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Penelitian ini membahas akibat hukum dari penggunaan kuasa jual yang dipalsukan dalam proses balik nama sertipikat hak atas tanah oleh pihak ketiga yang bekerja sama dengan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT), sebagaimana tercermin dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Barat Nomor 249/Pid.B/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt. Permasalahan utama yang dikaji adalah bagaimana pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku pemalsuan kuasa jual, kedudukan hukum sertipikat yang telah dibalik nama berdasarkan kuasa palsu, serta perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik tanah yang dirugikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, dan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemalsuan kuasa jual untuk balik nama sertipikat merupakan tindak pidana yang menimbulkan konsekuensi hukum tidak hanya bagi pelaku utama, tetapi juga bagi PPAT yang lalai dalam menjalankan kewenangan jabatannya. Sertipikat yang telah dibalik nama berdasarkan akta palsu dapat dibatalkan demi hukum karena cacat administratif dan bertentangan dengan asas kepastian hukum. Pemilik berhak memperoleh perlindungan hukum berupa pemulihan hak atas tanah maupun ganti kerugian. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pentingnya pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan kewenangan PPAT serta kehati-hatian dalam proses balik nama sertipikat untuk menjamin kepastian dan perlindungan hukum dalam bidang pertanahan.

This study has two main objectives: first, to analyze the application of the principle of ultra petitum partium in talaq divorce cases based on the Decision of the Sleman Religious Court Number 1086/Pdt.G/2024/PA. Smn; Second, to examine the basis of judges' legal considerations in determining matters that are not explicitly requested, especially from the perspective of the protection of the rights of the wife. This study uses a normative juridical method with a case approach and a statute approach. The results of the study show that the provision of iddah maintenance by the judge based on the mediation agreement of the parties does not violate the principle of ultra petitum partium. However, the determination of mut'ah in the absence of an explicit request in the petitum has the potential to be contrary to this principle. However, the judge's actions can be justified through ex officio authority in order to protect the rights of the wife, in accordance with Article 158 of the Compilation of Islamic Law. These findings highlight the tension between procedural legal certainty and substantive justice in the religious justice system. This study recommends that judges explicitly state legal grounds when exercising ex officio authority, to ensure transparency and accountability in decisions.

Receivable disputes may be resolved through bankruptcy mechanisms that culminate in a bankruptcy ruling. However, legal issues may still arise post-verdict, such as in Commercial Court Decision Number 18/Pdt.Sus-Renvoi/2023/PN Niaga Mdn, where the receivable claim filed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry was rejected due to late submission. In resolving the case, the judge considered two legal principles: erga omnes and promulgatie. This paper aims to examine the position of these principles in bankruptcy cases and analyze the judge’s legal reasoning regarding the late submission of receivables under Indonesian bankruptcy law. This study uses a normative juridical approach, with the research specification being analytical-descriptive in nature. The data are secondary in form and are collected through literature review. The method of data analysis employed is qualitative normative analysis. The findings of this study show that the erga omnes and promulgatie principles hold a significant position within Indonesian bankruptcy law. These principles are implicitly reflected in Article 15 paragraph (4) and Article 24 paragraph (1) of the Bankruptcy Law (UUKPKPU). These principles apply insofar as there are no specific provisions limiting their application. In this case, the judge's legal reasoning in deciding the renvoi procedure is deemed inaccurate because there is a specific provision that governs the late submission of receivable claims. Therefore, the application of the erga omnes and promulgatie principles should have been subject to such limitation.

Sertifikat tanah berfungsi sebagai alat bukti yang sah. Sertifikat memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang hak, dengan syarat data fisik dan data yuridis tercantum di dalamnya. Terutama dalam jual beli dengan penjual yang tidak diketahui keberadaanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif analitis. Penelitian ini mengenai perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli untuk balik nama sertifikat yang penjualnya tidak diketahui keberadaannya dan dasar pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam memberikan putusan terkait perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli serta akibat hukumnya dinyatakan dalam putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tarakan No.57/Pdt.G/2022/PN Tar. Perlindungan hukum dilakukan melalui peradilan sebagai upaya menuntut hak. Majelis Hakim mempertimbangkan dengan adanya bukti surat dan saksi yang dihadirkan. Akibat hukum tergugat terbukti melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum Pasal 1365-1367 KUHPerdata, yang merugikan penggugat dengan menghalangi haknya sebagai pemilik. Kesimpulan 1)pembeli dapat menggunakan sertifikat sebagai alat bukti hak atas tanah meski tanpa bukti lengkap. Serta, pihak dirugikan dapat mengajukan eksekusi rill Pasal 1241 KUHPerdata. 2)majelis hakim mempertimbangkan jual beli sah berdasarkan bukti dan keterangan saksi. 3)Majelis hakim menetapkan tergugat melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum Pasal 1365-1367 KUHPerdata. Tindakan tergugat melanggar hak subjektif, kewajiban hukum, serta asas kepatutan. Saran 1)masyarakat perlu memahami prosedur legal kelengkapan dokumen dalam transaksi tanah untuk mencegah masalah dikemudian hari. 2)majelis hakim harus mencerminkan keadilan, kemanfaatan, dan kepastian hukum melalui pertimbangan serta pengembangan peraturan yang relevan. 3)majelis hakim harus mengutamakan keadilan, kepastian hukum serta mempertimbangkan aspek sosial dan kepentingan umum dalam perkara hal ini peralihan hak atas tanah.

The Constitutional Court's decision not only affects individuals or certain groups, but also has significant consequences for the public and the country as a whole. The Constitutional Court's decision provides legal certainty for society and the government by determining the implementation or cancellation of a policy that can help create a stable and predictable legal environment. This research is a normative research by studying and basing it on secondary data. Then analyzed using qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that the interests recognized by law in Indonesia regarding legal standing still revolve around proving real losses as a form of interest recognized by the Constitution. The principle of erga omnes has an important meaning in the Constitutional Court's decision. An appropriate alternative is needed to ensure that the decision that then has an impact on everyone does not result in new constitutional losses for parties who are not in dispute. the implementation of the Constitutional Court's decision still faces serious challenges, ranging from delays in implementation to ignoring the decision by related institution.

The purpose of this study is to determine the judge's considerations in issuing a decision stating that the certificate of ownership does not have binding legal force and the legal consequences of the decision stating that the certificate of ownership does not have binding legal force based on the initial survey conducted by the researcher, it was found that the lawsuit was filed after 5 years had passed. This study uses normative legal research with a case study (case approach). Data collection uses literature studies. Data collection and processing procedures are carried out using qualitative legal analysis. The results of the study indicate that the requirements for a certificate of ownership that does not have legal force that are often violated are the lack of good faith in obtaining the land. Meanwhile, violations of the requirements for land that is not directly or indirectly controlled by the owner, although related to other requirements, do not mean that the Certificate of Ownership has strong legal force. This is because of the requirements of Article 32 paragraph 2 of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration. There are several legal consequences. These legal consequences can be divided into two types, namely legal consequences that apply retroactively or backward and legal consequences that apply forward. As well as the legal consequences and in substance, these legal consequences are in line with the form of achievement in contract law as regulated in Article 1234 of the Civil Code.

The Constitutional Court of Indonesia is a judicial institution with the authority to review laws against the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, resolve disputes between state institutions, decide on the dissolution of political parties, and adjudicate election result disputes. In exercising its authority, the Constitutional Court functions not only as the guardian of the constitution but also as a protector of human rights. This article aims to analyze how the procedural law of the Constitutional Court, as regulated under Law Number 24 of 2003 and its amendments, serves as a crucial instrument to ensure fair, transparent, and accountable proceedings in cases involving constitutional rights. This study adopts a normative juridical approach by examining legislation, legal doctrines, and Constitutional Court decisions that have had a significant impact on the protection of human rights. The analysis reveals that several rulings of the Court have expanded interpretations of human rights, although challenges remain regarding the consistency of procedural application and the effectiveness of decision enforcement. Therefore, strengthening the procedural law of the Constitutional Court is essential for ensuring the substantive and sustainable protection of human rights in Indonesia.  

The in dubio pro reo principle is a fundamental principle in criminal law that states that if there is doubt in the proof of a case, then the decision must be taken in favor of the defendant. The application of this principle is particularly crucial in rape and murder cases, where the legal consequences faced by the accused are severe. However, the use of this principle often causes debate because it can have an impact on the sense of justice for victims and society. This research uses a normative qualitative method with a normative juridical approach to analyze laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and court decisions related to the application of the in dubio pro reo principle. Data was collected through literature study by analyzing relevant court decisions. The results showed that the application of this principle is based on the negatief wettelijk evidentiary system, which requires a minimum of two valid pieces of evidence and the judge's conviction to impose a sentence. However, in practice, the difficulty of proof in rape and murder cases can lead to the defendant being acquitted despite indications of guilt. Therefore, the balance between the protection of the defendant's rights and justice for the victim must be considered in the application of this principle.

On February 17, 2012, the Constitutional Court granted the lawsuit filed by Hj. Aisyah Mochtar who filed a judicial review of Article 34 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This lawsuit arose from her marriage to Moerdiono in accordance with Islam which was not officially registered, which gave birth to a son, Iqbal Ramadhan. The Constitutional Court's decision changed the status of illegitimate children, who previously only had a civil relationship with the mother, now also have a civil relationship with the father and the father's family. This decision applies not only to children born from unregistered marriages, but also to children from relationships between men and women without the bonds of marriage which can be proven through technology such as DNA testing. These children are entitled to civil rights protection, such as maintenance and education, but are not related to guardianship issues. In its considerations, the Constitutional Court emphasized that the law must provide fair protection and legal certainty for the status of children, including those born even though their marriage is still disputed. Eliminating discrimination against illegitimate children aims to provide positive value for the future of children. The obligation of alimony that was previously only borne by the mother, is now shared with the father who can be proven to have a blood relationship with the child. If the father neglects to fulfill his obligations, he can be sued in court. The next question is how the Constitutional Court Decision will be implemented regarding the recognition of the lineage of children born outside of legal marriage.

This study aims to examine the legal aspects of the restoration of political rights of former convicts in the Constitutional Court Decision Number 4/PUU/VII/2009, with a focus on the protection of human rights in the constitution. The decision is important in the context of changes in the law governing political rights for former convicts in Indonesia, which were previously limited by the existing legal system. In this decision, the Constitutional Court ruled that restrictions on political rights for former convicts were not in line with the principles of human rights guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution. This study uses a normative approach by analyzing laws and regulations, Constitutional Court decisions, and legal doctrines related to human rights and political rights. The results of the study indicate that the restoration of political rights for former convicts is an important step in ensuring the protection of human rights, as well as creating a more rehabilitative and inclusive criminal justice system. In addition, the decision also has important implications for efforts to improve the legal system in Indonesia, which should pay more attention to the rehabilitation of convicts and the restoration of their social status after serving their sentence.