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This study aims to formulate an engineering strategy for water quality management and pollution control in the Tiku Sub-watershed, North Musi Rawas Regency. The study used a descriptive approach by integrating selected technical data from a dissertation-based assessment with semi-structured interviews involving 20 key informants representing technical agencies, village and subdistrict governments, community leaders, artisanal and small-scale gold mining actors, farmers, and riverbank communities. The analysis focused on water quality status, water availability and demand, pollution sources, perceived impacts, implementation constraints, and priority interventions. The results showed that the Tiku Sub-watershed is under significant environmental pressure. The average pollution index was 6.65, indicating a moderately polluted status, while mercury, cadmium, phosphate, and ammonia were the dominant parameters of concern. Surface water availability remained relatively adequate at 45,842,699.79 m3/year, and the average Criticality Ratio was 0.266; however, the water pollution carrying capacity was poor. Interview results indicated that mercury use and processing waste from artisanal gold mining were the most urgent issue (35%), followed by land-cover change and riparian degradation. The recommended strategy combines mercury-free processing technology, alternative livelihood development, cross-sectoral supervision, riparian rehabilitation, and transparent water-quality monitoring. The findings imply that watershed engineering should integrate technical, institutional, and socio-economic interventions.

Dredger operations in water-based mining areas have a high occupational risk because they involve a combination of wet environments, mechanical equipment, and electrical systems. The presence of electrical panels, power cables, terminal connections, electric motors, inverters/drives, and protection components on the Dredger requires a sound understanding of Occupational Health and Safety, particularly electrical safety. Water splashes, wet walking surfaces, high humidity, and improper procedures during inspection or cleaning may increase the risk of short circuits, protection trips, and electric shock. Therefore, structured basic safety training is required so that operators are able to identify electrical hazards and implement safe working procedures. This activity aimed to improve operators’ understanding of hazardous electrical components, initial safety briefing procedures, measurement practice and safe handling during trips or short-circuit indications, and the correct and safe use of water pumps for unit cleaning. The activity was carried out through field observation, technical briefing, direct demonstration on the electrical panel and work area, simple measurement practice, and safe cleaning practice. The results indicate that field documentation can serve as an effective learning medium to strengthen operators’ understanding of electrical hazard sources on the Dredger, the application of simple lock out-tag out procedures, the control of wet areas, and the limitation of water spray direction during cleaning activities. Overall, the activity shows that improved compliance with safety procedures may reduce the risk of short circuits and electric shock during operation and maintenance.

Rebonding is a chemical hair straightening procedure widely popular in Indonesia, involving two-stage redox reactions on keratin disulfide bonds using ammonium thioglycolate and hydrogen peroxide. Although it provides effective hair-straightening results, rebonding potentially causes significant damage to the hair cuticle structure. This study aimed to analyze the morphological changes of hair surface before and after rebonding treatment through a descriptive comparative case study approach using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The samples consisted of one strand of healthy, chemically untreated hair (control) and one strand of post-rebonding hair that both obtained from a female. Samples were prepared using gold-sputter coating prior to SEM observation. Representative SEM images from each sample were then qualitatively compared based on cuticle morphology parameters. The results showed clear morphological differences between the two samples: the control hair displayed tightly arranged and orderly cuticle scales with a smooth surface, while the post-rebonding hair showed surface erosion and the presence of cracks in multiple areas of the cuticle. These findings confirm that rebonding procedures cause visible and characterizable morphological cuticle damage as identified through SEM, providing a scientific basis for developing more protective post-rebonding hair care products.

Arabic language instruction in various educational institutions today is still dominated by the structuralist paradigm, which emphasizes the mechanical memorization of patterns and repetition without addressing aspects of linguistic creativity. This study aims to explore the essence of Generative-Transformational Linguistic Theory proposed by Noam Chomsky and to formulate innovative ways to implement it in Arabic language learning. The approach taken in this study is qualitative, specifically a literature review (library research). Data were collected through primary and secondary literature, which were then examined using content analysis methods through the steps of simplification., categorization, and interpretation. The research findings indicate that Generative-Transformative Theory shifts the focus of learning from imitation to creation through the use of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). Through the dichotomy of deep structure and surface structure, students are guided to perform various transformational operations such as substitution (al-ibdal), expansion (al-ittisa’), elision (al-hadzf), and addition (al-ziyadah). This principle is also found to align with the classical linguist Ibn Jinni’s thoughts on the concepts of Asl and Furu’. This research suggests that teachers of grammar and word structure should change how they teach strategies into a cognitive-creative process that enables students to independently and authentically generate an unlimited number of new utterances.

Chili (Capsicum annuum L) ) is one of the most important horticultural commodities widely consumed in Indonesia and has high economic value. To maintain productivity and prevent pest attacks, farmers commonly apply chemical pesticides intensively. However, excessive and improper pesticide application can leave harmful residues on the surface and within the tissues of chili fruits. The accumulation of these residues not only poses health risks to consumers but also contributes to environmental pollution, particularly in wastewater generated from chili washing activities. This study aims to reduce pesticide residues of Cherizeb and Emacel in chili washing water using the photolysis methodassisted by a ZnO/zeolite catalyst. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as a photocatalyst activated by ultraviolet (UV) light to produce reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) capable of decomposing complex organic compounds into simpler compounds such as CO₂ and H₂O. Meanwhile, zeolite is used as a catalyst support due to its large surface area and high adsorption capacity, allowing adsorption and photocatalytic processes to occur simultaneously. The results showed that the photolysis method using the ZnO/zeolite catalyst significantly reduced pesticide residues, with optimum degradation efficiencies of 85.66% for Cherizeb using 0.8 g ZnO/zeolite under UV irradiation for 60 minutes, and 83.97% for Emacel using 0.8 g ZnO/zeolite under UV irradiation for 75 minutes. The samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify functional groups, indicating the disappearance of specific organic functional groups. Pesticide residues on chili samples were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine concentrations before and after treatment. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the crystalline structure of the catalyst remained stable after the photolysis process. Based on these findings, the ZnO/zeolite catalyst is proven to be effective in reducing pesticide residues through photocatalytic degradation and has the potential to be applied as a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly post-harvest technology to improve the quality of agricultural products.

Furniture is an item needed to complete the needs at home or residence, furniture helps the process of household chores become easier, as a place of storage, and creates comfort for its occupants. In this increasingly environmentally conscious era, product design is here to integrate the principles of sustainability. One of them is waste from industrial HPL (high pressure laminate) which is often thrown away without being utilized, Plywood waste and High Pressure Laminate (HPL) are by-products of the furniture industry that hold potential for reuse through sustainable design practices. This study aims to design a coffee table using plywood and HPL waste by applying the Design Thinking method, which includes the stages of empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. This method enables user needs analysis, idea exploration, and iterative prototype development. The results indicate that waste materials can be transformed into a coffee table that is strong, aesthetically appealing, and functional. The use of HPL enhances surface durability and visual value, while the plywood structure can be reinforced through simple joinery systems. The final product meets ergonomic, stability, and aesthetic criteria. In conclusion, Design Thinking is effective in transforming waste materials into high-value furniture and supports sustainable design practices

The adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) under the IMO MASS Code represents the most consequential redefinition of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) role in the history of modern seafaring. While autonomous navigation technologies progressively assume operational functions traditionally performed by human officers, the decision-making competencies, supervisory responsibilities, and COLREGs compliance challenges that arise at the human-autonomy interface remain empirically undercharacterized — particularly in the complex, high-traffic, and archipelagic shipping environments of Southeast Asia. This study investigates autonomous navigation decision-making and the evolving OOW role in the context of MASS integration within Indonesian shipping corridors. Employing a qualitative research design, data were generated through semi-structured interviews with senior deck officers, maritime education experts, and maritime regulatory practitioners, supplemented by systematic document analysis of IMO MASS Code provisions and Indonesian domestic shipping regulatory frameworks. Analysis proceeded through thematic analysis, cross-group comparison, and narrative synthesis. Findings reveal that OOW competency frameworks face four structurally unresolved challenges under MASS integration: situational awareness degradation in remote supervisory roles, COLREGs interpretive ambiguity in human-autonomy encounter scenarios, institutional unpreparedness in maritime education curricula, and regulatory gaps in Indonesian domestic MASS governance. The study argues for the urgent development of a MASS-competent OOW framework that integrates autonomous systems literacy, adaptive decision-making training, and regulatory alignment within Indonesian maritime education and policy.

Landslides in the Giritengah Catchment Area are influenced by several factors, including geological conditions, rainfall intensity, geomorphology, soil characteristics, and inappropriate land use practices, all of which affect regional spatial planning and environmental stability. This study presents a literature review that analyzes landslide vulnerability, evaluates the impact of land use changes, and proposes integrated Soil and Water Conservation Techniques (SWCT) to support sustainable land management. The analysis applies Geographic Information System methods using thematic map overlays such as rainfall distribution, slope gradient, geological structure, and land use patterns. The results show that areas categorized as having high landslide vulnerability cover 44.02% or approximately 158.69 hectares of the catchment area, while areas with very low vulnerability account for only 0.12% or about 0.79 hectares. Land use conversion, particularly mixed dryland agriculture, has increased landslide risk by reducing slope stability and increasing surface runoff. To address this issue, conservation strategies are recommended, including vegetative measures such as greening 38.51 hectares in settlement areas and implementing agroforestry systems across 218.48 hectares. In addition, structural measures such as three dam retainers and twenty gully plugs are proposed in both protected and cultivation zones to support disaster mitigation and align with regional spatial planning policies.

Background: Dental caries is a major problem in orodental health, especially in children. The primary cause of caries is the activity of cariogenic microorganisms. Unbalanced remineralization of dental tissue followed by destruction of organic matters may cause cumulative and progressive damage to the tooth structure. Extensive caries lesions that have reached the pulp are an indication for pulp therapy with appropriate crown restoration. Case Report: A 10-year-old boy came with a complaint of a painful cavity in his upper right front tooth. The patient was considered communicative and cooperative. The patient also had a habit of consuming sweets. An intraoral examination revealed extensive caries on the entire surface of 53. A periapical radiograph showed a radiolucent area reaching the pulp cavity on the occlusal surface of 53 with resorption of the apical one-third of the root. Based on the examination results, reversible pulpitis was established as the primary diagnosis. The treatment plan was pulpotomy with a dental crown restoration. Treatment was carried out over four visits. First visit included complete examination, periapical radiography, and pulpotomy. The second visit included core buildup, tooth preparation, and dental impressions. The third visit included try-in and crown insertion, followed by a final follow-up visit. Conclusion: Pulpotomy with dental crown restoration can be an effective clinical approach to restore the function and aesthetics of anterior deciduous teeth, especially in cases that consider aesthetics and cost limitations.

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, life-threatening mucocutaneous reactions characterized by extensive epidermal necrolysis and mucosal involvement. The entities represent a clinical continuum distinguished by the extent of epidermal detachment (SJS <10% body surface area [BSA], SJS/TEN overlap 10–30%, TEN >30%). Most cases are drug-induced, making early culprit-drug withdrawal and structured supportive care the cornerstones of management. Immunopathogenesis is primarily mediated by drug-specific cytotoxic T cells and NK cells through granulysin, Fas–Fas ligand, and perforin/granzyme pathways, with emerging roles of necroptosis and candidate biomarkers such as RIP3 and galectin-7. Diagnosis relies on timely recognition of the characteristic painful erythematous/targetoid lesions, Nikolsky/Asboe–Hansen signs, multi-site mucositis, accurate BSA assessment, and early severity scoring (e.g., SCORTEN) to guide referral and monitoring. Systemic immunomodulators (corticosteroids, cyclosporine, IVIg, anti-TNF agents) have variable evidence; thus, individualized selection and early multidisciplinary care particularly ophthalmologic involvement are essential to reduce acute mortality and long-term sequelae.

Fly ash and bottom ash (FABA) are combustion residues from coal-fired power plants. Following the issuance of Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, FABA is no longer classified as hazardous and toxic waste (B3). However, FABA must still be managed properly due to its potential to cause pollution through leachate generated if leaks occur in the FABA disposal area. This study evaluates the lining and drainage systems in the FABA disposal area at PT. PLN Nusantara Power UP Paiton to ensure that leachate does not contaminate surrounding groundwater. The research employs descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, collecting secondary data to assess the structure and pollution control systems in the FABA disposal area at PT. PLN Nusantara Power UP Paiton. The data includes the disposal area structure and water quality from monitoring wells. Analysis results indicate that the FABA disposal area lining system operates effectively and in compliance with regulations, successfully containing leachate movement and preventing seepage. This is supported by pH, Fe, Hg, and turbidity levels in groundwater from monitoring wells remaining within safe limits. Additionally, the presence of a runoff pond helps contain surface runoff during heavy rain, keeping overflow water under control. Overall, the disposal area structure and leachate management system at PT. PLN Nusantara Power UP Paiton function well, but routine monitoring must continue to ensure no seepage occurs, preventing leachate from contaminating the surrounding environment as an early preventive measure to maintain environmental quality and regulatory compliance.

Activated carbon has been developed for supercapacitor electrode material due to their high degree of micro porosity and large surface area. The carbon source, preparation conditions such as temperature and atmosphere, and preparation method strongly influence the crystalline structure and the properties of carbon materials. This article is focused on the crystalline structure analysis of bamboo and coconut coir activated carbon The bamboo and coconut coir carbon were fabricated by using pyrolysis method. The activated bamboo carbon and activated coconut coir carbon were produced using a chemical activation method where H3PO4 solution as activator agent. Characterization of the physical/crystalline structure of the bamboo carbon (BC), and coconut coir carbon (CCC) and bamboo activated carbon (BAC), coconut coir activated carbon (CCAC) was determined using XRD measurement. The XRD spectra of BC and BAC indicate that the percentage crystallinity are 29.1%, and 18.4% respectively. For CCC and CCAC the percentage crystallinity are 11.3% and 13.2%, respectively. The interlayer spacing (dhkl) for BC is 4.05 Angstrom, and for BAC is 3,79 Angstrom. The crystallite height (Lc) for BAC is 6.64 Angstrom and for BC is 21.56 Angstrom. The interlayer spacing (dhkl) for CCC and CCAC are the same 4.05 Angstrom. The crystallite height (Lc) for CCAC is 4.96 and for CCC is 2.83 Angstrom.

A research about study of sandstone slope stability using the Bishop Simplified method in Uu Samarinda has been conducted. This study was conducted to analyze the rebound number values of sandstone slopes, evaluate their stability level, and calculate the safety factor using the Bishop method. The results showed that the rebound number values were 22.34 at point 1, 19.83 at point 2, and 18.07 at point 3. The Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) values at the observation points were 1.90 MPa, 1.62 MPa, and 2.21 MPa, respectively. Geological Strength Index (GSI) evaluation indicated a rating of 80–85, demonstrating intact/massive rock structure, fresh and unweathered rock surfaces, and very good rock quality. Based on the Bishop method analysis, the slope factor of safety in 6.525  with a probability of failure is 0.000%, indicating that the sandstone slope in Ulu Samarinda is highly stable even under external pressures such as heavy rainfall or minor earthquakes. This study provides crucial information on the mechanical characteristics and stability of sandstone slopes in ulu Samarinda, which can serve as a reference for technical planning, geotechnical risk mitigation, and the sustainable development of safe areas.

End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising paradigm in which deep neural networks directly map raw visual inputs to continuous control actions. Despite its effectiveness, this approach suffers from limited transparency, posing significant challenges for deployment in safety-critical driving scenarios. This study addresses the lack of interpretability in vision-based end-to-end autonomous driving systems and aims to analyze model decision-making behavior under critical conditions such as sharp steering maneuvers and abrupt control transitions. To this end, an explainable end-to-end autonomous driving framework is proposed, combining a convolutional neural network trained via imitation learning with gradient-based visual attribution techniques, including Grad-CAM. The model predicts continuous steering, throttle, and braking commands directly from front-facing camera images, while explainability mechanisms are applied to reveal input regions influencing each control decision. Model performance is evaluated using both prediction accuracy and safety-oriented behavioral metrics. Experimental results show that the proposed explainable model achieves lower control prediction errors compared to a baseline end-to-end CNN, reducing steering mean squared error from 0.034 to 0.031, throttle error from 0.021 to 0.019, and brake error from 0.018 to 0.016. Moreover, safety-oriented analysis indicates improved driving stability, with steering variance reduced from 0.087 to 0.072 and abrupt control changes decreased from 14.6 to 10.3 events. Visual explanations consistently highlight road surfaces and lane-related structures during complex maneuvers, indicating reliance on semantically meaningful cues. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that integrating explainability into end-to-end autonomous driving not only preserves predictive performance but also correlates with smoother and more stable driving behavior. This framework contributes to the development of transparent and trustworthy autonomous driving systems suitable for safety-critical applications

Biodiversity is essentially a reflection of the number of species and individuals inhabiting a community, as seen in the Pteridophyta group. These plants, which have evolved to have differentiated roots, stems, and leaves, play an important role in forest systems, primarily as protectors of the soil surface from the effects of erosion, in addition to contributing to the decomposition of organic matter that produces nutrients, and being a major part of the producer chain in the trophic structure. The Jaboi hot spring area, located in the Sukajaya District of Sabang City, exhibits unique ecological characteristics, influenced by the presence of the Jaboi volcano, which gives rise to geothermal phenomena such as fumarole activity, hot steam emissions, and the emergence of high-temperature water flows. This geothermal dynamic directly causes alterations in the physical and chemical conditions of the local soil, thereby shaping habitat characteristics and influencing the existence of vegetation, including ferns. To date, there is little scientific information available on the diversity of ferns in this area. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine and measure the diversity of ferns in the Jaboi hot spring area. The study was conducted in October 2025 using an exploratory survey approach to determine plots and purposive sampling techniques for field data collection. Diversity analysis was based on the Shannon-Wiener index (Ĥ) formula. Based on the identification results, 15 species of ferns from a total of 6 families and 433 individuals were found. The diversity index obtained (Ĥ=2.490171) indicates a moderate level.

The development of digital da'wah demands a more in-depth, comprehensive, and data-driven methodological approach. However, contemporary da'wah research is still dominated by descriptive analysis that stops at mapping surface phenomena without exploring the underlying causal factors that determine the long-term effectiveness of da'wah. This weakness is increasingly apparent in the use of SWOT analysis, which has been widely applied in da'wah studies, but tends to be limited to producing categorization tables without an operational epistemic basis. Meanwhile, the era of digital da'wah presents a new, complex reality, where da'wah success is influenced not only by surface interactions such as the number of viewers, impressions, or follower growth, but also by latent factors such as audience cognitive motivation, platform algorithms, digital cultural context, identity construction, and societal value systems. This study aims to formulate a new methodological model through the integration of SWOT and the Iceberg approach to address this methodological stagnation. The research was conducted using qualitative methods based on literature analysis, comparative studies of strategic analysis models, and the construction of a conceptual model. The results show that the SWOT-Iceberg integration is able to produce a more multidimensional framework for digital da'wah analysis: SWOT diagnoses surface symptoms, while Iceberg explores patterns, causal structures, and mental models that shape phenomena. This combined model enables the development of more accurate, adaptive, and evidence-based da'wah strategies. It is concluded that the SWOT–Iceberg integration significantly contributes to the development of modern da'wah methodology by encouraging a shift from descriptive research to transformative diagnostic analysis, while simultaneously strengthening the scientific character of da'wah as an academic discipline based on a critical and measurable knowledge system.

A steel truss bridge is a structure constructed from a series of interconnected steel bars. The loads received by this structure are analyzed and transferred to the steel bars that make up the structure. Factors that need to be analyzed in bridge construction include the location and surrounding environmental conditions. After identifying the type of soil and bedrock beneath the surface, the materials used must meet strength or durability test standards before the bridge can be operated. The materials used must comply with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). In addition to the factors mentioned above, the bridge must undergo a feasibility evaluation. Among the various tests used to evaluate bridge strength, one is vibration testing. The vibration test method, when compared to the load test method, shows higher cost efficiency and does not cause damage to the structure.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) have become a key component in the development of modern digital products and the transformation of cloud-based services. Its ability to provide structured access to data and enable cross-platform integration makes APIs at the core of the enterprise's digital architecture. However, the high level of API openness poses increasingly complex security challenges, including potential data exploitation, injection attacks, credential misuse, and exploitation of business logic loopholes. This article examines the strategic role of APIs in the digital ecosystem, analyzes the operational risks that arise from API exposure, and evaluates the effectiveness of basic defense mechanisms such as API Gateways and Web Application Firewalls (WAFs). The findings of the study show that while both solutions play an important role in controlling access, filtering, and mitigating attacks at the surface layer, they have not been able to provide comprehensive protection against modern API threats that are dynamic, distributed, and often exploit weaknesses at the application and business logic levels. Therefore, a more holistic, layered, and sustainable API security approach is needed, including anomalous behavior detection, API abuse protection, and real-time monitoring to maintain the integrity and reliability of digital services.  

Supercapacitor electrode material bassed on Pelepah Enceng Gondok Activated Carbon (KAPEG have been developed for increasing the performance of the supercapacitor application. The activated carbon surface structure and its properties strongly depend on the pyrolysis temperature and the type of activation methods. The bamboo carbon has been fabricated using pyrolysis method. The KAPEG was produced using chemical activation with H3PO4 as activation agent with variation of temperature activation 750oc have been carried out. Characterization of the surface structure (functional groups vibration) of bamboo carbon (CB) pyrolysis and the Pelepah enceng Gonddok activated carbon (KAPEG) were carried out using FTIR. The aim of this research is  to identify the functional groups vibration. he FTIR rssults shows absorption peeaks of functional groups of -OH, C=O, C-O, C-H and C-C vibration. The increasing of wavenumber of absorption peaks of functional groups -OH stretching, C=O stretching and C-H indicate that the functional groups bond for KAPEG samples becomes more stronger than for KPEG sample. The conclusion of this research are: the increasing of wavenumber of absorption peaks for functional groups indicates of more stronger of functional groups bond.

The pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) is a type of predatory plant typically found in tropical regions and has a pitcher structure designed to attack insects. The pitcher's structure acts as a small ecosystem that supports a variety of microorganisms, both those living on the surface (epiphytes) and those within the tissue (endophytes). This study aimed to extract and identify microorganisms present on the surface and interior of the pitcher plant. Samples were taken from peat swamps and separated using Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungi. The discovery process involved examining morphological characteristics both visually and under a microscope. The results revealed differences in the types of microorganisms between the outside and inside of the pitcher, influenced by the microenvironmental conditions in each area. These findings can serve as a foundation for further study of the bioactive potential of microorganisms from the pitcher plant.