 83% of students showed improved learning outcomes. Student activity also increased, with more students actively involved in observations, discussions, and presentations. As many as 80–85% of students were able to explain the functions of plant parts based on direct observation. Students responded positively to this lesson, but there were limitations in the variety of plants and the timeframe. It is recommended to reinforce initial understanding with visual aids and allow more time for group discussions.

This study aims to analyze students' understanding and difficulties in probability in grade XII of SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Morawa and identify the contributing factors. The research method used is descriptive with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were obtained from the results of the problems given to students, then analyzed to determine the level of understanding, types of errors, and the percentage of difficulties experienced. Meanwhile, qualitative data were obtained through interviews with subject teachers to deepen information regarding the obstacles faced by students and the learning strategies implemented. The results showed that most students experienced difficulties in determining the sample space, applying probability formulas, and interpreting calculation results. Contributing factors include limited understanding of basic concepts, a lack of variety in practice questions, and learning that still focuses on procedures. Based on these findings, the researcher offers solutions in the form of contextual learning, conceptual reinforcement through class discussions, and the provision of step-by-step practice questions with teacher guidance. This research is expected to contribute to teachers in improving the effectiveness of probability learning in schools.

This study aims to thoroughly examine the influence of menu variety, taste, and price on customers' purchasing decisions at CEZ-ROS Restaurant, located in Kediri Regency. Understanding these factors is crucial for the restaurant to enhance customer satisfaction and improve sales performance. The research employs a quantitative approach with an associative research type, designed to explore relationships between variables. The sampling technique used is accidental sampling, where respondents were selected based on convenience and their availability during the data collection period. This method allows for practical and efficient data gathering from actual restaurant customers. Data analysis involves several statistical tests to ensure accuracy and reliability. Initially, validity and reliability tests were conducted to confirm the suitability of the questionnaire. Then, multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine how menu variety, taste, and price individually and collectively influence purchasing decisions. Additionally, t-tests assessed the significance of each independent variable, while the F-test evaluated their simultaneous effect. The coefficient of determination (R²) provided insight into how much variation in purchasing decisions could be explained by these variables. The results indicate that menu variety, taste, and price significantly impact purchasing decisions both individually and together. Specifically, customers prefer restaurants offering a diverse menu, delicious food, and reasonable pricing. The F-test confirms the strong combined effect of these factors on consumer behavior. However, the coefficient of determination also suggests that while these variables are important, other external influences such as service quality, ambiance, and promotions may also affect purchasing decisions. Overall, this study highlights that CEZ-ROS Restaurant should focus on maintaining menu diversity, enhancing taste quality, and setting competitive prices to attract and retain customers effectively.

Sleep is a fundamental human need that plays a crucial role in maintaining both physical and mental health. Poor sleep quality can trigger a variety of health problems, ranging from decreased concentration to an increased risk of chronic diseases. The complexity of factors influencing sleep quality—such as stress levels, heart rate, blood pressure, physical activity, and lifestyle—makes its assessment difficult through direct observation alone. Therefore, data mining approaches are increasingly utilized to identify relevant patterns in sleep-related data. This study aims to compare the performance of the C4.5 (Decision Tree) algorithm and the Naïve Bayes algorithm in predicting sleep quality using the Sleep Health and Lifestyle dataset, which contains information from 374 respondents. The research method applied is a quantitative comparative approach employing classification techniques with 10-fold cross-validation to ensure robust evaluation. Model performance is assessed using accuracy, precision, and recall metrics to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of each algorithm. The findings indicate that the C4.5 algorithm achieves an accuracy of 96.26% and offers advantages in terms of interpretability through its decision tree visualization, enabling easier understanding of variable relationships. In contrast, the Naïve Bayes algorithm demonstrates superior predictive performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.66% along with consistently high precision and recall across nearly all classes. These results suggest that Naïve Bayes is more effective for predictive tasks involving sleep quality, while C4.5 remains highly valuable when the goal is to interpret variable interactions and decision rules. Overall, this research highlights the potential of data mining techniques in health informatics, particularly in improving the understanding and prediction of sleep quality, which in turn can contribute to better prevention and management of sleep-related health issues.