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This qualitative literature review synthesizes current evidence on how investors navigate climate risk, legal liability, and portfolio strategy by reassessing the financial role of brown assets in high carbon transition contexts. The review finds that carbon intensive assets, traditionally viewed as stranded or declining, may provide conditional hedging value when policy trajectories remain uncertain, green technologies are not yet fully scalable, and transition risks are uneven across sectors. Legal liability emerges as a powerful driver of portfolio decisions, as fiduciaries face increasing scrutiny regarding climate disclosure, risk governance, and alignment with net zero commitments. The synthesis reveals that the strategic value of brown assets is dynamic rather than static, depending on regulatory convergence, technological maturity, and institutional investor risk preferences. Overall, the review highlights the interplay between climate related litigation pressures and investment strategy, emphasizing the need for adaptive risk assessment frameworks in a rapidly evolving transition landscape.

This study examines the transformation of business education curricula in response to the rapid expansion of the digital economy. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, and digital platforms has significantly reshaped industrial demands and professional competencies. Using a qualitative research approach and content analysis, this study explores the challenges and strategic opportunities associated with curriculum transformation in higher education institutions. The findings reveal that universities face critical challenges related to technological infrastructure, faculty readiness, curriculum relevance, and industry alignment. However, digital transformation also provides opportunities for interdisciplinary learning, experiential education, global collaboration, and technology-driven innovation. The study emphasizes the importance of adaptive leadership, faculty development, industry partnerships, and student-centered pedagogies in supporting sustainable curriculum reform. Ultimately, transforming business education curricula is essential for preparing graduates with digital competencies, critical thinking abilities, and innovative skills necessary to compete effectively in the global digital economy.

This qualitative literature review synthesizes contemporary research on how dual-class share structures shape agency costs, voting divergence, and corporate governance outcomes. The review finds that disproportionate voting rights increase managerial entrenchment risks and weaken shareholder oversight, thereby amplifying agency costs across diverse institutional settings. However, governance safeguards particularly time bound and event-based sunset clauses emerge as effective mechanisms for moderating the long-term risks of control disproportionality. While dual class firms may benefit from strategic insulation that fosters innovation and long-term value creation, the absence of sunset provisions is consistently associated with reduced firm valuation, diminished accountability, and persistent divergence between control and ownership. Overall, this synthesis highlights that dual-class structures are not universally harmful, but their sustainability depends on the presence of robust governance constraints designed to restore alignment over time.

This study aims to provide the benefits of a psychological approach in education through a learning adjustment strategy based on the developmental stage and age limits of students. The study used a library method with a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach through a review of educational psychology literature, cognitive development theory, national education regulations, and various relevant scientific journals. The results of the study indicate that learning effectiveness is greatly influenced by the alignment between material, teaching methods, and students' psychological readiness. Piaget's cognitive development theory indicates that elementary school-aged children are at the concrete operational stage, thus requiring contextual learning, the use of real-life media, and active interaction in the learning process. This study also found that age limits in the education system have an important function as a means of synchronizing students' biological, emotional, social, and intellectual readiness with learning targets. Through the "Psychological Navigation" model, this study offers a strategic framework for educators to create adaptive, humanistic learning that is oriented towards optimal student development. The implications of this study emphasize that teachers need to understand the individual characteristics of students so that the educational process does not only focus on academic achievement, but also supports the psychological well-being and character formation of students as a whole.

This study examines strategic management practices in the administration of nonformal education programs within Indonesia’s 3T regions areas characterized by geographical isolation, limited infrastructure, and socioeconomic challenges. The research aims to identify effective management strategies that enhance institutional sustainability, leadership performance, and community participation in nonformal educational settings. Employing a qualitative narrative review approach, this study synthesizes findings from 45 peer-reviewed publications published between 2019 and 2025, encompassing themes of adaptive management, participatory leadership, policy integration, and digital innovation. The analysis reveals that institutions adopting flexible and context-responsive strategies supported by collaborative governance and technological integration demonstrate higher resilience and alignment with local educational needs. Furthermore, the review highlights the importance of leadership adaptability, stakeholder engagement, and community-based governance as central pillars for achieving sustainable education outcomes in resource-limited contexts. The study contributes theoretically by proposing a model of “localized strategic adaptability,” which integrates principles of strategic management with participatory education governance, and practically by offering evidence-based insights to guide policymakers and administrators in strengthening nonformal education systems.

Student engagement remains a critical determinant of academic success in elementary education, yet traditional instructional approaches often fail to sustain meaningful participation. This narrative literature review synthesizes contemporary evidence (2020–2026) on the strategic planning of Case-Based Learning (CBL) and its impact on multidimensional student engagement in primary schools. Using Google Scholar as the primary database, peer-reviewed studies were screened and thematically analyzed to identify core planning components, engagement outcomes, and contextual implementation factors. The synthesis revealed five essential instructional design elements: developmentally appropriate case selection, structured scaffolding, explicit curriculum alignment, adequate temporal allocation, and authentic assessment. Empirical findings consistently demonstrate that well-planned CBL significantly enhances behavioral participation, cognitive deepening, and affective motivation among elementary learners. However, implementation success is heavily moderated by teacher pedagogical competence, institutional support, and adaptive resource utilization. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating CBL planning frameworks into teacher professional development and curriculum design. Ultimately, strategically designed case-based instruction offers a transformative pathway to reinvigorate elementary classrooms, though sustained adoption requires targeted training, flexible policies, and further longitudinal research on engagement trajectories in primary education.

This research examines the transition from brand awareness to brand meaning within saturated digital ecosystems, specifically focusing on how global brands like Pepsi and Apple navigate the "paradox of ubiquity." The objective is to identify the mechanisms through which brand authenticity and cultural resonance cultivate long-term loyalty and prevent product substitution. Utilizing a qualitative analysis of contemporary branding frameworks and case studies, the study demonstrates that mere visibility is insufficient in modern markets; instead, consumers demand a "glass box" alignment between internal corporate culture and external values. Findings reveal that brand authenticity, characterized by continuity and integrity, serves as a critical defense against commoditization by fostering self-congruity between the brand and the consumer's identity. The implications suggest that brand management must pivot toward narrative-driven communication and community-centric strategies that prioritize cultural salience over vanity reach metrics. Ultimately, the study concludes that in the digital age, a brand’s significance in a consumer's life is the primary driver of resilient brand equity.

Economic globalization has significantly transformed patterns of labor relations and expanded cross-border labor mobility. These developments necessitate alignment between national labor laws and international labor standards. The International Labour Organization plays a leading role in establishing global standards through various labor conventions and recommendations. This study aims to examine the concept of harmonizing national labor laws with international standards, assess its implementation in Indonesia, and identify the challenges faced. The study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results indicate that Indonesia has adopted most international standards; however, implementation still faces structural, cultural, and economic obstacles. Legal harmonization is a strategic step to enhance worker protection while maintaining national economic competitiveness.

This study analyzes the urgency of synergy between the conceptual foundations of student management and strategic planning in the educational environment as an effort to optimize the potential of students. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through literature study, with secondary data obtained from journal articles, books, and related literature. This study reveals that the success of student management does not only depend on mastery of the theory of educational service principles, but is also largely determined by the accuracy of planning steps, including needs analysis, recruitment, orientation, and student distribution systems. The results of the study show that the alignment between philosophical foundations and systematic managerial procedures is a crucial factor in creating a positive learning ecosystem and supporting the effective achievement of national educational goals. Through this integration, the policies implemented by educational institutions will be more representative in ensuring the comprehensive development of students' interests and talents.

This qualitative literature review explores how multinational enterprises (MNEs) utilize strategic trade cost allocation and internal pricing autonomy to engage in tax avoidance through transfer pricing. Drawing on recent academic studies, the review synthesizes insights on how firms manipulate Incoterms, delegate pricing rights, and align managerial incentives to shift profits across jurisdictions. It highlights the dual role of transfer pricing as both a tax planning instrument and a corporate governance challenge. The review also examines the interaction between tax regulations—such as the OECD’s BEPS framework—and managerial decision-making authority within MNEs. By comparing findings across multiple empirical and theoretical studies, this paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and limitations of current transfer pricing practices. The results emphasize the need for stronger alignment between regulatory enforcement, internal control structures, and global transparency standards.

The rapid development of the Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0  and the transition towards Society 5.0 demand an increase in digital literacy and a basic understanding of technology systems starting from secondary education. The Community Service (CS) Program conducted by the Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Presiden aims to introduce the concepts of logic gates and digital systems to students of SMA 1 Cikarang Pusat. This CS integrates theoretical explanations and simulation practice using the online platform Circuitverse. This CS was evaluated using a Likert scale (1–4) questionnaire instrument, namely Expectation (Importance) and Performance, with a total of 40 student respondents. The analysis results show that all indicators received an average performance score above 3.30, with satisfaction indices ranging from 82.50% to 90.62%, which falls into the very high category. The indicator for the use of appropriate technology received the highest score of 90.62%, indicating the relevance of the material to current technological developments. The Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) shows that most indicators are in the 'maintain performance' quadrant, indicating alignment between participants' expectations and the activity's performance. These findings suggest that the workshop is effective in enhancing students' understanding of basic digital system concepts while also fostering interest in engineering and technology fields. The activity underscores the strategic role of universities in bridging the technology literacy gap at the secondary education level in response to the challenges of the IR4.0 and Society 5.0.

Civic Education holds a strategic position within the national education system as the primary instrument for shaping the personality of citizens in alignment with the values of Pancasila. This research is motivated by the phenomenon of moral degradation and the fading spirit of nationalism among the younger generation due to the unfiltered influence of globalization. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the extent of Civic Education's role in the school environment in transforming student character to possess noble morals, broad national insight, and a deep love for the motherland. The research method employed is a literature study with a qualitative approach, where data were collected through the analysis of various curriculum documents, scientific journals, and textbooks relevant to the implementation of the independent curriculum. Research findings indicate that Civic Education is not merely a theoretical transfer of civic knowledge but rather an effective process of value internalization through behavioral habituation within the school environment. The integration of teaching materials with practical applications in school life is proven to increase students' awareness of their rights and obligations as citizens. The analysis also reveals that strengthening moral character and national insight highly depends on teacher creativity in delivering interactive learning that is relevant to the students' social reality. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of revitalizing Civic Education teaching methods to be more adaptive to modern developments without losing national identity. Schools are expected to serve as laboratories of democracy and centers for sowing patriotic values to produce a golden generation that is not only intellectually competent but also possesses strong moral integrity to maintain the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia.

In the education system, learning evaluation plays a fundamental role in measuring students' academic competency achievement. This study was designed to comprehensively examine the importance of high-quality learning instruments and the strategic role of assessment frameworks in ensuring the instrument's alignment with the formulated learning objectives. A qualitative, descriptive approach based on a literature review was used. The study's findings indicate that assessment frameworks serve as a framework or blueprint capable of validly and reliably mapping competencies, material coverage, and assessment weighting. Systematic implementation of assessment frameworks has been proven to increase the transparency and accountability of evaluations, while also supporting educators in integrating Islamic values ​​into the context of Islamic Religious Education (PAI). However, its implementation still faces obstacles, including limited teacher competency in developing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)-based questions, as well as constraints related to time and resource availability.

Climate change has encouraged corporations to establish carbon emission reduction targets as part of their sustainability strategies. However, achieving these targets depends not only on technological innovation and operational policies but also on an organization's ability to integrate decarbonization agendas into human resource management systems. This study aims to analyze the strategic role of Human Resource Directors in integrating corporate carbon emission reduction targets into employee performance management systems and leadership Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This research employs a qualitative approach using a systematic literature review by examining various relevant scientific publications related to Strategic Human Resource Management, Green Human Resource Management, and performance management within the context of organizational sustainability. The analysis process was conducted through systematic literature selection, mapping of previous research findings, and thematic synthesis of concepts and relationship patterns identified in the literature. The findings indicate that the integration of carbon emission targets into organizational performance management systems can be implemented through sustainability-based leadership KPIs, the application of Green HRM practices, and the alignment of employee evaluation and incentive systems with corporate decarbonization objectives. This study contributes to expanding the understanding of decarbonizing leadership by positioning HR Directors as strategic actors who connect corporate sustainability policies with organizational performance management practices, thereby encouraging organizational behavioral transformation toward more sustainable business practices.

Strategic management plays a crucial role in ensuring the operational sustainability and competitiveness of PT Karya Giri Palma, a manufacturing company specializing in springbed and furniture production. In an increasingly competitive market environment and amid ongoing production challenges, the company is required to implement well-structured and adaptive strategic management practices. This study employs a qualitative research approach to explore the implementation of strategic management within the organization and to identify obstacles that arise during its integration into daily operational activities. Data were collected through in-depth observations and interviews to obtain a comprehensive understanding of managerial practices and employee involvement. The findings reveal that the active participation of both management and employees in the formulation and implementation of strategies significantly contributes to improved employee motivation, higher productivity levels, and enhanced work quality. Strategic alignment between organizational goals and employee roles encourages a stronger sense of responsibility and commitment among employees. However, several challenges remain, particularly in cross-divisional coordination and the consistent execution of strategies at the operational level. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening interdepartmental communication, optimizing the use of management information systems, and enhancing human resource capabilities through continuous training. These findings may serve as a valuable reference for similar manufacturing companies seeking to optimize strategic management practices in order to achieve sustainable performance and long-term competitiveness.

This study examines the implementation of Indonesia’s Visa on Arrival (VoA) policy in DKI Jakarta as both an instrument of tourism-driven economic recovery and a component of non-military national defense management under Law No. 23 of 2019 on the Management of National Resources for National Defense. While VoA has significantly contributed to the rebound of international tourist arrivals—surpassing 11 million visits nationally in 2023—it simultaneously generates governance challenges at strategic entry points such as Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, where facilitation of mobility intersects with risks including overstaying, transnational crime, human trafficking, and potential infiltration by non-state actors. Existing scholarship largely emphasizes economic impacts and regulatory frameworks, leaving limited analysis of VoA as part of an integrated civil defense infrastructure. Addressing this gap, the study aims to analyze how VoA implementation in DKI Jakarta is managed within a non-military defense perspective, particularly regarding institutional coordination, immigration intelligence, and risk mitigation mechanisms. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with immigration officials and security stakeholders, document analysis of relevant laws and ministerial regulations, and review of official immigration statistics, followed by thematic analysis. The findings indicate that although VoA effectively supports economic and diplomatic objectives, its function as a non-military defense instrument remains constrained by fragmented inter-agency coordination, uneven intelligence integration, and limited adaptive governance capacity at the local level. Strengthening collaborative surveillance systems, data-sharing mechanisms, and strategic policy alignment between immigration authorities and national defense institutions is therefore essential. The study concludes that reframing immigration governance as part of Indonesia’s broader non-military defense strategy is crucial to balancing openness with security in high-density international gateways.

This qualitative literature review explores how bounty size, strategic thresholds, and regulatory effectiveness shape the design and outcomes of whistleblowing mechanisms. By synthesizing empirical and theoretical insights from leading accounting and finance journals, the study identifies three interrelated findings: first, that larger bounty rewards increase reporting volume but may reduce signal quality; second, that insiders’ reporting thresholds are influenced by retaliation risk, compensation incentives, and perceived enforcement credibility; and third, that regulatory backlogs and discretion can distort the intended deterrent effect of whistleblowing policies. The review highlights the need for a holistic design approach that integrates incentive alignment with institutional capacity and protection mechanisms. Limitations in jurisdictional generalizability, demographic heterogeneity, and the evolving role of digital reporting platforms are also discussed. Recommendations for future research include examining whistleblowing in non-U.S. contexts, integrating organizational culture, and assessing the role of emerging technologies

The effectiveness of public sector organizations in delivering quality services and achieving their mandates depends critically on how they manage their human resources. This study examines the relationship between strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices and organizational performance in Indonesian public sector organizations. Employing a mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 312 public sector managers and HR professionals across 45 government agencies through surveys and 32 in-depth interviews. The research investigates five key SHRM dimensions: strategic recruitment and selection, performance management systems, employee development and training, compensation and rewards, and employee engagement. Findings reveal significant positive relationships between SHRM practices and multiple performance indicators including service quality, operational efficiency, employee productivity, and organizational innovation. Regression analysis demonstrates that SHRM practices collectively explain 47.3% of variance in organizational performance scores. Qualitative data illuminate implementation challenges including limited HR professional capacity, rigid civil service regulations, political interference, and resistance to performance-based management. The study identifies critical success factors such as top management commitment, alignment between HR strategy and organizational strategy, investment in HR analytics capabilities, and cultural transformation toward merit-based practices. Results indicate that high-performing public organizations distinguish themselves through systematic talent management, data-driven HR decision-making, continuous learning cultures, and stronger linkages between individual performance and organizational outcomes. This research contributes empirical evidence on SHRM effectiveness in public sector contexts and provides actionable recommendations for HR practitioners and policymakers seeking to leverage human capital for improved public service delivery.

The global maritime industry faces an unprecedented imperative to decarbonize in alignment with the International Maritime Organization's 2050 net-zero targets, yet developing maritime nations such as Indonesia confront distinctive structural and institutional barriers in transitioning their domestic vessel fleets toward green shipping corridors. This study investigates the viability and strategic design of decarbonization pathways for Indonesian domestic vessel operations, with particular emphasis on alternative fuels, energy efficiency technologies, and policy alignment mechanisms. Using a qualitative research design with thematic analysis, the study engaged maritime engineers, port environmental officers, shipping company executives, and maritime policy academics as primary respondents. Results demonstrate a high overall readiness and receptivity score of 4.28 out of 5.00 toward decarbonization strategies, with alternative fuel adoption and shore power infrastructure emerging as the most critically endorsed intervention areas. The research contributes an indigenously developed decarbonization roadmap tailored to the operational realities of Indonesian domestic shipping, addressing a significant gap in maritime sustainability literature dominated by developed-nation contexts.

In the era of globalization and intensifying market competition, strategic management has become a crucial instrument for organizations to maintain a competitive advantage. This study aims to comprehensively examine the role of strategic management in improving organizational performance based on previous research findings. The method used is a literature review with a qualitative-descriptive approach through the collection, evaluation, and synthesis of scientific articles from reputable national and international journals published between 2021 and 2026. The research findings indicate that the stages of strategic management, including strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation, contribute significantly to improving organizational performance in both financial and non-financial aspects. Determinant factors such as strategic leadership, resource mobilization, and organizational culture alignment are proven to strengthen organizational effectiveness in facing environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, strategic management plays a vital role in building organizational resilience to adapt to dynamic external changes. The implications of this study emphasize the importance for managers and organizational leaders to implement strategic management practices consistently and integratedly to ensure long-term survival and success. The results of this literature synthesis provide a theoretical framework for practitioners in optimizing organizational strategic capabilities amidst complex global challenges.