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Peningkatan volume perdagangan internasional menuntut kinerja sektor perdagangan yang lebih optimal melalui dukungan kebijakan dan fasilitasi pemerintah. Salah satu tantangan utama ekspor Indonesia adalah rendahnya kinerja logistik akibat tingginya biaya, rendahnya kualitas pelayanan, keterbatasan infrastruktur, dan distribusi layanan yang belum merata. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan manfaat penerapan Kawasan Berikat terhadap peningkatan kinerja logistik pada PT Sari Warna Asli Unit 1 Karanganyar. Metode yang digunakan ialah kualitatif deskriptif dengan studi kasus melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi, serta analisis triangulasi untuk memastikan validitas data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kawasan Berikat memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap kelancaran logistik dan efisiensi operasional. Fasilitas fiskal dan prosedural mempermudah pemasukan dan pengeluaran barang, pengelolaan bahan baku, serta percepatan distribusi. Dampaknya terlihat pada meningkatnya keandalan pasokan, kelancaran produksi, dan kepuasan pelanggan, sehingga memperkuat daya saing perusahaan.

Pepper is currently not only used to meet daily needs but also as an export commodity. Indonesian pepper exports generate foreign exchange for the country. Currently, international competition for pepper exports is increasingly fierce. An evaluation of the level of market competition and the structure of the pepper market at the international level is necessary. The methods used to analyze the level of competition concentration and market structure are the Concentration Ratio of Biggest Four (CR4) and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The types of pepper discussed in this study are white pepper with HS code 090411 and black pepper with HS code 090412. The results obtained indicate that both black and white pepper tend to be in an oligopoly market structure with a relatively high level of competition. Such market conditions are a distinct advantage for Indonesia, as there are not too many competitors while buyers or enthusiasts are quite high. A striking difference occurs in the international black pepper trade. In the black pepper trade, Indonesia is not classified as a country with the largest market share.

Advancements in digital technology have brought about major transformations in international trade, particularly with the rise of global e-commerce as the main method for distributing and promoting goods across nations. Amazon, being one of the biggest e-commerce platforms globally, exemplifies this shift by linking producers with consumers through technology and integrated logistics networks. For innovative entrepreneurs in Surabaya, recognized as a hub for the creative economy in the country, this environment provides chances to broaden their market reach but also requires them to adjust to the worldwide digital trading landscape. This research intends to explore how creative entrepreneurs in Surabaya view and approach the use of Amazon for international trading. It will concentrate on identifying shifts in marketing techniques, strategies for market entry, and challenges faced when participating in the global digital trading environment. The findings of this investigation are anticipated to enhance theoretical understanding in the field of digital economies and offer actionable insights to bolster the competitiveness of local creative entrepreneurs in adapting to the evolving global e-commerce market.

This study discusses the conditions, challenges, and strategies for developing Indonesian pepper exports in the context of international trade. Although Indonesia still has a comparative advantage as indicated by a positive RSCA value, export performance has continued to decline since 2019. Various internal factors such as inconsistent quality, limited post-harvest technology, and low cultivation productivity are the main causes of weakened competitiveness. On the other hand, competing countries such as Vietnam and India have succeeded in improving the quality and efficiency of their supply chains through technological modernization and the application of consistent quality standards. Through a literature review, this study found that strengthening the implementation of GAP and GHP, increasing farmer capacity, modernizing post-harvest technology, and developing product downstreaming are key strategies for improving the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper exports. The implementation of these strategies is expected to increase added value, improve Indonesia's position in the global value chain, and support the sustainability of pepper exports in the future.

This study aims to describe students' perceptions of the impact of international trade on national development strategies amidst economic globalization. In this context, cross-border trade plays an important role in accelerating economic growth and improving the competitiveness of domestic products. Students' understanding, as part of the generation that will drive the future economy, is crucial to assess the extent to which they perceive the relationship between international trade and national development. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach with data collection techniques through the distribution of questionnaires to economics students. The findings show that the majority of students have a positive perception of the contribution of international trade, especially in terms of increasing exports, absorbing foreign investments, and creating job opportunities. However, a small proportion of respondents also noted the risks of dependency on global markets, which could affect domestic economic stability. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of international trade in supporting sustainable and inclusive national development, balancing the benefits of globalization with domestic economic protection.

International trade involves cross-border buying and selling activities between countries, which in practice requires various transportation documents to ensure legal certainty and smooth operations. One of the main documents used is the Bill of Lading (Konosemen), which is a dated letter issued by the carrier as proof of receipt of goods to be transported to a certain destination and delivered to a specified recipient. The Bill of Lading has three essential functions: as a receipt of goods, as evidence of ownership, and as proof of a transportation contract. However, in practice, there are still frequent problems that hinder the optimal function of the Bill of Lading. One notable case is APL Co. Pte. Ltd. v. CV. Dua Sekawan Sejati, which involved discrepancies between the goods shipped and those stated in the Bill of Lading. This study adopts a normative juridical method by examining applicable legal provisions and theoretical concepts related to the law of contracts and transportation. The findings show that discrepancies between the goods shipped and those listed in the Bill of Lading constitute a breach of promise or default under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The Bill of Lading, in this case, serves as a legally binding transportation contract that obligates both parties to fulfill their respective responsibilities. Failure by one party to comply with the terms of the contract results in legal consequences in the form of claims for compensation by the aggrieved party. This research emphasizes the importance of accuracy and accountability in the issuance and use of Bills of Lading in international trade to avoid disputes and ensure legal certainty. Strengthening the regulation and enforcement of Bill of Lading functions is crucial for protecting the rights of parties engaged in cross-border trade.

This study aims to determine whether the problem solving method can improve critical thinking skills and motivation of class VII students at Mtsn 1 Kota Blitar. The researcher used a quantitative research method, using a control class and an experimental class. The study was conducted with 36 students in the control class and 38 students in the experimental class. The results of the T-Test on the critical thinking questionnaire showed that there was a significant difference between the problem solving learning model and students' critical thinking, this is evidenced by a significance value of 0.73. The decision of 0.73> 0.05 indicates that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, the results of the T-Test on the learning motivation questionnaire show that there is a significant difference between the problem solving learning model and students' learning motivation, this can be proven by a significance value of 0.001. The decision where 0.001> 0.05 indicates that H0 is rejected while Ha is accepted. The results of the T-Test on student learning outcomes obtained from the pre-test and post-test show that there is a significant influence between the problem solving learning model and student learning outcomes. This is proven by a significance value of 0.000. The decision where 0.000>0.05 indicates that H0 is rejected while Ha is accepted.

International trade disputes are one of the main challenges in global economic relations. The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a multilateral institution is crucial in providing a fair and efficient dispute settlement mechanism. This article discusses the process of resolving international trade disputes through the WTO, as well as its role and contribution in maintaining stability and fairness in global trade. With a structured dispute settlement mechanism in place, the WTO acts as a guardian of the rules in international trade, preventing larger conflicts and ensuring legal certainty for world trade actors.

Indonesia's digital economy is rapidly growing with the emergence of e-commerce, fintech, and blockchain technology that facilitate cross-border transactions. However, challenges such as technological access inequality, personal data exploitation, and multinational company dominance remain major concerns. Therefore, implementing Pancasila values in digital economy governance is crucial to ensuring social justice, consumer protection, and national competitiveness. Pancasila principles, such as moral-based business ethics, consumer rights protection, digital sovereignty, and participatory regulation, must be integrated into digital economic policies. Additionally, electronic commerce regulations based on international law should align with national interests to balance digital economic growth and constitutional rights protection. Thus, Pancasila-based digital economic policies can promote inclusivity, strengthen SMEs' competitiveness, and ensure the broader welfare of society.

QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) is a national digital payment innovation launched by Bank Indonesia to strengthen Indonesia’s digital and economic sovereignty. By integrating various payment platforms into a single QR code standard, QRIS simplifies domestic transactions—especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)—while reinforcing state control over financial infrastructure and data flows. This policy reduces reliance on international payment networks such as Visa and Mastercard, which previously dominated digital transactions and stored data abroad. On a global scale, QRIS functions as a tool of digital economic diplomacy through cross-border payment initiatives like ASEAN Pay, enabling Indonesia to expand its influence in the global digital payment ecosystem. However, the United States has criticized QRIS, arguing that it restricts access for foreign companies and poses a barrier to trade. In response, the Indonesian government asserts that QRIS is designed to protect national interests while promoting fair international collaboration. This study employs a normative juridical and descriptive qualitative approach to analyze QRIS-related regulations, its impact on digital sovereignty, and its implications for international trade relations. Secondary data is sourced from literature studies and official documents. The findings reveal that QRIS plays a vital role in accelerating MSME digital transformation, enhancing financial inclusion, and strengthening Indonesia’s bargaining position in global digital finance. Ultimately, QRIS stands not only as a transaction tool but also as a strategic symbol of Indonesia’s digital independence and competitiveness in the international financial landscape.

Human trafficking is a serious and growing crime, including in Cambodia, which has become one of the countries vulnerable to this practice. This study aims to analyze the handling of human trafficking crimes in Cambodia from an international law perspective. Cambodia plays a significant role in the context of human trafficking due to its geographic location and socio-economic conditions, which influence the rate of human trafficking, whether for sexual exploitation, forced labor, or organ trafficking. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach from various sources, including international conventions, reports from international organizations, and Cambodia's national regulations. The findings show that although Cambodia has adopted several laws to combat human trafficking, the implementation of these policies is often hindered by limited resources, corruption, and lack of cooperation between countries. Additionally, despite efforts from the international community, such as the Palermo Protocol, challenges in consistently applying the law remain a significant barrier. The study also finds that stricter law enforcement and better rehabilitation systems for victims are necessary to improve the situation. Therefore, further collaboration between the Cambodian government, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations is needed to comprehensively address this issue.

International trade plays a vital role in driving sustainable global economic growth. Institutions such as the WTO, IMF, and the World Bank contribute to regulating and facilitating fair and efficient global trade. This study examines the role of institutions in international trade and their impact on economic development. Using qualitative methods, the study shows that institutions help reduce trade barriers, enhance economic stability, and encourage sustainable innovation and investment. The results show that institutions play a key role in ensuring trade that contributes positively to global economic growth.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of MonsoonSIM in enhancing the understanding of students in the International Trade Program for the ASEAN & China Region at Politeknik APP Jakarta regarding international trade concepts. A quantitative method was employed, using purposive sampling to select two student groups: Group A (semester 1), who had not used MonsoonSIM, and Group B (semester 3), who had experienced the use of MonsoonSIM. Data were collected through a quiz consisting of ten questions covering essential aspects of international trade, such as business management, supply chain, marketing, and demand forecasting. The results were analyzed using a paired t-test at a 5% significance level. The analysis revealed a t-value of 8.25, significantly exceeding the critical t-table value of 2.262, indicating a substantial improvement in students' understanding after using MonsoonSIM. Furthermore, semester 3 students demonstrated better comprehension compared to semester 1 students, confirming that MonsoonSIM effectively enhances not only theoretical understanding but also analytical and decision-making skills. This study concludes that MonsoonSIM is a superior simulation-based learning tool compared to traditional theoretical methods, making a vital contribution to the practical and applicable development of international trade education.