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This study aims to determine the effect of the combined learning model of Problem Solving with Numbered Head Together (NHT) on the character of mutual cooperation and critical reasoning abilities of fourth-grade students of SD Negeri Kanigoro 03. This type of research uses a quantitative approach with a Posttest Only Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The research subjects consisted of two classes, namely class IV A as the experimental group and class IV B as the control group, each consisting of 23 students. The research instruments included an observation sheet of mutual cooperation character and a critical reasoning ability test. Data analysis was carried out through normality, homogeneity, and t-test using SPSS with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The t-test produced a calculated t value of 2.940 > t table 2.015 with a significance of 0.019 for the character of mutual cooperation and a calculated t value of 2.343 > t table 2.015 with a significance of 0.024 for critical reasoning abilities. These results demonstrate that the combined Problem Solving and NHT models significantly enhance students' mutual cooperation and critical reasoning skills. Therefore, implementing this model effectively develops students' cognitive competencies and character, aligned with the Pancasila student profile.

Literacy skills play an important  role in helping students clarify basic concepts, build relationships between concepts, reason and test each detail of each interrelated information and are able to derive each concept, thus students are accustomed to understanding each scientific process and activity carried out in Biology learning. The relationship between these two skills trains students to actively carry out in-depth scientific investigations.The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between scientific literacy skills and scientific explanation skills in empowering scientific reasoning skills through the application of the Remap-NHT (Reading Concept Map-Numbered Head Together) learning model. This study included a quasi-experiment using a non-equivalent pretest-post-test control group design with a total sample of 85 eleventh grade students in the Natural Sciences department at SMAN 4 Malang in the 2023/2024 academic year. The population was distributed into 3 groups. Scientific literacy skills and scientific reasoning skills were assessed using an essay test, while scientific explanation skills were assessed using an assessment rubric. Data analysis was tested using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that (1) there was a significant relationship between scientific literacy skills and scientific reasoning skills; (2) there is a significant relationship between scientific explanation skills and scientific reasoning skills; and (3) there is a significant relationship between scientific literacy skills and scientific explanation skills that have an integral effect on scientific reasoning skills. The interrelationship between scientific literacy skills, scientific explanation skills and scientific reasoning skills can be observed in the regression equation Y = 0.317 * X1 + 0.995 * X2 + 30.113. Based on the findings, it is concluded that Remap-NHT is able to improve students' scientific literacy skills, scientific explanation skills, and scientific reasoning skills, the interrelationships of which influence each other.

This classroom action research aims to improve students' memory in learning the "Degree of Comparison" material by implementing the Numbered Head Together cooperative model. The study was conducted at SMAN 2 Pamekasan with 34 students of class XI-C1 as subjects. The research was carried out in two cycles consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data were collected through observation, test, and documentation. The indicators measured included two cognitive aspects, namely: (1) ability to recall comparative and superlative structures, task completion accuracy, cooperation in group work, and adherence to instructions. The results showed a significant increase in students' memory levels. At the pre-cycle stage, only 11.8% of students were in the high category, in cycle I increased to 44.1%, and in cycle II reached 73.5%. This proves that the NHT model is effective in improving students' memory and understanding of English grammar topics and is expected to develop collaborative learning.

The study was conducted with the aim of determining whether there is an influence of the Numbered Head Together learning model on the learning outcomes of fifth grade students of SDN Swasta Al-Washliyah 80 Kisaran. Descriptive quantitative research in this study used an experimental research design with a Quasi Experiment Design model in the form of Non-equivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study was all fifth grade students of SDN Swasta Al-Washliyah 80 Kisaran. The results of data analysis showed that the average learning outcomes using the Numbered Head Together learning model in the experimental class were 85.7, while the average learning outcomes that did not use the Numbered Head Together learning model in the control class were 69.1. In the normality test, it is known that the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental class and control classes are normally distributed with the value obtained in the experimental class pre-test Test results = 0.051> α = 0.05 and in the post-test results Test results = 0.061> α = 0.05, while in the control class pre-test Test results = 0.057> α = 0.05 and in the post-test results Test results = 0.118> α = 0.05. The results of the homogeneity test of the research data, it is known that the research data comes from homogeneous samples with the acquisition of a homogeneity test value of 0.219> 0.05. The data were analyzed by hypothesis testing using the independent sample t-test with a significance level of α = 0.05 and degree of freedom (df) = 48. From the results of the hypothesis test, it was obtained tcount> ttable (4.056> 2.565) or Ha was rejected and H1. So it can be stated that there is a positive and significant influence between the implementation of the Numbered Head Together learning model on the learning outcomes of class V students of SD Swasta l-Washliyah 80 Kisaran.  

The enhancement of student learning outcomes is a primary goal of various innovations in teaching methods. This study systematically reviews the effectiveness of cooperative learning methods, specifically Jigsaw Learning and Numbered Heads Together (NHT), in improving student learning outcomes. Using a systematic literature review approach, the research analyzes twelve studies published between 2019 and 2025 that compare these two methods. The findings indicate that both Jigsaw Learning and NHT possess unique strengths; Jigsaw Learning fosters deep understanding through collaborative expertise, while NHT promotes active participation through structured discussions. Despite some studies showing no significant differences in effectiveness, others highlight context-dependent advantages of each method. The implications suggest that educators should consider the specific learning objectives and student characteristics when selecting or combining these methods to optimize educational outcomes.

The purpose of this author's research is to see the comparison of students' PAI learning outcomes using the Rotating Trio Exchange (RTE) and Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning models at SMP Negeri 1 Banuhampu in class VII students and compare PAI learning outcomes with the two learning models. The type of research used is experimental with a quantitative approach. The population was all seventh grade students consisting of 9 classes and a total of 275 students. The sample in this study used random techniques, obtained 2 classes that became samples with details of 58 students. The classes taken were VII.1 and VII.2. Data were collected through the scores of students' PAI learning outcomes obtained through the PAI learning outcomes test in the form of multiple choice. The results of the research that has been done, the results show that there are learning outcomes of students who use the RTE learning model have been above the KKM value of 76. And the learning outcomes of students who use the NHT learning model have been above the KKM score of 76. And there is also a significant difference in the PAI learning outcomes of students in the RTE learning model with the method of Shapiro Wilk at sig 0.05, as well as the NHT learning model.

This research is an action to find out the influence of the NHT learning model assisted  by Ice Breaking on the Learning Interest of Class XI C.1 Students of SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Utara. This classroom action research conducts a reflective action in order to improve learning practices for students in terms of professionalism. In this class action research, the subject of the study is students of class XI C1 SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Utara for the 2023/2024 school year consisting of 38 students. The score of 55.59 (low category) shows the results of the analysis of the first cycle. It is clear that students' interest in learning is still relatively low and there needs to be a big improvement in the second cycle. The score of 89.1 (very high category) was shown in cycle II after a careful analysis of the improvements in cycle I. So from the data obtained and processed in cycles I and II, it can be concluded that there is an influence in mathematics learning with the application of  the Numbered Head Together  type cooperative learning model assisted by Ice Breaking.

Social Studies (IPS) is a program in a lesson that has a scientific field so it is also called a scientific discipline. Social studies also has its own perspective that is integrated from all other subjects and also has a very broad discussion of human behavior that can be studied in detail and studied in depth. Basically social studies has a combination of a number of other subjects, for that social studies is a new field of study, which is then introduced to students. Of all social studies also has basic concepts that must know. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to describe the learning planning, and implementation of learning through cooperative learning model type NHT (Numbered Head Together) that can improve the basic skills of social studies and learning outcomes of classroom students. The method used in this research is Action Research. The results of this study showed an increase in each cycle 1- 3 namely; The value of learning planning becomes very good. The value of teacher performance in learning becomes very good. The achievement of basic social studies skills in students, namely, skillful reached 87%, which means that of the 8 indicators has been achieved as a whole. Increased student learning outcomes, for cycle 1 students who completed reached 20 of the total students, for cycle 2 students who completed reached 26 of the total students and cycle 3 students who completed reached 34.

This study was motivated by the low understanding of mathematical concepts of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Bukittinggi. Based on the results of the documentation study, the percentage of students with daily test scores below the 55 criterion ranged from 50% to 81%. Observations and interviews revealed that learning was still dominated by teachers, while students were less active in the learning process. This study aims to determine the significant effect of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) cooperative learning model on students' understanding of mathematical concepts. This experimental study used the Static Group Comparison Design. The population of the study was class VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Bukittinggi in the 2021/2022 academic year consisting of 127 students from 4 classes. The sample was taken randomly, with class VIII1 as the experimental class and VIII2 as the control class. The research instrument was a mathematical concept understanding test. The results of data analysis using the t-test showed a calculated t value > t table (3.269 > 1.67) at a significance level of 0.05. From SPSS, a significant value of 0.02 <0.05 was obtained so that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. In conclusion, there is a significant influence of the NHT learning model on the understanding of mathematical concepts of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Bukittinggi.    

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Numbered Heads Together (NHT) dan Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) terhadap hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam siswa kelas V di SDIT Al Hidayah Pekanbaru. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen semu dengan pendekatan pretest-posttest control group design, melibatkan dua kelompok eksperimen yang masing-masing diberikan perlakuan berbeda: NHT dan STAD. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai post-test siswa yang diajar dengan model NHT berbasis masalah kontekstual cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan model STAD. Uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa data kelas NHT berdistribusi normal, sementara data kelas STAD tidak berdistribusi normal pada uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov, tetapi berdistribusi normal pada uji Shapiro-Wilk. Analisis uji t menunjukkan bahwa model NHT memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil belajar siswa, sedangkan model STAD tidak. Uji ANOVA juga menegaskan bahwa model NHT secara signifikan mempengaruhi hasil belajar siswa. Kesimpulannya, model pembelajaran NHT berbasis masalah kontekstual lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam siswa dibandingkan dengan model STAD.

In order for students to achieve the best learning outcomes, they must be involved in their studies and confident. Combining the debate method and the Number Head method together is one of the useful strategies to increase self-confidence and activity. If the Number Head Together method encourages students to actively participate in their education, the debate method seeks to develop students' self-confidence in voicing their opinions. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the influence of the experimental class and the control class. The Independent T-Test and Test 3 (Hotteling's T2 Test) were used in experimental research and hypothesis testing. From the first hypothesis test, the Sig value was produced. 0.068> 0.05, which means that there is no effect of learning with a combination of the Number Head Together - Debate Method and learning without treatment on student learning activity. While the results of the second Hypothesis test show a Sig value. 0.416> 0.05, namely there is no effect of learning with a combination of the Number Head Together - Debate Method on student self-confidence. And the results of the Hotteling T2 test show that the ρ-value for learning activity is 0.342 > 0.05, meaning that there is no difference in the average learning activity between students from both classes. The ρ-value for self-confidence is 0.049 < 0.05, meaning that there is a difference in the average self-confidence between students from both classes.

This research aims to examine whether the achievement and improvement of junior high school students' mathematical communication skills who use the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach through the Numbered Head Together type Cooperative Learning model is better than those who use regular learning. The method used in this research is experimental. This research was conducted at one of the state junior high schools in Cianjur Regency with a population of all class VIII, while the sample was taken from two classes randomly where one class was the experimental class and the other class was the control class. This research instrument is about description. The research data were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 application and SPSS 16 software. Based on the research results, the author concluded that the achievement and improvement in mathematical communication skills of junior high school students whose learning used the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach through the Numbered Head Together type Cooperative Learning model was better than that using regular learning.    

This study aims to determine whether the NHT type cooperative learning model with the help of LKPD can improve student learning outcomes in grade X of SMA Negeri 1 Stabat. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) or action research which consists of 2 cycles, where each cycle consists of 1 meeting. The subjects in this study were students of grade X Science 1 SMA Negeri 1 Stabat consisting of 36 students. The object of this study is the results of student learning with the application of the Numbered Head Together type cooperative learning model with the help of Student Worksheets in grade X Science 1 SMA Negeri 1 Stabat. From the results of the study can be concluded the following: (1) There is an increase in students' mathematics learning outcomes. This can be seen by the achievement of classical completeness in the initial test obtained 30.56%, in the learning outcome test I increased to 61.11%, and in the learning outcome test II increased to 86.11%, so that based on the results of the data analysis it was obtained that this study had reached the specified success indicators. (2) After the implementation of the Numbered Head Together learning model with the help of Student Worksheets, students' mathematics learning outcomes have been classically completed to 86.11%.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang diajarkan melalui model pembelajaran Numbered Head Together lebih tinggi daripada kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang diajarkan dengan model konvensional, (2) model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT) efektif terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 16 Medan, (3) proses jawaban yang dikerjakan siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah melalui pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Numbered Head Together (NHT) dan model pembelajaran konvensional. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode Quasi Eksperimen yang di SMP Negeri 16 Medan. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan sampling purposive, yaitu kelas VIII-1 sebagai kelas eksperimen yang diajar dengan model kooperatif tipe Numbered Head Together dan VIII-2 sebagai keas kontrol yang diajari dengan menggunakan model konvensional. Intrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah lembar tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa sebanyak 3 butir berupa uraian, lembar observasi keterlaksanaan sintaks dan aktivitas siswa dan angket respon siswa. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan uji t-test independent dengan berbantuan SPSS 22. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan: (1) peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang diajarkan melalui model pembelajaran Numbered Head Together lebih tinggi daripada kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang diajarkan dengan model konvensional. Hal ini berdasarkan perhitungan ????ℎ???????????????????? = menunjukkan bahwa ????ℎ???????????????????? > ????tabel 1,699127 artinya Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima, (2) hasil tes akhir kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa tuntas secara individu dan klasikal dengan persentasi 87,5%, keterlaksanaan pembelajaran berada dalam kategori baik dengan rata-rata 3.605 sementara aktivitas dan respon siswa berada dalam kategori aktif dan positif dengan rata-rata 85.41% dan 79.75%. sehingga model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe numbered head together efektif terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 16 Medan, (3) proses penyelesaian jawaban siswa yang diajar menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe numbered head together memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan yang diberi model pembelajaran konvensional.

This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a pretest and post-test control group design research design. This research uses the Numbered Head Together Cooperative Learning model to improve student learning outcomes at SMA Negeri 2 Tondano for the 2022/20223 academic year. The sample in this study was class. The average post-test score obtained in the experimental class was 87.7, and the average in the control class was 78.1. The data analysis technique used is the t-test with the condition that the data comes from a normally distributed and homogeneous population—test normality using the Lililefors test and homogeneity. Based on the hypothesis of the research statistical data, a tcount of 2,730 was obtained. Based on the ttable with α=0.005 and degrees of freedom (dk) = n1 + n2 -2 =20+20-2= 38, By looking at the ttable, we get ttable = 1.688. So tcount is greater than ttable, namely tcount = 2,730 > ttable = 1,688. Thus, according to the test criteria, if tcount > ttable, then H0 is rejected, so hypothesis H1 is accepted, and it is concluded that there is an influence of using the Numbered Head Together model on student learning outcomes in the human respiratory system material at SMA Negeri 2 Tondano.

The aim of this research is to determine the positive and significant influence of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Cooperative learning model on the active learning of PAK class IX students of SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research uses quantitative descriptive methods. The population is all class IX students of SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Christians totaling 191 people and a sample of 48 people was determined, namely 25% of the total population using random sampling techniques. Data collection used a closed questionnaire with 40 items. The results of data analysis show that there is a positive and significant influence of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Cooperative learning model on the active learning of PAK class IX students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintongnihuta for the 2023/2024 academic year. Based on the positive relationship test, the value obtained is rxy = 0.606 > rtable(=0.05, n=48) = 0.284, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable ttable(=0.05,dk=n-2=46)= 2.021, thus there is a significant relationship between variable X and variable Y. Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 36.8%. Influence test: Regression equation test, the regression equation Y ̂="2.17"+0.63 63. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected.

The background to this research is that students lack enthusiasm and are less active in the Fiqh subjects taught by the teacher during learning. Lack of cooperation can trigger students to be active and discuss learning with their friends. Based on this, the researchers tried to offer a Numbered Head Together (NHT) Cooperative learning model. The formulation of the problem in this research is how much influence the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Cooperative Learning Model has on student learning activities in the Class XI Fiqh subject at MAN 1 Bukittinggi City. This research aims to determine how much influence the Numbered Head Together (NHT) Cooperative Learning Model has on student learning activities in the Class XI Fiqh subject at MAN 1 Bukittinggi City. The type of research used in this research uses quantitative research methods with a quasi-experimental approach. In this study, a nonequivalent control group design was used. The population in this research were all class XI students at MAN 1 Bukittinggi City. Sampling was carried out randomly and class XI IPS 2 was selected as the control class and class XI IPS 3 as the experimental class. The results of this research can be explained that there is an increase in the learning activity of experimental class students with the Numbered Head Together (NHT) model compared to learning in the control class without any treatment. Based on hypothesis testing, it is known that there are differences in fiqh learning activities between experimental class and control class students, namely based on the t-test, tcount = 3.491 and ttable = 1.66. Based on the results obtained, the value tcount > ttable so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. This means that the Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning model influences students' fiqh learning activities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the NHT type cooperative learning model on learning outcomes of basic volleyball passing techniques. This type of research is a quasi- experimental (quasi-experimental) research design using the non-randomized control group pretest- posttest design. The research subjects were 53 students of class XI AKL 1 SMK Darussalam Karangpucung Kabupaten Cilacap Regency for the 2019/2020 academic year. Learning outcome data were collected through the pretest and posttest. Data analysis used t-test with SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Experiments were carried out 3 times beyond pretest-posttest treatment. Learning outcome data were collected through objective tests, observation and performance. In the experimental group the pretest score was 66.48, while the control group was 64.0. The results of the posttest score in the experimental group obtained an average value of 82.76. While the control group obtained an average value of 78.18. The average normalized gain score obtained in each group is in the experimental group of 0.5 while the control group is 0.4. The significance number obtained is sig 0.001 <0.05. From the research results, it can be concluded that the learning outcomes of students who were given treatment using the NHT type of cooperative learning model were more improved compared to the control group given the conventional learning model. The NHT type cooperative learning model has a significant effect on the improvement of learning outcomes of the basic techniques of volleyball passing in class XI AKL 1 SMK Darussalam Karangpucung Kabupaten Cilacap.