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Extortion by illegal parking attendants is very troubling to the community, especially motorists, and law enforcement should be carried out. Based on the description above, the author is interested in making the problem a research entitled Restorative Justice as an Approach in Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Extortion Crimes. This journal aims to describe and analyze the factors that cause the crime of extortion and the role of restorative justice as a method of law enforcement against the perpetrators of the crime of extortion. The research method used in this study is empirical juridical research. There are several factors that cause the occurrence of extortion crimes, namely economic, environmental, educational, lack of supervision and law enforcement and lack of legal awareness in the community. The Medan Sunggal Police enforce the law through alternative or restorative justice. Restorative justice is the settlement of criminal cases by involving the perpetrator, the victim, the perpetrator/victim's family, and other related parties to jointly seek a fair settlement by emphasizing restoration to the original state, and not retaliation.

Law enforcement against perpetrators of child sexual abuse is a crucial issue in the criminal justice system. In the context of criminal law, child sexual abuse is categorized as a serious crime that harms victims physically, psychologically, and socially. The effectiveness of law enforcement can be seen from several aspects, including the existence of strict regulations, implementation of the law by law enforcement officers, and restoration of victims' rights. Criminal law in Indonesia has provided protection through statutory regulations such as Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning child protection, Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning criminal acts of sexual violence and the Criminal Code (KUHP). Criminal law in Indonesia has provided protection through regulations that regulate severe sanctions against perpetrators of sexual abuse, including imprisonment and fines. However, challenges in its implementation often arise, such as weak supervision, lack of evidence, or cultural barriers that prevent victims from reporting. The often protracted judicial process is also an obstacle to providing fast and effective justice. The effectiveness of law enforcement also depends on the synergy between law enforcement officers, the community, and the government. Preventive efforts through education and public awareness campaigns can reduce crime rates, while strict punishments for perpetrators are expected to provide a deterrent effect.

This article examines the narrative of human fall in Genesis chapter 3 and the manifestation of God's grace within it. Using qualitative and hermeneutical methods, this research analyzes how the disobedience of Adam and Eve brought universal consequences for humanity. This fall not only resulted in the breakdown of the relationship between humans and God but also brought consequences in the form of curses and suffering. However, in the midst of this tragedy, God showed His grace through the promise of salvation in Genesis 3:15 and the provision of animal skin clothing as a symbol of His care. This promise was later fulfilled through the coming of Jesus Christ who defeated the power of sin. This article also emphasizes the relevance of the story of human fall for today's life, especially in understanding the importance of maintaining integrity in relationship with God and appreciating the grace of salvation that has been given through Christ.

This article delves deeply into the concept of Spiritual Restoration and Community: Rebuilding the Foundation of Life, with a focus on the text of Ezra 3:8-13. This research aims to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how the Israelites were interconnected in reaffirming the restoration of life through the reconstruction of the foundation of the Israelite nation. The research methods employed include biblical text analysis, historical studies, and an exposition of the cultural context of the time. The research findings provide a rich and complex perspective on the role of Ezra as a channel of God's will in restoring and guiding His people.

For the Langa indigenous people, Waja is a process of recovery for mistakes because someone has violated a prohibition or certain customary law norms that apply in the Langa indigenous people. There are several marriage problems that occur in the Langa community that are not resolved with waja. The practice of waja serves to break the bond of engagement or marriage that has occurred between a man and a woman, the purpose is as a deterrent effect and also as a means of value education for the community so that marriages that violate customary norms can be eliminated or no longer repeated. This research is an empirical research, so the data source used is the primary data source, the primary data is obtained from the results of interviews. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The results of this study show that: (1) The function of waja customs in the marriage legal system of the Langa indigenous people is for the enforcement of customary norms and rules, the restoration of good name, efforts to break the bond of engagement or marriage between men and women and to realize justice and balance in community life, including in terms of marriage. (2) The process of applying waja customs in the practice of marriage of the Langa indigenous people is carried out in accordance with the marriage violations that have been carried out by both parties. The types of violations of waja customs are infidelity, relationships that are not approved by parents and abusive behavior of husbands towards wives.

Fear of divine punishment is a spiritually charged form of distress that appears in ordinary religious struggle, moral injury, shame-based faith formation, and, in some cases, scrupulosity. This article examines pastoral accompaniment for Christian congregants who interpret suffering, intrusive thoughts, moral imperfection, or ordinary uncertainty as evidence that God is angry and punitive. The study addresses a constructive problem: many pastoral responses either normalize fear as evidence of seriousness before God or dismiss it as irrational anxiety, yet both responses can intensify spiritual distress. Using a conceptual qualitative design, the article synthesizes peer-reviewed studies on religious and spiritual struggles, scrupulosity, spiritually integrated care, moral injury, and practical theology. The analysis proposes that pastoral care should neither dilute theological seriousness nor reinforce punitive images of God. Its main synthesis is a threefold pastoral framework, differentiated assessment, grace-oriented theological reframing, and collaborative accompaniment that includes referral when symptoms suggest obsessive-compulsive disorder, trauma, depression, or suicidal risk. The article concludes that effective pastoral accompaniment moves congregants from retributive anxiety toward secure attachment to God, morally responsible agency, and communal practices of confession, assurance, lament, and restoration. The contribution is a constructive model for churches that treats fear of divine punishment as a theological-psychological struggle requiring discernment, doctrinal care, ethical boundaries, and interdisciplinary cooperation.

For the Langa indigenous people, Waja is a process of recovery for mistakes because someone has violated a prohibition or certain customary law norms that apply in the Langa indigenous people. There are several marriage problems that occur in the Langa community that are not resolved with waja. The practice of waja serves to break the bond of engagement or marriage that has occurred between a man and a woman, the purpose is as a deterrent effect and also as a means of value education for the community so that marriages that violate customary norms can be eliminated or no longer repeated. This research is an empirical research, so the data source used is the primary data source, the primary data is obtained from the results of interviews. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The results of this study show that: (1) The function of waja customs in the marriage legal system of the Langa indigenous people is for the enforcement of customary norms and rules, the restoration of good name, efforts to break the bond of engagement or marriage between men and women and to realize justice and balance in community life, including in terms of marriage. (2) The process of applying waja customs in the practice of marriage of the Langa indigenous people is carried out in accordance with the marriage violations that have been carried out by both parties. The types of violations of waja customs are infidelity, relationships that are not approved by parents and abusive behavior of husbands towards wives.  

Handling terrorism cases in Indonesia requires a careful approach considering the diversity of applicable legal sources, especially Islamic Law and Pancasila. This article explores harmonization efforts between the two legal systems in the context of countering terrorism. Islamic law, with its principles that emphasize justice, security and protection of society, offers an approach based on restoration and enforcement of social norms. On the other hand, Pancasila as the basis of the state and national ideology provides a normative framework that emphasizes unity, social justice and human rights. This study analyzes how the principles of Islamic law can be integrated with the Pancasila legal framework to create an effective legal system in dealing with terrorism. The research focus includes a review of existing laws and regulations, policies for handling terrorism, as well as the implementation and implementation of the law in practice. This article also identifies challenges that may arise in the harmonization process, including potential conflict of norms and differences in interpretation between Islamic Law and Pancasila. This study aims to provide strategic recommendations for policy makers and law enforcement officials to create a more holistic and harmonious approach in dealing with terrorism. It is hoped that the integration of the values of Islamic law with the principles of Pancasila can strengthen efforts to prevent and overcome terrorism, as well as maintain the diversity and unity of the nation. Thus, this research contributes to the development of legal policies that are more inclusive and fair, in accordance with the Indonesian social and cultural context.

Blue carbon ecosystems play a strategic role in mitigating climate change through their ability to absorb and store carbon significantly. However, uncontrolled exploitation of marine resources, such as overfishing, destructive fishing methods, and fishing gear waste, have threatened the sustainability of blue carbon ecosystem. Penangkapan Ikan Terukur (PIT) policies implemented by the Indonesian government aims to realize sustainable fisheries by regulating fishing quotas based on zoning. This reserach aims to identify the urgency of integrating blue carbon ecosystems into PIT policies in Indonesia to maintain the sustainability of marine resources and support climate change mitigation. Using qualitative descriptive methods based on literature studies, this research found that integrating blue carbon ecosystems into PIT policies can provide significant ecological benefits. Strict monitoring, restoration of blue carbon ecosystem habitats, and implementation of scientific data-based policies are needed to ensure the success of this policy. This integration is expected to be able to maintain marine ecosystems, support sustainable fisheries, and contribute to global climate change mitigation targets.

This study aims to examine the life and influence of Simon Petrus, one of the closest disciples of Jesus Christ, in the context of Christian theology. From an ordinary fisherman, Petrus  underwent a significant transformation into an early Church leader, marked by the change of his name to "Petrus," meaning "rock." This study explores Petrus important role in the spread of the gospel and the development of Christian doctrine, as well as the impact of his teachings on the understanding of Christian faith today. The method used is a qualitative approach with an analysis of literature, including biblical texts and relevant theological sources. The findings show that Petrus experience of denying Jesus and his restoration after Jesus' resurrection reflect human vulnerability and the power of forgiveness. Petrus teaching on salvation through faith is the basis for many Christian doctrines, including the concepts of redemption and eternal life. This study concludes that a deeper understanding of Petrus authority and role in various Christian traditions can provide valuable insights for modern church practice, as well as emphasize the importance of forgiveness and perseverance in faith for Christians today.  

This study investigates the effectiveness of green-space–based interventions in reducing eco-anxiety among urban adolescents, a population increasingly vulnerable to climate-related psychological distress. Eco-anxiety, characterized by persistent worry, cognitive overload, and emotional tension in response to environmental change, has emerged as a significant mental-health challenge. The intervention examined in this research involved structured exposure to natural environments combined with guided reflective activities over multiple sessions. Quantitative results showed a substantial reduction in eco-anxiety symptoms, with participants experiencing approximately a 30% decrease in climate-related worry after the intervention. Improvements were also observed in emotional resilience, including enhanced self-regulation, greater cognitive clarity, and improved coping capacity. Qualitative findings reinforced these outcomes, revealing that participants reported deeper emotional calm, stronger feelings of agency, and an increased sense of connectedness with nature. They described green spaces as restorative environments that helped reduce overthinking, clear mental fatigue, and create psychological grounding. These experiences appear to activate mental-restoration processes consistent with environmental psychology, suggesting that nature engagement can serve as both a preventive and therapeutic mental-health strategy. A comparison with conventional counseling approaches indicated that while standard psychological support aids emotional regulation, it often fails to address the specific ecological concerns driving eco-anxiety. In contrast, green-space exposure offers a more targeted and holistic benefit, combining physiological relaxation with meaningful emotional reassurance. The study concludes that expanding access to green spaces, incorporating nature-based therapeutic elements into public-health programs, and promoting balanced climate literacy may enhance adolescent well-being in a time of intensifying environmental challenges.

The role of blue carbon in mitigating climate change in coastal Indonesia is very important because ecosystems such as mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and tidal marshes are not able to absorb and store carbon. In addition, these ecosystems support biodiversity, protect coastlines, and increase resilience to climate change. However, human activities, such as land conversion and development, threaten these ecosystems. Therefore, conservation and restoration are important to maintain carbon stocks and strengthen coastal resilience. Research shows that Indonesian mangroves have a carbon absorption capacity five times greater than tropical land forests. Mitigation efforts need a holistic approach that includes conservation and sustainable management. Using qualitative analysis methods through documents, this study recommends strategies to improve the preservation of blue carbon ecosystems, which can help achieve greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and increase coastal resilience to climate change impacts.

The enactment of the 2023 Criminal Code shows a change in the direction of punishment in Indonesia. The 2023 Criminal Code emphasises the purpose of punishment on prevention, correction, and restoration of balance, in contrast to the old Criminal Code which was more oriented towards providing deterrent effects. This is proven by the emergence of alternative punishment in the form of supervision punishment and social work punishment. The purpose of this study is to examine whether this alternative punishment is appropriate when viewed from the purpose of punishment and how the implementation of alternative punishment in other countries. This alternative punishment not only provides a more humane and restorative punishment option, but is also expected to overcome the problem of overcapacity of Correctional Institutions (Lapas). In addition, this research discusses the implementation of alternative punishment in other countries, such as the Netherlands and Portugal, which have proven effective in reducing the prison population and recidivism rate. By using normative juridical research method, the author makes the Criminal Code 2023 as the main legal basis to be analysed.

The Article 54 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, Drug Rehabilitation is a repressive action carried out for Addicts and Victims of Narcotics Abuse. This rehabilitation is the restoration to the previous (original) position and the improvement of individuals, hospital patients or disaster victims so that they become useful human beings and can live in society. Rehabilitation actions are aimed at victims of drug abuse to restore or develop the physical, mental, and social abilities of the sufferer concerned. In addition to recovery, rehabilitation is also a treatment or treatment for drug addicts, so that they can recover from their addiction to narcotics. This research is focused on two problem formulations, namely how the legal status of rehab for addicts according to Law Number 35 of 2009. What are the steps of the Government's intervention in efforts to protect Drug Addicts. This research is normative research, which is descriptive analytical and sources of legal materials through primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Legal data collection techniques through document studies (literature studies), such as books, papers, articles, journals, newspapers or works from experts. From the results of this study, the provision of rehabilitation is one of the main objectives in Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. Where Narcotics Addicts can be classified into 2 types, namely people who use Narcotics in a state of physical or psychological dependence and people who abuse Narcotics in a state of physical and psychological dependence.

This study looked at the relationship between Nigeria's ongoing insecurity and poor governance. The article makes the theoretical case that the injustice, corruption, and self-serving leadership of Nigeria's leadership class are to blame for the country's current security problems. Ethnic, communal, religious, and resource-related conflicts have persisted throughout most of Nigeria since the country's restoration to democracy in 1999, following nearly three decades of military administration. This is made worse by the leadership's apparent inability to solve important national concerns like reducing poverty, creating jobs, allocating resources, developing infrastructure, etc. Accordingly, the study concludes that Although it is a huge task, combating insecurity in Nigeria is not insurmountable. Nigerians must therefore come together, and the ruling class must become fully committed to combating insecurity and forging a strong political will.  

Crisis aquatic biodiversity is a critical environmental issue, triggered by human activities such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change, which have serious impacts on the stability of ecosystems and the climate change, which has serious impacts on the stability of ecosystems and the livelihoods of coastal communities. livelihoods of coastal communities. This research aims to examine community-based solutions in restoring degraded aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on the integration of sustainable aquaculture technologies and aquaponic systems. The methodology used was a comprehensive literature analysis of scientific articles, journals and relevant publications. The research findings show that sustainable fisheries management, habitat restoration, environmental education and awareness, implementation of environmentally education and environmental awareness, the application of environmentally friendly technologies, and the development of supportive policies are the main strategies for sustainable fisheries management. development of supportive policies are key strategies in improve conservation effectiveness. The implications of this research show that a community-based approach is not only effective for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity, but also provides practical guidance for policymakers and non-governmental organizations in designing and implementing community-based policy makers and non-governmental organizations in designing and implementing more holistic and effective ecosystem restoration programs that are more holistic and sustainable.                                                              

This research was conducted because Sungai Pakning Village, Bengkalis Regency, was one of the areas that experienced land and forest fires that occurred in Riau Province in 2015. So far, peatland management has often failed, both by the government and companies. One of their failures is that they only focus on land restoration and ignore community empowerment. With the independent peat village program created by PT. Pertamina RU II Production, Sungai Pakning, Bengkalis Regency. Among the independent peat village programs, there is an environmental conservation program which has become the center of attention for environmental observers, namely the development of peat forests to manage pineapple products. This research aims to determine the capacity development of the Tunas Makmur Farmer group in managing pineapple products and to find out what are the supporting factors for capacity development in the Tunas Makmur Farmer group in Sungai Pakning, Bengkalis Regency. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. Data was obtained through interviews and field observations. The results of this research show that the capacity development measure according to Ilato has demonstrated good capacity in aspects of organizational structure, decision making processes, work procedures and mechanisms and inter-organizational relationships. Good capacity development is supported by 1) facilities and infrastructure, which are being developed continuously, 2) good cooperation between various parties or institutions involved in developing the capacity of the Tunas Makmur Farmers Group.

The Citarum River, as one of the important environmental assets in Indonesia, has experienced serious pollution due to industrial waste. Environmental legal regulations have been implemented to address these issues, but questions arise regarding the effectiveness of their implementation. This article analyzes the effectiveness of environmental legal regulations in handling cases of factory waste pollution in the Citarum River, with a focus on the level of industrial compliance and its impact on the environment. This study uses a qualitative approach by reviewing the applicable environmental legal regulations, as well as analyzing the level of industry compliance with these regulations. In addition, the impact of compliance or violations on the environment is also evaluated. The results of the analysis show that although environmental legal regulations exist, their implementation is still not optimal. Many factories still violate the limits that have been set, either because of a lack of strict law enforcement or because of a lack of awareness of the importance of environmental conservation. As a result, the Citarum River continues to experience pollution which is detrimental to the environment and public health. Existing environmental legal regulations are not effective enough in handling cases of factory waste pollution in the Citarum River. More serious efforts are needed from the government, industry and society to overcome this problem. Concrete steps are needed to increase industrial compliance, reduce waste pollution, and preserve the Citarum River environment for the welfare of the community and sustainability of the ecosystem. Further research can be conducted to evaluate the implementation of remedial actions and their impact on future environmental conditions. This article concludes the need for improvement measures in the implementation of environmental legal regulations, including stricter law enforcement and efforts to increase environmental awareness among industry. Apart from that, cooperation between government, industry and civil society is also important to achieve the restoration of a clean and healthy Citarum River.

The second coming of Christ is an event inalienable to mankind. In addition to declaring punishment for unbelievers, His second coming also fulfills the presence of a new heaven and earth in which the righteous will reign with Christ forever. Of this, the Bible records that "the heavens shall vanish with a great rumbling, and the elements of the world shall burn in the flames, and the earth and all that is therein shall pass away." But on the other hand, the view of restoration clearly teaches that the old heavens and the earth will not be totally destroyed, but renewed. Thus the problem arises: how could both of these things - the biblical concept of the new earth and the doctrine of restoration - be a harmonious truth? This paper seeks to explain and discuss the problematic teaching of the restoration in relation to the concept of the new earth. Through this paper the author hopes to elaborate the problematic of this topic clearly, especially regarding the alleged contradictions that exist. In addition, critical analysis is conducted to produce responsible solutions that contribute significantly to the study of eschatology, in which the authors believe that the teaching of restoration and the concept of the new earth is a harmonious and biblical truth.

In the Christian context, the resurrection of the dead is based on the resurrection of Jesus Christ after the crucifixion, which forms the basis of the Christian faith that all people will experience resurrection at the end of time to face the final judgment. In the Old Testament, death is understood as the separation between body and spirit. After we die, our bodies will decompose and become soil again while the spirit will leave our bodies for the afterlife, also known as Sheol. There is also a belief in the resurrection of the dead, which is the physical return of the body from the dead. This belief is reflected in books such as Daniel and Isaiah, which state that at the end of time, God will raise the dead to eternal life or eternal punishment. This concept of resurrection affirms the belief in divine justice and restoration, where each person will receive reward or punishment according to their deeds. In Christian theology, the resurrection of the dead provides hope for eternal life as well as complete redemption, and simultaneously reminds the faithful of the importance of living righteously and faithfully to God's teachings.