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This study examines the relationship between learning theories and the selection of instructional media in classroom practice. It is motivated by the observation that teachers often choose media based on availability rather than alignment with pedagogical goals. The purpose of this study is to analyze how behavioristic, cognitive, constructivist, and humanistic learning theories guide the design and use of effective instructional media. This research employs a qualitative approach using classroom observations, in-depth interviews with teachers and students, and document analysis. The findings indicate that instructional media aligned with learning theory significantly enhance students’ motivation, engagement, and comprehension. Interactive, student-centered media grounded in constructivist principles produced the strongest improvements, while drill-oriented media were most suitable for procedural skills. This study offers a practical model for aligning learning objectives, learning theories, and media selection that teachers can use in lesson planning.

This research aims to explore the ways in which teachers address the challenges of learning mathematics for children in primary schools by referring to behavioristic theory. This theory emphasizes the central role of stimuli and reactions in influencing learning behavior, and the application of both positive and negative reinforcement to improve students' motivation and understanding. The approach adopted was a descriptive qualitative method using case studies in various primary schools. The results indicated that behavior-focused methods, such as providing repeated practice of problems, immediate feedback, use of concrete tools, and regular application of rewards and punishments, can improve students' enthusiasm and mathematics learning outcomes. However, teacher-driven learning and lack of innovation are barriers to implementation. Therefore, a combination with other methods is needed to make the learning process more thorough.

This study analyzes the development of the Indonesian Language curriculum from time to time with a focus on three main curricula: KTSP (2006), Curriculum 2013, and Merdeka Curriculum (2022). Through a qualitative approach and literature study, this study examines the differences in philosophy, structure, learning methods, and evaluation systems in the three curricula. The analysis is enriched with various educational theories to provide a comprehensive understanding. The results of the study indicate an evolution from a behavioristic approach to a constructivist one, with Merdeka Curriculum offering the most holistic solution to the challenges of 21st century education.

Abstract. Pedagogical competence is the main ability that educators must have to manage learning effectively. This research aims to discuss the meaning of pedagogical competence, the application of learning theories, and the role of information and communication technology in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. The research method used is literature analysis and theoretical study. The research results show that pedagogical competence includes the ability to understand student characteristics, design learning, and carry out comprehensive evaluations. The application of learning theories, such as behavioristic, cognitive, constructivist and humanistic, has been proven to support the effectiveness of PAI learning. Behavioristics helps build positive habits, cognitive improves deep understanding, constructivists encourage active participation, and humanistics develops students' potential holistically. Apart from that, the use of information and communication technology, such as e-learning, video conferencing and multimedia, is able to encourage learning that is innovative, interactive and in line with the needs of students in the digital era. Thus, the development of PAI teachers' pedagogical competence needs to continue to be improved through targeted training, optimal use of technology, and strengthening learning strategies to produce learning that is relevant to the needs of the times Abstrak Kompetensi pedagogik adalah kemampuan utama yang harus dimiliki oleh pendidik untuk mengelola pembelajaran secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan membahas pengertian kompetensi pedagogik, penerapan teori belajar, serta peran teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis literatur dan kajian teoritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi pedagogik mencakup kemampuan memahami karakteristik peserta didik, merancang pembelajaran, serta melakukan evaluasi secara komprehensif. Penerapan teori belajar, seperti behavioristik, kognitif, konstruktivistik, dan humanistik, terbukti mendukung efektivitas pembelajaran PAI. Behavioristik membantu membangun kebiasaan positif, kognitif meningkatkan pemahaman mendalam, konstruktivistik mendorong partisipasi aktif, dan humanistik mengembangkan potensi siswa secara holistik. Selain itu, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, seperti e-learning, video konferensi, dan multimedia, mampu mendorong pembelajaran yang inovatif, interaktif, dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan peserta didik di era digital. Dengan demikian, pengembangan kompetensi pedagogik guru PAI perlu terus ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan yang terarah, penggunaan teknologi secara optimal, dan penguatan strategi pembelajaran untuk menghasilkan pembelajaran yang relevan dengan kebutuhan zaman.

Abstract: Behavioristic theory is important to study in the learning process, because this theory is easy to apply in educational learning in Indonesia. Learning theory is a combination of interconnected principles and explanations of a number of facts and discoveries related to learning events. This research reviews behavioristic theory and its application in learning. The aim of this research is that it can be applied in PAI learning, apart from educating cognitively, psychomotorically, it can also guide students' behavior in a better direction. The method used by the author is descriptive qualitative which attempts to explain the application of behavioristic theory so that it is able to produce changes in behavior towards students. Through this research, the author tries to reveal the application of behavioristic theory in PAI learning at SDIT Cahaya Hati Bukittinggi as well as changes in behavior that occur in students using a behavioristic theory approach. Based on the research results, it was found that the application of behavioristic learning theory to PAI learning was carried out in several stages, namely, stimulus (encouragement for the delivery of material/motivation from the teacher), response (response from students), while reinforcement/reinforcement was carried out by the teacher using the reward method, punishment, and reinforcement.

This research was created to discuss further how educators provide appropriate stimuli so that the learning process of elementary school students can run more effectively according to behavioristic learning theory. This article aims to find out and explain behavioristic learning theory, its characteristics and application in learning, especially for elementary school students. This article uses literature studies to search for and find answers to problems through data from library reviews from various sources and media, both books and e-journals. The results show that behavioristic theory plays a very important role in the learning process in which it is applied, educators are required to design learning and provide appropriate stimuli which will then be responded to actively by students in the learning process in order to realize effective, structured learning and establish interaction and discussion of information.

Repetition and practice are used in Behavioristic learning methods. Group 32 Students of the East Java "Veteran" National Development University in 2023 use this theory to apply marketing knowledge through social media towards "Bintang Lestari" MSME. The ability to introduce businesses and upload products on social media is something that can help MSME achieve good business performance. Prior to receiving assistance, The"Bintang Lestari" MSME only marketed their products conventionally by word of mouth. After mentoring "Bintang Lestari" managed to use Whatsapp Business and Facebook and get orders from these applications.