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Kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial merupakan instrumen strategis pemerintah dalam meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat serta mengurangi kesenjangan sosial melalui distribusi bantuan publik. Namun demikian, dalam praktik implementasinya di tingkat lokal, kebijakan ini kerap menghadapi berbagai persoalan, terutama terkait ketepatan sasaran, transparansi, dan keadilan distribusi bantuan. Fenomena tersebut juga terlihat di Desa Ladogahar, Kecamatan Nita, Kabupaten Sikka, di mana masih ditemukan indikasi ketimpangan dalam penyaluran bantuan kepada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial dan ketimpangan distribusi bantuan publik dengan menggunakan tinjauan teori keadilan, khususnya keadilan distributif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka dan penelitian lapangan. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam dengan aparat desa dan masyarakat penerima bantuan, serta dokumentasi terkait kebijakan yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial di Desa Ladogahar belum sepenuhnya berjalan secara optimal, ditandai oleh lemahnya validitas data penerima, adanya pengaruh kedekatan sosial dalam penentuan penerima manfaat, serta kurangnya transparansi dalam proses distribusi. Dalam perspektif teori keadilan, kondisi ini mencerminkan belum terpenuhinya prinsip keadilan distributif yang menekankan pemerataan dan keberpihakan kepada kelompok masyarakat yang paling membutuhkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya perbaikan melalui peningkatan akuntabilitas, transparansi, dan partisipasi masyarakat guna mewujudkan distribusi bantuan publik yang lebih adil dan merata.

Kecurangan (fraud) di sektor perbankan daerah merupakan ancaman serius yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara dan menurunkan kepercayaan publik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kasus korupsi pengadaan iklan pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Barat dan Banten (Bank BJB) menggunakan pendekatan Fraud Triangle Theory yang mencakup tiga elemen utama: tekanan (pressure), kesempatan (opportunity), dan rasionalisasi (rationalization). Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi kasus, didukung oleh studi literatur dari berbagai sumber ilmiah yang relevan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kasus Bank BJB mencerminkan interaksi ketiga elemen Fraud Triangle secara simultan. Tekanan bersumber dari kebutuhan dana non-budgeter yang besar dalam pengelolaan anggaran promosi senilai Rp409 miliar. Kesempatan muncul akibat lemahnya sistem pengendalian internal, tidak adanya verifikasi dokumen yang memadai, serta penyimpangan dalam proses pengadaan. Rasionalisasi terbentuk melalui persepsi pelaku bahwa praktik tersebut merupakan hal yang lazim dalam lingkungan birokrasi dan korporasi. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan pemahaman teoritis dan praktis terkait pencegahan fraud di lembaga keuangan daerah Indonesia, khususnya melalui penguatan tata kelola perusahaan dan sistem pengawasan internal.

Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi petani di Desa Sawit, Kabupaten Magelang, seperti meningkatnya biaya produksi, kesulitan pengendalian hama, dan degradasi lingkungan akibat penggunaan bahan kimia sintetis yang berlebihan. Program ini memperkenalkan Biosaka, sebuah teknologi pertanian inovatif yang memanfaatkan rumput dan dedaunan lokal untuk menghasilkan larutan elisitor yang mampu meningkatkan ketahanan dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Melalui pelatihan partisipatif dan praktik langsung, para petani diajarkan prinsip, proses pembuatan, dan metode aplikasi Biosaka. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan peningkatan pemahaman dan keterampilan petani, dengan 85% peserta berhasil memproduksi dan mengaplikasikan Biosaka secara mandiri. Inisiatif ini berkontribusi dalam mengurangi ketergantungan pada input sintetis, menurunkan biaya produksi, mendorong keberlanjutan lingkungan, serta menumbuhkan kesadaran akan pentingnya menjaga kelestarian alam di kalangan petani.

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang Analisis Semiotika Roland Barthes pada Tingkuluak patiak di Nagari Cupak. Latar belakang berlandaskan pada pentingnya pelestarian nilai budaya Minangkabau yang muncul dalam pakaian adat tradisional yakni tingkuluak patiak ditinjau dari segi bentuk, bahan, warna, dan motif sebagai simbol identitas perempuan khususnya bundo kanduang. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengungkap makna denotasi, konotasi, dan mitos yang terkandung serta menjelaskan fungsi simboliknya dalam prosesi pernikahan di Nagari Cupak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan, wawancara, disertai dengan catatan lapangan terkait tingkuluak patiak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa denotasi dari tingkuluak patiak merupakan penutup kepala yang digunakan oleh perempuan memiliki bentuk seperti kipas dengan lima lipatan mengembang di sisi kanan dan kiri terbuat dari kain lame kemudian diberi kanji agar tampak kokoh. Secara konotasi berdasarkan pada bentuk lipatan yang ada di tingkuluak patiak mencerminkan simbol identitas masyarakat dengan adanya lima suku yang mendiami wilayah Nagari Cupak. Mitosnya, tingkuluak patiak dimaknai sebagai ideologi yang hidup dalam masyarakat dengan adanya penghormatan terhadap leluhur yang dianggap oleh masyarakat setempat. Tingkuluak patiak digunakan hanya saat menjalani prosesi pernikahan yang berfungsi sebagai penanda status dan kehormatan serta menegaskan peran bagi mande rubiah dan bundo kanduang di Nagari Cupak.

The development of digital content on the YouTube platform encourages creators to produce more engaging and informative podcast videos through the editing process. This study discusses the video podcast editing workflow of the Tikitalk program on the Ampu Studio YouTube channel using Adobe Premiere Pro. This research also aims to understand how the editing stages are carried out in improving the quality of video podcast presentation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative through direct observation during internship activities, so that the data is obtained based on real field experience. The results of the study show that the editing process, such as video cutting, transition settings, audio adjustment, audio censoring, and the addition of motion graphics, can significantly improve the quality of video podcast presentation. In addition, this process also helps make the content more organized, informative, and engaging for viewers. Thus, the role of the editor in the production process is very important in supporting the quality of digital content on the YouTube platform. Therefore, it can be concluded that editing is not only a technical process, but also an important part in increasing the attractiveness and professionalism of a video podcast.

Pendidikan karakter menjadi fokus penting dalam dunia pendidikan karena meningkatnya tantangan moral peserta didik di era globalisasi dan digitalisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan pendidikan karakter di sekolah menengah, mengidentifikasi faktor pendukung dan penghambat implementasinya, serta menganalisis dampaknya terhadap perkembangan moral peserta didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif yang dilaksanakan di SMK Plus Al-Ghifari. Subjek penelitian meliputi guru Bimbingan dan Konseling, wali kelas, dan siswa yang dipilih melalui teknik purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam semi-terstruktur, observasi, dan analisis dokumen sekolah, kemudian dianalisis secara tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan karakter telah diintegrasikan dalam proses pembelajaran dan budaya sekolah, dengan dukungan utama berupa kepedulian guru, kerja sama dengan orang tua, serta inisiatif peserta didik. Namun, implementasi masih menghadapi kendala seperti pengaruh lingkungan sosial, keterlibatan keluarga yang belum optimal, ketidakkonsistenan ketegasan pendidik, dan kesulitan adaptasi peserta didik baru. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan sinergi antara sekolah, keluarga, dan lingkungan untuk meningkatkan keberlanjutan dan efektivitas pendidikan karakter.

Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami pelaksanaan pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan (PPKn) sebagai upaya meningkatkan pemahaman nilai-nilai Pancasila pada siswa kelas 5A di SDN 1 Bendogerit Kota Blitar. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi pentingnya pendidikan karakter berlandaskan Pancasila dalam membentuk generasi berakhlak, disiplin, dan bertanggung jawab di tengah tantangan globalisasi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode wawancara terpusat dan observasi langsung terhadap guru serta proses pembelajaran. Data dianalisis melalui tahapan reduksi, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan secara sistematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan guru berperan aktif sebagai teladan dalam membentuk nilai disiplin, tanggung jawab, kerja sama, sopan santun, dan kejujuran siswa. Penguatan nilai Pancasila juga didukung budaya sekolah melalui program pagi rutin dan kegiatan literasi berkelanjutan. Faktor pendukung utama ialah keteladanan guru dan lingkungan yang kondusif, sedangkan tantangan meliputi kebutuhan siswa yang beragam serta keterbatasan sarana digital. This study aims to understand the implementation of Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan (PPKn) as an effort to enhance students’ understanding of Pancasila values among fifth-grade students at SDN 1 Bendogerit, Blitar City. The research is motivated by the importance of character education based on Pancasila in shaping a generation that is virtuous, disciplined, and responsible amid the challenges of globalization. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, using focused interviews and direct classroom observations involving teachers and the learning process. Data were analyzed through the stages of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing systematically. The results indicate that teachers play an active role as role models in cultivating students’ values of discipline, responsibility, cooperation, politeness, and honesty. The reinforcement of Pancasila values is also supported by the school culture through regular morning programs and continuous literacy activities. The main supporting factors include teacher exemplarity and a conducive school environment, while challenges involve diverse student needs and limited digital learning facilities. 

Laporan Tugas Akhir ini berjudul “Mekanisme Penagihan Piutang Tertunggak Pelanggan PT XYZ Pada. Tujuan Laporan Tugas Akhir ini Adalah untuk menganalisis mekanisme penagihan piutang tertunggak pelanggan PT XYZ pada PT XYZ, mengidentifikasi kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan penagihan, serta mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan perusahaan dalam mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi terhadap pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam proses penagihan piutang. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai pelaksanaan mekanisme penagihan piutang tertunggak di perusahaan.

Industri manufaktur pangan di Indonesia menghadapi tantangan signifikan dalam pengendalian biaya akibat ketidakefisienan operasional dan manajemen waktu yang kurang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh efisiensi operasional dan manajemen waktu proyek terhadap pengendalian biaya pada PT. Macro Prima Pangan Utama. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan mixed methods dengan desain explanatory sequential, mengintegrasikan analisis kuantitatif (regresi linear berganda, n=50) dan kualitatif (wawancara mendalam, n=15). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi operasional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pengendalian biaya (β = 0,478; p < 0,01), demikian pula manajemen waktu proyek (β = 0,362; p < 0,01). Secara simultan, kedua variabel berpengaruh signifikan dengan nilai Adjusted R² sebesar 0,602, mengindikasikan bahwa 60,2% variasi pengendalian biaya dapat dijelaskan oleh model. Temuan kualitatif mengkonfirmasi bahwa praktik preventive maintenance, standarisasi proses, dan monitoring jadwal produksi merupakan faktor kunci keberhasilan pengendalian biaya. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan literatur manajemen operasi di negara berkembang dan memberikan rekomendasi praktis bagi industri pangan untuk meningkatkan daya saing melalui efisiensi operasional dan manajemen waktu yang efektif.

This community service activity aims to analyze the effectiveness of Time and Motion Study in the production process at PT. Adis Dimension Footwear and provide recommendations for improving work methods. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach using observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that implementing Time and Motion Study can enhance work time efficiency, optimize operator movements, and increase productivity by up to 15%. Reducing unnecessary movements, optimizing workflow, and training operators significantly improve production performance. The success of this method depends heavily on socialization, training, and management support. These findings confirm that Time and Motion Study serves not only as a tool for measuring time and movements but also as a strategic instrument for improving efficiency, reducing waste, and increasing overall productivity.

Abstraks Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja kerja di Puskesmas Lasem, khususnya dengan melihat iklim kerja, disiplin kerja, dan motivasi karyawan. Output karyawan merupakan variabel dependen dalam analisis ini, dengan ketiga faktor tersebut sebagai variabel independen. Penelitian ini terutama didasarkan pada tanggapan kuesioner, dan menggunakan data primer. Informasi pribadi subjek penelitian menjadi dasar penelitian ini. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah 85 orang. Proses pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampel jenuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda sebagai pendekatan analisis datanya. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya hubungan positif dan signifikan secara statistik antara variabel lingkungan kerja dan kinerja karyawan, serta hubungan positif dan tidak signifikan secara statistik antara variabel disiplin kerja dan kinerja karyawan.   Abstact The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that affect job performance at the Lasem District Health Center, specifically looking at the workplace climate, work discipline, and employee motivation. Employee output is the dependent variable in this analysis, with the aforementioned three factors serving as independent ones. Primarily based on responses to a questionnaire, this study draws on primary data. Research subjects' personal information is what the research relies on. Using a sample size of 85 people. The sampling process makes use of saturated samples. The research used multiple linear regression analysis as its data analysis approach. The study found that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the work environment variable and employee performance, as well as a positive and statistically insignificant relationship between the work discipline variable and employee performance.

Abstraksi Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh yang dihasilkan oleh pengalaman pelanggan dan personalisasi terhadap keputusan pembelian produk tembakau di wilayah kota Semarang. Populasi penelitian mencakup seluruh konsumen yang melakukan transaksi pembelian produk tembakau di Toko Tembakau Nusantara SR Tobacco yang berlokasi di Semarang. Jumlah sampel yang di tetapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah 128 responden, dengan teknik purposive sampling diterapkan sebagai metode dalam proses pengambilan sampel. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari data primer, di mana kuesioner menjadi instrumen utama dalam pengumpulan data. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengimplementasikan teknik analisis regerensi linier berganda. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis yang diperoleh, ditemukan bahwa pengalaman pelanggan memberikan pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap keputus pembelian, demikian pula dengan personalisasi yang juga menunjukan pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian. nilai koefisien determinasi yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,546, yang mengindikasi bahwa variabel pengalaman pelanggan dan personalisasi secara bersama sama mampu menjelaskan variasi yang terjadi pada variabel keputusan pembelian sebesar 54,6%. Dengan demikian terdapat ruang terbuka bagi pelaksanaan penelitian selanjutnya untuk mengeksplorasi aspek-aspek lain yang perpotensi mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian

Tight competition in the footwear industry requires companies to carry out production processes effectively and efficiently. Good production management will have an impact on the quality of the products produced and the achievement of the company's production targets. The purpose of compiling this internship report is to study and analyze the shoe production process based on the operational management perspective at PT. XYZ. The benefits of the report discussed are as a direct means in the world of work and as evaluation material for the company. The FAJAR Internship Activity of the Sharia Business Management Study Program in 2025 was carried out at PT. XYZ in the production department. Data collection was carried out using several techniques, namely direct observation of the production process, interviews with related parties, and documentation during the implementation of the internship activities. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the production process at PT. XYZ is divided into several stages, preparation of raw materials, cutting processes, pressing and trimming (hotpress), to quality control. The implementation of operational management has been quite successful with a clear division of tasks, but challenges remain, such as limited production time and coordination between departments. The conclusion of this internship report is that the implementation of operational management has supported the smooth running of production activities, although improvements are still needed. It is recommended that the company improve coordination between departments and conduct regular production process evaluations to improve process efficiency and product quality.

The coal loading and unloading process is a crucial stage in maritime operational activities that requires effective coordination among vessel crews, stevedoring companies (PBM), and supporting service providers such as tugboats and cargo handling equipment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of coal loading and unloading operations using the ship-to-ship (STS) method on TB. ESA III by PBM PT. Adi Guna Putera Pangkalan Susu. The research employed field observation and library research methods to obtain relevant and accurate data. The results indicate that the ship-to-ship coal handling operation conducted by PBM PT. Adi Guna Putera Pangkalan Susu improves loading and unloading time efficiency, minimizes the risk of distribution delays, and enhances communication and coordination among involved parties. However, several technical challenges were identified, including adverse weather conditions, equipment limitations, and inadequate crew understanding of STS procedures. These constraints require mitigation through improved training programs, regular equipment maintenance, and strengthened occupational safety measures. Overall, the ship-to-ship coal handling method provides a positive contribution to the effectiveness of energy distribution, provided that it is supported by competent human resources and adequate operational facilities.

This study aims to analyze the shoe production process from an operational management perspective at PT. XYZ. The focus of the research is directed at the stages of the production process and the management of raw materials in supporting the smooth running and efficiency of production activities. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach carried out through an Internship Experience Practice (PPL) at PT. XYZ. Data was collected through direct observation of production activities, interviews with relevant parties in the production department, and supporting documentation. The data obtained was analyzed by describing the production process flow, raw material management system, and production process control, then linked to the concept of operational management. The results showed that the shoe production process at PT. XYZ consisted of several interrelated stages, starting from raw material management to the main production process. The company has implemented a fairly structured operational management system, characterized by the recording of raw materials, the separation of materials by type, and the application of the First in First Out (FIFO) method to maintain material quality and smooth production. However, several operational obstacles were still found, such as limited production time, suboptimal coordination between departments, and the potential for defective products in the production process. The implementation of operational management at PT. XYZ has supported the shoe production process quite effectively, particularly in raw material management and production control. Nevertheless, improved coordination and continuous evaluation of the production process are needed to enhance operational efficiency and product quality.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of bulk cement loading processes on the operational performance of vessels agented by PT. Pelayaran Multi Jaya Samudera Belawan. Bulk cement loading is a complex logistical activity at specialized port terminals that requires intensive coordination between the vessel, agency, and terminal to comply with international safety standards such as the IMSBC Code. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including direct field observations, interviews with the company's operational staff, and documentation studies conducted during the internship period. The research findings indicate that loading effectiveness is significantly influenced by the readiness of cargo handling equipment, such as pneumatic or conveyor systems, as well as the timeliness of agency administration in processing ship documents. Although the process generally runs well, obstacles were identified in the form of technical malfunctions of loading equipment and weather factors that frequently hinder operational speed. The conclusion of this research emphasizes that enhancing technical supervision and strengthening communication between the agent and port terminal authorities are crucial to minimizing vessel dwelling time, thereby optimizing operational performance and cost efficiency for ship owners.

A company budget is a structured and logical plan. In business management, a budget serves as a planning, control, and decision-making tool, enabling the company to achieve effective and efficient goals. Furthermore, a company budget aims to regulate cash flow, preventing waste. This article discusses the budgeting process in the culinary business "Seblak" and the importance of proper budgeting for culinary businesses. Budgeting enables companies to effectively manage their businesses and achieve their financial goals. Seblak is a traditional Indonesian dish originating from West Java, particularly the Bandung area. Initially, seblak was a simple dish made from raw crackers, boiled until soft, mixed with spices, and topped with various toppings such as sausage, chicken, and frozen food. Seblak is derived from the word "segak" and "nyegak," two Sundanese words meaning "pungent" or "invigorating." The name is quite synonymous with seblak, which is characterized by its spicy flavor and the use of galangal (galangal) for its strong aroma.

This study discusses the delivery process of Full Container Load (FCL) from the Container Freight Station (CFS) to the Container Yard (CY) at MTKI Port (Masaji Tatanan Kontainer Indonesia) by the shipping agency (EMKL) PT. Elang Sriwijaya Palembang. This FCL delivery process is a critical stage in the shipping logistics chain as it ensures that containers fully loaded from the stacking warehouse can be placed in the port's stacking yard safely and in accordance with procedures. Shipping documents and administrative completeness are also vital components that must be fulfilled to ensure the container transfer process runs smoothly and complies with Port regulations. The purpose of this research is to identify the stages of the FCL delivery process, the parties involved, the obstacles faced during the container transfer process, and the solutions implemented to overcome them. The results show that the FCL delivery process involves several steps, starting from the issuance of shipping documents, administrative inspection, and coordination with port authorities, to the actual transfer of containers to the CY. Furthermore, obstacles were found in the form of administrative delays, limited loading and unloading equipment, and coordination issues between the EMKL and the port operator. This research is expected to serve as a reference for EMKL companies and related institutions in improving the effectiveness of the FCL delivery process, thereby supporting the smooth flow of goods at the port and enhancing the efficiency of Indonesia's maritime logistics activities. The methods used in preparing this paper are field research and library research methods.

The spread of Islam in Java represents a crucial phase in the historical development of Islam in Indonesia, which occurred peacefully and gradually. This study employs a qualitative approach through literature review, aiming to analyze this dynamic through a socio cultural psychological lens. It explores how Islamic values were accepted, adapted, and internalized by the Javanese society, which already possessed a strong social and cultural system.The research is designed to evaluate the interaction between individuals and groups within the socio cultural context, and to examine how social and cultural developments influenced the community’s openness to Islamic teachings. Key figures in the spread of Islam in Java, such as the Wali Songo and scholars from the Middle East, applied intelligent and contextualized da'wah (Islamic propagation) strategies by integrating Islamic values into local cultural elements such as art, language, and traditions.The findings reveal that the success of Islamization in Java was greatly influenced by Islam’s ability to harmoniously acculturate with local culture, as well as through psychological mechanisms such as social identification, collective acceptance, and reinterpretation of religious values. Therefore, the socio cultural psychological approach provides significant insight into understanding the unique and contextual characteristics of Islam’s spread in Java.

This study aims to determine the extent of the influence of network disruptions within the Ministry of Transportation's online system on the crew signing process (sign-on/sign-off) conducted by PT. Menara Suar Maritim, Tanjung Balai Karimun Branch. The online system is a vital instrument that supports the administrative efficiency of crew signing, serving as legal evidence and fulfillment of employment requirements on board in accordance with shipping regulations in Indonesia. In practice, this system acts as a link between shipping companies, government agencies, and the crew; thus, network stability is a decisive factor for the success of the process. However, frequent network disruptions lead to service delays, accumulation of physical files, and hindered ship departure schedules, which impact company operations. The method used is field research through direct observation, interviews with relevant parties, and library research by reviewing relevant regulations and literature to strengthen the analysis. This research is expected to serve as a reference for shipping companies and related agencies in improving the effectiveness of crew signing services to support smooth operational processes while ensuring maritime safety. The results indicate that network disruptions directly affect the document verification stage, as well as the data input process for the issuance of signing certificates.