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This study aims to analyze in depth the effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and ethnomathematics in improving students’ mathematical abilities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study is motivated by the low level of students’ conceptual understanding, mathematical literacy, and mathematical communication skills, which are still dominated by conventional teaching approaches. Data were collected from ten research articles relevant to the topics of RME and ethnomathematics. The analyzed articles employed various research methods, including experimental research, classroom action research, and research and development (R&D). The results of the review indicate that the implementation of RME is consistently effective in enhancing students’ mathematical abilities, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, mathematical communication, and mathematical literacy. The RME approach, which is based on real-life contexts, helps students understand mathematical concepts more deeply and meaningfully. In addition, the integration of culture through ethnomathematics strengthens the effectiveness of learning by providing contexts that are closely related to students’ daily lives, thereby increasing motivation, engagement, and active participation in the learning process.Furthermore, the findings reveal that the success of culture-based RME is influenced by instructional design, the selection of appropriate contexts, and the teacher’s role in managing the learning process. Therefore, culture-based RME can be considered an effective and relevant approach to improving the quality of mathematics education.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the question-and-answer method in mathematics learning. The research method employed is a literature review using a descriptive qualitative approach. Findings from several relevant studies indicate that the question-and-answer method enhances students' learning outcomes, fosters active participation, and strengthens critical thinking and communication skills. Variations in its implementation, such as multi-directional questioning, chain questioning, and experiment-based questioning, enrich classroom interaction and help students grasp abstract mathematical concepts. Furthermore, the method promotes an interactive learning environment where students are encouraged to think critically, reflect on their understanding, and actively engage with their peers. The collaborative nature of the question-and-answer technique supports the development of social skills, making it an effective tool for both cognitive and social learning. Therefore, the question-and-answer method can be considered an effective instructional strategy to improve the quality of mathematics learning, particularly in enhancing problem-solving abilities, fostering a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts, and improving student-teacher interactions.

This study aims to improve the mathematics achievement of third-grade elementary school students through the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model within the framework of Classroom Action Research (CAR). The research was conducted at UPT SD Negeri Kutorejo 1 Tuban and involved 27 students over two instructional meetings. The study was carried out in two cycles, each comprising the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Data collection techniques included learning outcome tests, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. The findings indicate a notable improvement in students’ average mathematics scores, increasing from 79.47 in the first cycle to 83.91 in the second cycle. This improvement reflects the positive impact of the PBL model on students' conceptual understanding, problem-solving abilities, and active participation during the learning process. Throughout the intervention, students demonstrated increased engagement in group discussions, greater confidence in expressing ideas, and enhanced independence in addressing given problems. The PBL model proved effective in fostering active, collaborative, and meaningful learning. By presenting real-world contextual problems, the model not only enhanced students’ academic performance but also promoted the development of critical thinking, communication, and social skills. These outcomes align with 21st-century educational goals, which emphasize the cultivation of higher-order thinking skills. Theoretically, this study reinforces the effectiveness of PBL as an innovative pedagogical approach for mathematics instruction at the elementary level. It is recommended that educators systematically and consistently implement the PBL model in classroom practice. Future research is encouraged to explore the interaction between individual student characteristics and instructional models, in order to further optimize learning outcomes across various subject areas.

This study aims to describe the mathematical literacy skills of vocational high school students in solving statistics problems with the help of Microsoft Excel based on digital literacy levels, which are grouped into high, medium, and low. The background of this study is based on the importance of mathematical literacy in dealing with everyday problems and the demands of the world of work, as well as the increasing need for digital literacy mastery in the information technology era. Both are essential competencies that support each other, especially in technology-based mathematics learning. The research approach used is descriptive qualitative with a purposive sampling technique, where the selection of subjects is based on the results of the digital literacy questionnaire, equivalence of mathematics scores, and adequate communication skills to support the interview process. The research instruments include a digital literacy questionnaire, a mathematical literacy test in the form of descriptive questions completed using Microsoft Excel, and interview guidelines that have been validated by experts. The data collection procedure was carried out through tests and in-depth interviews, while data analysis included the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate differences in students' mathematical literacy skills based on their digital literacy levels. Students with high digital literacy are able to master mathematical literacy indicators well, including communication, mathematization, problem-solving strategies, and reasoning and argumentation. They can optimally utilize Microsoft Excel features to present data, perform calculations, and draw logical conclusions. Students with moderate digital literacy demonstrate fairly good mastery, but still experience difficulties in aspects of problem-solving strategies and in-depth reasoning. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that digital literacy plays a crucial role in supporting students' mathematical literacy abilities.  

The lack of interest of young children in learning numbers is a common challenge in kindergarten learning activities. Children tend to be passive during the mathematics learning process because the approach used is not appropriate to their age developmental characteristics, which prefer play, movement, and direct interaction with concrete media. To address this problem, the Community Service Program (KKN) at At-Tien Kindergarten, Sumber Gayam, focused on learning innovation by designing a simple media called the Mathematics Ferris Wheel. This media was designed by combining elements of play and motor activity, making it more engaging for children. The research in this community service activity used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, which actively involved teachers and students in the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The media was implemented by children turning the Ferris wheel in turns, then calling out the number indicated along with the numbers before and after. Through this activity, children not only learned to recognize number sequences but also practiced concentration, courage, and communication skills. The implementation results showed that the use of the Mathematics Ferris Wheel was able to significantly improve the understanding of number concepts in early childhood. Furthermore, children's active involvement in learning also increased, demonstrated by their enthusiasm in participating in the game from start to finish. Teachers found this media to be highly beneficial because it is easy to use, flexible, and adaptable to teach other topics such as colors, shapes, and letters. Thus, this KKN activity demonstrates that innovative, participatory learning media can create a fun, contextual, and effective learning environment. Such efforts are a practical solution to improving the quality of learning in early childhood education

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of various innovative learning models on improving student learning outcomes and mathematical skills at the junior high school and senior high school levels. The method used is a literarure study of previous research results that applied learning models such as the Flipped Classroom, Project-Based Learning (PjBL), Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL), Discovery Learning, Mind Mapping, and other cooperative learning models. The analysis results indicate that these models generally have a positive impact on enhancing students' learning engagement, critical and creative thinking skills, numeracy skills, mathematical communication, and problem-solving abilities. These findings reinforce the urgency of adopting student-centred learning approaches based on higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). Therefore, it is recommended that teachers continue to develop the application of innovative learning models in accordance with the characteristics of students and supported by educational policies that encourage innovation and continuous training. This research is expected to serve as a reference for educators and policymakers in designing more effective and meaningful learning.   

The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of Outdoor Learning Math using GPS-based mobile technology-assisted math traces on students' problem solving and mathematical communication skills, describe the effect of Outdoor Learning Math using GPS-based mobile technology-assisted math traces on problem solving skills, and describe the effect of Outdoor Learning Math using GPS-based mobile technology-assisted math traces on students' mathematical communication skills. This type of research is Quasi Experimental using Nonequivalent Control Group Design. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Malinau, North Kalimantan City with 60 students from two 9th grade classes. The instruments used in this study were descriptive test questions of problem solving ability, mathematical communication and observation sheets for the implementation of Outdoor Learning Math learning activities using GPS-based mobile technology-assisted math traces. The results showed that there was an effect of Outdoor Learning Math using GPS-based mobile technology-assisted math traces on students' problem solving and mathematical communication skills together, there was no effect of Outdoor Learning Math using mobile technology-assisted math traces on problem solving skills, and there was no effect of Outdoor Learning Math using GPS-based mobile technology-assisted math traces on mathematical communication skills. Therefore, for future researchers to expand the scope of materials such as geometry, statistics and probability, algebra, arithmetic and add student motivation variables.

Based on the observations that have been made, it is shown that students' mathematical communication skills are still relatively low so that an innovative learning model is needed to improve students' mathematical communication skills. This study aims to see whether the improvement in students' mathematical communication skills taught with the Two Stay Two Stray cooperative learning model is higher than the mathematical communication skills of students taught with the Think Pair Share cooperative learning model and to see how the improvement in mathematical communication skills taught with the two models. This study is a study that is included in the quasi-experimental category with a pretest-posttest control group design. The subjects in this study were 62 students in grades VIII-A and VIII-E of SMP Negeri 4 Balige. Based on the research that has been done, the results of the N-Gain test were obtained with an average N-Gain value in experimental class 1, namely 0.813 in accordance with the Gain index criteria in the high category and the average N-Gain value in experimental class 2, namely 0.693 in accordance with the Gain index criteria in the medium category. Based on the research that has been done, because the data is normally distributed and homogeneous, the hypothesis test is carried out using the t-test. Through the t-test that has been done, it was obtained that , namely 2.465>2.000. Therefore  is rejected, which means that the increase in mathematical communication skills of students taught with the Two Stay Two Stray cooperative learning model is higher than those taught with the Think Pair Share cooperative learning model.

The purpose of this research was to produce a worksheet based on problem-based learning that would enhance students' ability to communicate mathematically when working with number pattern content. The quality of this LKPD refers to the effective aspect. This research uses a type of research and development (R&D) with a model developed by Borg & Gall. The subjects in this research were students in class VIII-5 of SMP Negeri 1 Tanjung Morawa with a total of 27 students. The object of this research is teaching materials in the form of PBL-based LKPD. Teacher response questionnaires, student response questionnaires, expert validation sheets, teacher interview question sheets, and tests of mathematical communication competence were the tools employed. Based on the research results, the effectiveness of LKPD can be seen from the achievement of learning completeness with an average individual learning completeness of 88 and for classical completeness of 96.3%. So the LKPD developed is declared "effective". Students' mathematical communication abilities are at a percentage of 90.1%, at high criteria, and it can be noted that for the N-Gain assessment, results were obtained with a student average of 0.74, meaning that there was an increase in students' mathematical communication abilities with high criteria. So, based on the results, it can be concluded that the LKPD developed in this research is valid, effective, and can improve students' mathematical communication skills.

This study aims to explore the application of GeoGebra software in improving students' mathematical communication skills. GeoGebra, as a visualization and interactive tool, is considered to be able to help students understand mathematical concepts more deeply and effectively. This literature study collects and analyzes various studies that have been conducted on the use of GeoGebra at various levels of education, from elementary school to college. The results of the study show that the use of GeoGebra can improve students' mathematical communication skills, both in written and oral form. Students who use GeoGebra tend to have an easier time describing and explaining mathematical concepts, as well as being more actively involved in discussions and problem-solving. In addition, GeoGebra also helps to increase students' motivation to learn and provide a more enjoyable and meaningful learning experience. The conclusion of this study shows that GeoGebra is an effective tool to be used in mathematics learning to improve students' mathematical communication skills.

Basic vector concept material will be more meaningful and able to hone students' mathematical communication skills if learning is implemented that is appropriate to the characteristics of students and needs in the field. The aim of this research is to create a research design for basic vector concept material using the Dick and Carey model. The results show that there are 10 steps that teachers need to pay attention to when creating learning designs and ensuring that the learning objectives contained are in accordance with learning achievements and needs in the field.

Playing is an activity that is very important for children's growth and development. Playing must be carried out on the child's own initiative, playing in a fun way provides a learning process for the child. Playing can also stimulate various things in children's development, such as physical movement, cognitive, mathematical logic, language, moral-religious, socio-emotional and artistic. Through play, children's creativity will awaken and develop optimally. Child and socio-emotional development: In principle, children learn through social interactions, both with adults and peers. Social development has a positive impact on children's growth and development. Social development supports communication skills, academic success and school adjustment, strengthens peer relationships, and creates a positive learning environment. Therefore, this skill must be developed optimally from an early age. Playing is one way to develop social-emotional skills in childhood. Play can be used as an alternative means to improve social and emotional development in children.

This research aims to examine whether the achievement and improvement of junior high school students' mathematical communication skills who use the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach through the Numbered Head Together type Cooperative Learning model is better than those who use regular learning. The method used in this research is experimental. This research was conducted at one of the state junior high schools in Cianjur Regency with a population of all class VIII, while the sample was taken from two classes randomly where one class was the experimental class and the other class was the control class. This research instrument is about description. The research data were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 application and SPSS 16 software. Based on the research results, the author concluded that the achievement and improvement in mathematical communication skills of junior high school students whose learning used the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach through the Numbered Head Together type Cooperative Learning model was better than that using regular learning.    

The research was conducted to determine students' mathematical communication skills and their influence on mathematics education, consisting of 3 questions about number patterns. The instrument has gone through question validation, then given to class VIII students at one of the Pekanbaru MTS with procedures including: 1). Planning, 2). Implement, and 3). Assessing Results. The subjects in this research were 14 eighth grade students from the MTS Pekanbaru school. The approach to this research is descriptive and quantitative, and uses data collection techniques such as observation, data collected from test instruments, and errors in completion. The student's communication skills are in the "medium" category as shown by the research results.

This research aims to determine whether there is an influence of the think pair share cooperative learning model on students' mathematical communication skills. This research was conducted at SMA Markus Medan. The research method used is a quasi experimental method. The sample in this study consisted of two classes, namely class XI IPA-1 as the experimental class and class XI IPA-2 as the control class. The experimental class uses the think pair share learning model, and the control class uses conventional learning. The average result of the final test score (post-test) for experimental class students was 84.33, while in the control class the average final test score for students was 70.14. In the hypothesis test, the results of the mean difference test (t-test) were obtained with the statistical value  >  (8,342 > 1,671), which means that there is an influence from the use of the think pair share learning model applied in the experimental class. This indicates that the mathematical communication skills of experimental class students are better than those in the control class.    

This study aims to analyze students' mathematical connections through the application of the Think Talk Write (TTW) learning style and collaboration in the context of mathematics learning. The Think Talk Write (TTW) method emphasizes developing critical thinking, communication and writing skills in understanding mathematical concepts. Collaboration between students is also integrated to strengthen mathematical understanding through discussion and joint problem solving. This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies as the analytical framework. Data was collected through classroom observations, interviews with students, and analysis of students' writing. Research findings show that implementing the Think Talk Write (TTW) method with collaboration can improve students' mathematical connections, strengthen conceptual understanding, and improve communication and mathematical problem solving skills. Pedagogical implications of these findings are discussed to promote more effective and inclusive mathematics learning practices.

This research aims to produce an LKPD product with a realistic mathematical approach that is valid, practical and effective for improving students' mathematical communication skills. This research and development is based on the stages of the 4D development model by Thiagarajan which was adapted to 3D including the definition, design and development stages. The subjects in this research were the X-Mipa 1 class of SMAN 2 Kabanjahe, totaling 30 people. Based on the research conducted, the validity of the LKPD obtained an average assessment of 89.47% by material experts and 88.15% by media experts with very valid qualifications. Through a questionnaire on the practicality of LKPD by teachers and students, an average of 90.27% was obtained by teachers and 92.12% by students with very practical qualifications. The implementation of learning by applying LKPD with RME was carried out to see the effectiveness of LKPD in obtaining results, namely achieving classical learning completeness. 86.67%, achievement of learning objectives was achieved in questions 1,2,3,4 and 5 and achievement of efficient learning time, from the effectiveness assessment reference, the LKPD developed was classified as effective. The increase in mathematical communication skills that occurred was an increase in the moderate category with an average gain score of 0.632. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the LKPD with RME that was developed met the qualifications of being valid, practical and effective.

The objective of this research is to investigate the potential impact of implementing the TPS cooperative learning model on enhancing the self-confidence and mathematics communication abilities of seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 5 Percut Sei Tuan. The specific focus will be on the Set content. This study used a class action research design, consisting of two distinct cycles. Each iteration comprises two meetings. The participants in this research consisted of 28 students from class VII-8 of SMP Negeri 5 Percut Sei Tuan. The primary focus of this study is to enhance students' self-confidence and mathematical communication abilities by using the TPS cooperative learning model on Set material at SMP Negeri 5 Percut Sei Tuan during the academic year 2022/2023. Based on the findings derived from the analysis of the data, it was observed that the mean score for students' initial self-confidence was 53.61. Additionally, the mean test score for students' initial communication skills was found to be 44.92. Among the participants, a total of 3 students (13.04%) demonstrated mastery in this area, while the remaining 20 students (86.95%) had not yet achieved mastery. The learning process in cycle I was conducted using the TPS model. As a result, the average score of student confidence increased to 62.14, while the average score of the mathematical communication ability test increased to 55.80. Out of the total number of students, 8 students (34.78%) reached the completion criteria, while 15 students (65.21%) did not reach the completion criteria. In the second cycle, there was an observed increase in student performance. The average score for student confidence was recorded as 76.29, while the average score for the mathematical communication ability test was 75.97. Out of the total number of students, 19 students (82.60%) achieved completeness in the test, while 4 students (17.40%) did not reach completeness. The self-confidence questionnaire and mathematical communication skills exam administered in cycle II yielded results indicating a satisfactory level of student proficiency. 

This research aims to enhance the mathematical communication skills of students after implementing the Think Talk Write cooperative learning model. The study was conducted in the first semester of the 2023/2024 academic year in class XI MIA 3 at MAN 1 Medan. The subjects of this research were 39 students from class XI MIA 3 MAN 1 Medan. The object of this research was the mathematical communication skills of students by applying the Think Talk Write learning model. The research method used was classroom action research conducted over 2 cycles. The results of the students' mathematical communication skills test showed improvement from the initial test to the tests given in Cycle I and Cycle II. In the initial test, only 1 student (2.5%) achieved proficiency with an average score of 56, categorized as low. In Cycle I, there was a classical increase, with 10 students (25.6%) achieving proficiency with an average score of 67.9, categorized as moderate. In Cycle II, there was also a classical increase, with 33 students (84.6%) achieving proficiency with an average score of 86.9, categorized as high. It can be concluded that by implementing the Think Talk Write cooperative learning model, it is possible to improve the mathematical communication skills of class XI MIA 3 students at MAN 1 Medan.

This research aims: (1) the mathematical communication abilities of students using the think-talk-write (TTW) cooperative learning model are higher than the mathematical communication abilities of students using conventional learning models in class VIII SMP Negeri 19 Medan, (2) the process of completing answers is created by students in solving problems in the think-talk-write (TTW) cooperative learning model and conventional learning models. This type of research is quantitative research with a Quasi Experimental method. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 19 Medan. The sampling technique in this research used the Purposive Sampling technique, namely class VIII-5 as a class taught using the think-talk-write type cooperative learning model and class VIII-6 as a class taught with a conventional learning model. The data collection instruments were an observation sheet and a test sheet for students' mathematical communication skills in the form of 4 essay questions. Data analysis in this study used a t-Test with the Independent sample t-Test technique with the help of the SPSS 22 program. The results of the research showed that the average score for the class taught using the think-talk-write cooperative learning model was 80.1 and the class taught with a conventional learning model of 74.6. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the t-test, from the calculation results it was obtained that tcount was 2.501 and ttable 1.67469, the significance level was 0.016<0.05, then H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted, so it was concluded that students' mathematical communication skills used the cooperative learning model type. think-talk-write is higher than students' mathematical communication skills using conventional learning models. Based on the analysis of the process of students' answers to the mathematical communication skills test, students who received think-talk-write cooperative learning were better than students who received conventional learning.