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The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has provided new opportunities to enhance the quality of learning, particularly in elementary science education. One form of AI utilization is chatbots, which function as interactive learning media capable of encouraging students’ active participation. In science learning, questioning behavior is an important indicator of students’ cognitive engagement; however, many elementary school students tend to be passive in asking questions. This study aimed to examine the effect of using AI chatbots in science learning on students’ questioning behavior in Grade V of SDN Plalangan 03 Gunungpati, Semarang City. This study employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The data were analyzed to identify changes in students’ questioning behavior before and after the implementation of AI chatbots in science learning. The results indicated that the use of AI chatbots improved students’ questioning behavior in terms of frequency, confidence, and activeness in asking questions. AI chatbots provided a comfortable and flexible interaction space for students, which helped reduce psychological barriers in questioning. It can be concluded that the use of AI chatbots has a positive effect on students’ questioning behavior in elementary school science learning.

The phenomenon of the dual role of wives is a complex social reality amidst the patriarchal culture that is still deeply rooted in Indonesian society. In this social system, women often bear the double burden of domestic responsibilities as well as public roles, which often gives rise to gender inequality, role conflict, and psychological stress. This article aims to analyze the dual role of wives in a patriarchal culture using a gender perspective and maqasid sharia as an analytical framework. The research method used is a literature study with a qualitative-descriptive approach to various relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that patriarchal culture tends to limit access and recognition of women's roles, thus contradicting the principle of gender justice. Meanwhile, maqasid sharia emphasizes the values ​​of balance, justice, and benefit in husband-wife relations. The principles of hifz ad-din, hifz an-nafs, hifz al-aql, hifz an-nasl, and hifz al-mal provide theological legitimacy for women's social and economic roles as long as they are carried out within the framework of justice, shared responsibility, and family harmony.  

Gender inequality in terms of safety in public spaces is a crucial issue in Indonesia. This research background is driven by the high rate of violence against women, reaching 330,079 cases in 2024, and reinforced by a patriarchal culture that perpetuates gender hierarchy. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach to analyze the root causes and impacts of gender inequality on women's sense of security in public spaces. The results indicate that the disparity manifests in various dimensions, such as women-unfriendly urban infrastructure (e.g., inadequate lighting), security threats in urban areas, and the high rate of gender-based violence where 80.1% of the victims are women. The discussion reveals that this inequality impacts not only physical safety but also psychological well-being, economic security, and access to public spaces. This research concludes that a multidimensional approach encompassing infrastructure improvement, strengthening legal protection, changing social norms, and economic empowerment is required to create an inclusive, equitable, and safe public environment for all genders.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study aims to analyze the influence of self-discipline and burnout (Thīna-Middha) on active participation in religious activities among Buddhist adolescents aged 15–18 in Central Java. The approach used is quantitative with a survey method, and the sampling technique is cluster sampling. The instrument used is a semantic differential scale questionnaire to measure self-discipline, burnout, and active participation. Data analysis is performed using multiple linear regression to determine the influence of each variable on active participation. The results show that self-discipline has a positive and significant effect on active participation in Buddhist religious activities, while burnout has a negative and significant effect. These two variables contribute 41.1% to active participation in religious activities. These findings highlight the importance of self-discipline as a factor that drives active participation, as well as the negative impact of burnout on adolescents' involvement in religious activities. The implications of this study can be used as a basis for designing more effective and targeted programs for Buddhist adolescents, considering the factors of self-discipline and efforts to mitigate burnout. These programs need to be tailored to the spiritual and psychological needs of adolescents to enhance their active participation in religious activities.

The development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 to the Society 5.0 era presents new challenges for education, including Islamic Religious Education (PAI). PAI is required not only to transfer religious knowledge but also to shape character, morality, and 21st-century competencies. This study aims to examine the philosophical foundations, characteristics, and application of PAI learning models to ensure their relevance in modern education. The research employed a qualitative approach with a library research design, involving the exploration of primary and secondary literature, critical reading, systematic note-taking, and content analysis validated through triangulation of classical and contemporary sources. The findings indicate that PAI learning models are conceptual, theoretical, systematic, and rooted in religious, philosophical, psychological, and sociological foundations. Four main models behavioristic, information processing, social, and humanistic each have strengths and limitations, yet their integration is relevant to forming insan kamil, a holistic human being balanced in cognitive, affective, psychomotor, spiritual, and social aspects. Therefore, developing PAI learning models based on Islamic philosophy and adaptive to technological advancements is a strategic necessity to face global challenges.

Smoking behavior among adolescents remains a major public health issue due to its high prevalence and potential long-term effects on physical, psychological, and social health. One key factor influencing adolescent behavior is the family environment. A family approach that incorporates effective communication, parental supervision, role modeling, emotional support, and consistent enforcement of rules is believed to significantly impact the prevention and reduction of smoking behavior in adolescents. This study aims to analyze the effect of a family approach on smoking behavior in adolescents. Adolescents who experience open communication, good supervision, and emotional support from their families tend to exhibit stronger self-control and are more likely to resist peer pressure to smoke. The findings suggest that an optimal family approach is crucial in shaping healthy behavior in adolescents and serves as an effective strategy in smoking prevention efforts. This approach not only helps in reducing smoking behavior but also fosters overall well-being by creating a supportive family environment. In conclusion, family involvement plays an essential role in promoting healthier behaviors in adolescents and preventing smoking, contributing significantly to public health improvement

Sleep disturbances are a common problem during pregnancy, often resulting from physiological changes, hormonal fluctuations, and psychological stressors. Poor sleep quality in pregnant women can lead to fatigue, mood disorders, and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Mindfulness-based interventions, which emphasize present-moment awareness and non-judgmental acceptance, have been suggested as an effective strategy to improve sleep quality and reduce stress. This study aimed to analyze the effect of mindfulness on sleep quality among pregnant women in the Puskesmas Tosa catchment area. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group was employed. A total of 30 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters participated and were divided equally into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received weekly mindfulness sessions for four weeks, including guided breathing, body scan, and focused attention meditation, while the control group received routine antenatal care. Sleep quality was assessed before and after the intervention using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired and independent t-tests, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results indicated that the intervention group experienced a significant improvement in sleep quality, with mean PSQI scores decreasing from 9.80 ± 2.10 to 5.60 ± 1.90 (p<0.001). In contrast, the control group showed no significant change (pretest 9.53 ± 2.30; posttest 9.27 ± 2.25; p=0.395). These findings demonstrate that mindfulness effectively reduces sleep disturbances among pregnant women by addressing both psychological and physiological contributors to insomnia. In conclusion, integrating mindfulness practices into routine antenatal care is a practical, low-risk, and non-pharmacological approach to enhancing maternal sleep quality, reducing stress, and promoting overall well-being during pregnancy. This study provides evidence to support the inclusion of complementary mind-body interventions in primary health care services.

Suicide among adolescents is a serious mental health problem; however, not all adolescents with suicidal ideation progress to suicide attempts. Understanding the psychological factors that influence the transition from intention to actual behavior is essential for effective prevention efforts. This study aims to examine the role of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in understanding the transition from suicidal intention to suicide attempt behavior, as well as protective behaviors such as mental health help-seeking among adolescents. This study employs a literature review method with a quantitative correlational approach based on the TPB framework, using secondary data from scientific articles published between 2021 and 2025 and obtained through Google Scholar and PubMed. The findings indicate that suicidal ideation is the strongest predictor of suicidal intention but does not always lead to suicide attempts. TPB constructs, particularly perceived behavioral control (PBC), play a crucial role in determining whether intention develops into risky behavior or is redirected toward protective behaviors. In addition, positive attitudes toward mental health services and supportive social norms were found to strengthen adolescents’ intentions to seek help. In conclusion, TPB is a relevant theoretical framework for explaining both risk pathways and prevention pathways of adolescent suicide and has the potential to serve as a foundation for developing more effective prevention interventions.

Incest is a form of sexual violence that not only violates social and religious norms but also causes serious physical and mental health impacts on victims. In the context of Islamic law, incest is considered a heinous act that violates sharia and may be subject to hudud or ta'zir punishment. Meanwhile, in public health, incest is viewed as an issue that poses long-term risks, such as genetic disorders, psychological trauma, and socio-economic consequences. This study aims to examine prevention strategies for incest through a holistic approach combining Islamic legal principles and public health perspectives. The method used is qualitative research with a normative literature review and descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that incest prevention can be achieved through strengthening religious values within families, sharia-based sexual education, and improving mental health services and case reporting systems in the community. The implications of this study highlight the importance of synergy between religious institutions, healthcare professionals, and public policy in establishing effective and sustainable incest prevention systems.

Divorce is a social phenomenon that is increasingly common and has various social, economic, and psychological impacts, especially for women as the most vulnerable party. Divorce not only results in changes in the legal status of husband and wife, but also affects the emotional condition and social well-being of women after the end of the marriage bond. From an Islamic legal perspective, the 'iddah period functions as a protection mechanism for women after divorce, which aims to maintain honor, ensure clarity of pregnancy conditions, and provide certainty of legal status. However, in practice there are conditions that resemble the 'iddah period without fully fulfilling the formal provisions of Islamic law, known as Syibhul 'Iddah, due to the unclear status of divorce or differences in legal interpretation. This concept has an important role in protecting women's rights, especially regarding livelihood, residence, and legal certainty after divorce. This study uses a library research method with a normative legal approach. Data were collected through a review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, including the Qur'an and Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence literature, laws and regulations such as the Compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant journals and scholarly works. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical methods to examine the concept of Syibhul 'Iddah and its implications for the protection of women's rights after divorce.  

The increasing number of children facing the law in Indonesia indicates that the repressive legal approach has not been fully effective in addressing juvenile crime. Children, as subjects of law, have social and psychological characteristics that differ from adults, so law enforcement against them must consider humanitarian and educational aspects. This research aims to analyze the factors causing children to commit criminal acts and formulate a model for addressing them based on developing a legal culture rooted in Pancasila values. This research employs a normative juridical method with conceptual and legislative approaches, and analyzes data qualitatively thru literature review and positive legal norms. The research findings indicate that the causes of children committing criminal acts are multidimensional, encompassing family factors, social environment, education, economics, and psychological factors. Therefore, mitigation efforts cannot be done partially, but must be thru a preventive, educational, and restorative approach. This research offers a model for overcoming challenges thru the development of a legal culture based on five main pillars: family, education, society, the state, and the legal system. This model emphasizes the importance of synergy between law enforcement and moral development in accordance with the values of Divinity, Humanity, Unity, Deliberation, and Social Justice. Thus, the development of Pancasila legal culture is expected to realize a child criminal justice system that is humanistic, substantively just, and oriented toward social rehabilitation in accordance with the legal ideals of a Pancasila state of law.

The paradigm of Islamic education requires the integration of Western learning theories with an Islamic perspective to create a holistic approach to education. With the rapid development of psychological theories in education, such as behaviorism, cognition, humanism, and constructivism, it is essential to examine their relevance within the context of Islamic education. This article aims to analyze the integration of these theories in Islamic learning, with a focus on their connection to key Islamic concepts such as reward-punishment (pahala-dosa), reflection (tafakkur), self-actualization, mutual assistance (ta'awun), and consultation (syura). This study uses a literature review method with a qualitative approach. Articles were gathered through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish with keywords "Behaviorism in Islamic Education" AND "Cognitive Learning in Islam" AND "Humanistic Approach in Islamic Education" AND "Constructivism in Islamic Education." Of the initial 40 articles obtained, a screening process resulted in 5 articles that met the publication criteria (2020–2025), relevance to the topic, and open access. The review results show that integrating these theories into Islamic education can enrich the learning process by linking moral, social, and spiritual elements that are essential in Islamic teachings. This literature synthesis reveals the importance of integrating psychological theories with the principles of Islamic education to create a more comprehensive and holistic educational system. Further research should develop empirical methodologies and more detailed and practical application models in Islamic education practice.

Sleep disorders are a common complaint among pregnant women, especially in the third trimester, and have the potential to negatively impact maternal well-being and pregnancy outcomes. Physiological, hormonal, and psychological changes during pregnancy increase the risk of decreased sleep quality, while pharmacological therapy options are limited due to safety considerations. Therefore, safe and easy-to-apply non-pharmacological interventions are needed. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in overcoming sleep disorders in third trimester pregnant women at the Bongo Nol Community Health Center. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 30 third trimester pregnant women selected purposively. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after the administration of lavender aromatherapy through inhalation for seven consecutive days. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed a significant decrease in PSQI scores after the intervention, indicating an improvement in sleep quality among the respondents. Lavender aromatherapy proved to be effective as a non-pharmacological intervention in reducing sleep disturbances in pregnant women in their third trimester. In conclusion, lavender aromatherapy can be considered a safe, simple, and applicable complementary therapy to improve the sleep quality of pregnant women in primary health care.

This study explores the integration of Science, Technology, and the Arts (IPTEKS) within an educational psychology framework to support the development of creativity, innovation, and collaboration among prospective Christian religious education teachers in West Java. Using a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, the research combines quantitative and qualitative perspectives to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Quantitative data were gathered through questionnaires distributed to prospective teachers, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews and participatory observations involving selected informants. The findings indicate that meaningful integration of IPTEKS contributes positively to the development of creative thinking, innovative teaching practices, and collaborative learning skills. Qualitative insights further reveal that institutional support, continuous professional development, and contextualized learning environments play a crucial role in optimizing the impact of IPTEKS integration. The study highlights the importance of aligning technological integration with psychological and pedagogical principles. It concludes that teacher education programs need to redesign curricula and training models that holistically integrate IPTEKS and educational psychology to foster relevant, transformative, and value-based learning in Christian education contexts.

Anxiety during pregnancy, particularly near the time of delivery, is a common issue that may adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. Elevated anxiety levels are associated with increased pain perception, prolonged labor, and a higher likelihood of complications. Non-pharmacological approaches, such as aromatherapy, are increasingly utilized due to their safety, simplicity, and effectiveness. Lavender aromatherapy is especially recognized for its calming effects and its ability to enhance emotional well-being. Previous research has indicated that lavender scent exposure can reduce both physiological and psychological indicators of anxiety, including among pregnant women. However, evidence from Indonesian primary healthcare settings remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety levels among pregnant women approaching childbirth. An analytical observational design with a pretest-posttest approach was applied to 30 participants selected through purposive sampling. Anxiety levels were assessed using a validated questionnaire before and after inhalation of lavender aromatherapy administered under standardized conditions. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.The findings revealed a significant reduction in anxiety levels after the intervention (p < 0.05), with all participants experiencing improvement and no adverse effects reported. In conclusion, lavender aromatherapy is an effective complementary intervention to reduce anxiety and support maternal readiness for labor.

Anxiety is a common psychological response experienced by contraceptive users, particularly among implant acceptors. Feelings of anxiety may arise due to hormonal changes, fear of side effects, and unpleasant experiences during contraceptive insertion. Aromatherapy using lavender essential oil has been shown to produce a calming effect through the activation of the limbic system and regulation of neurotransmitters, making it a potential method for reducing anxiety. This study aimed to determine the effect of lavender essential oil therapy on reducing anxiety among contraceptive implant acceptors at Tiley Health Center. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed. A total of 30 respondents were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received inhalation of lavender essential oil for 10 minutes daily over three consecutive days, while the control group received no intervention. Anxiety levels were measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The results indicated a significant reduction in anxiety scores in the treatment group before and after the intervention (p < 0.001), while the control group showed no meaningful difference (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that lavender essential oil aromatherapy is effective in reducing anxiety among implant contraceptive acceptors. This non-pharmacological therapy can be recommended as an easy, affordable, and safe complementary intervention in midwifery care services.

Breast milk production during the postpartum period is a crucial factor in successful breastfeeding and achieving exclusive breastfeeding. However, during the early postpartum period, many postpartum mothers experience difficulties in breast milk production, influenced by physical and psychological conditions. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be used to help facilitate breast milk production is oxytocin massage, which aims to stimulate the release of the hormone oxytocin and increase the let-down reflex. This study aims to analyze the effect of oxytocin massage on breast milk production in postpartum mothers at the Marisa Community Health Center. This study used a quantitative pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The study sample consisted of 30 postpartum mothers selected using purposive sampling according to the inclusion criteria. Breast milk production was measured before and after the oxytocin massage intervention using a structured observation sheet with units of milliliters (ml). Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate methods. Normality was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test, while differences were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that the average milk output before oxytocin massage was 18.00 ± 5.95 ml, and increased to 51.83 ± 10.94 ml after the intervention. The Wilcoxon test showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of oxytocin massage on increasing breast milk output. It was concluded that oxytocin massage is effective as a non-pharmacological intervention to increase breast milk production in postpartum mothers and can be integrated into postpartum care in primary health care services.

Pain is a prevalent issue frequently seen by pregnant women in their third trimester, attributable to physiological, biomechanical, and psychological alterations during gestation. Non-pharmacological pain management is essential as a secure alternative to enhance the comfort of pregnant women. Perinatal Yoga and Relaxation Techniques are two commonly endorsed non-pharmacological therapies; yet, comparative analyses of their efficacy remain scarce, particularly within primary health care settings. This study is to evaluate the efficacy of Perinatal Yoga against Relaxation Techniques in alleviating pain among pregnant women in their third trimester at the Bongo II Community Health Centre. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a two-group pretest-posttest methodology. The sample comprised 38 pregnant women in their third trimester, categorized into two groups: 19 participants in the Perinatal Yoga group and 19 participants in the Relaxation Techniques group. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was utilized to assess pain severity prior to and following the intervention. A paired t-test was utilized for intra-group differences, whereas an independent t-test was employed to assess inter-group efficacy.The findings indicated that both Perinatal Yoga and Relaxation Techniques markedly diminished pain intensity in pregnant women throughout their third trimester (p<0.001). The decrease in pain in the Perinatal Yoga group was statistically significant compared to the Relaxation Technique group (p<0.05). This study concludes that Perinatal Yoga is superior than Relaxation Techniques in alleviating pain in pregnant women during their third trimester. Perinatal Yoga is indicated as an effective and practical non-pharmacological technique in antenatal treatment inside primary health facilities.