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Modern education has produced various learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, constructivism, and postmodernism, each contributing significantly to the understanding of learning processes, motivation, and knowledge formation. However, these theories are rooted in secular philosophical foundations that place humanity at the center of truth while neglecting the spiritual dimension revealed in Scripture. This condition creates tension for Christian education, which upholds the Bible as the epistemological basis and ultimate purpose of learning. This study aims to critically examine the secular assumptions embedded within modern learning theories, identify pedagogical elements that can be integrated into Christian education, and formulate strategies for Christian educators to utilize secular theories without compromising their theological foundation. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method through a literature review of books, journals, and relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that although modern learning theories offer valuable pedagogical insights, they contain naturalistic, rationalistic, humanistic, and relativistic assumptions that must be filtered through biblical theology. Christian educators are not required to reject secular theories entirely; rather, they bear an apologetic responsibility to discern useful methods, reject conflicting philosophical assumptions, and direct the entire learning process toward glorifying God. Thus, modern learning theories can function as effective tools within Christian education when positioned correctly as pedagogical instruments under the authority of Scripture.

This study examines a critical perspective on the concept of rationality, which has long been regarded as the primary foundation of logical and objective decision-making. Using a qualitative approach through a literature study method, this research explores the integration of psychological, philosophical, and socio-cultural dimensions in understanding the limitations and complexities of human rationality. The findings reveal that rationality is not entirely neutral or free from bias. The psychological perspective highlights the influence of cognitive biases such as confirmation bias and anchoring effect, which often turn rationality into a justification for emotionally driven decisions. From a philosophical standpoint, David Hume’s argument that “reason is the slave of the passions” emphasizes the subordination of reason to emotion, while Horkheimer and Adorno reveal how modern rationality has evolved into an instrument of domination through ideologies of efficiency and control. In the socio-cultural dimension, rationality is shown to be non-universal, shaped by specific cultural and historical contexts, as exemplified by Max Weber’s concept of the “iron cage,” describing how individuals become trapped within bureaucratic systems of rationalization. The study concludes that classical rationality, characterized by its deterministic and calculative nature, is inherently bounded and insufficient to address the uncertainty and complexity of the modern world. Therefore, a new paradigm of rationality is needed—one that is integrative, reflective, and humanistic, combining logic with emotional, ethical, and social dimensions to produce decisions that are not only rational but also just and humane.

Consumer criticism on social media is a common form of expression used to convey dissatisfaction with products or services. However, such criticism often generates controversy, especially when it is perceived to harm the reputation of a company. Although the right to freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Consumer Protection Law, in practice, this guarantee frequently conflicts with the defamation provisions outlined in the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law. The case of "Om Polos Banget" serves as a concrete example where consumer criticism led to legal charges due to allegations of defamation. This study aims to analyze the boundaries of consumer freedom of expression on social media within the context of Indonesian legal regulations and to identify the elements of defamation that may ensnare consumers. The research utilizes a normative juridical method, focusing on the analysis of relevant laws and regulations concerning freedom of expression and defamation. The results of the study indicate that while consumers have the right to criticize, there are legal boundaries that must be observed to prevent the criticism from resulting in legal action. Therefore, clearer policies are needed to ensure a fair balance between consumer freedom of expression and corporate reputation protection, as well as the importance of consumers maintaining ethical conduct when expressing criticism on social media.

The global environmental crisis is increasingly alarming, with deforestation and resource exploitation severely impacting ecosystems and local communities. In Indonesia, Flores Island has become a strategic site for geothermal projects, including the planned drilling in Poco Leok, Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara. This project has provoked strong resistance from local communities due to ecological threats such as deforestation, biodiversity loss, water pollution, and water scarcity, all of which exacerbate social vulnerability, particularly among women. This study employs a qualitative literature-based analysis using Taoist philosophy as an interpretive framework. The principles of Yin–Yang, Wu Wei, and Ziran are applied as reflective lenses to identify the root of the crisis: the imbalance in human–nature relations caused by exploitative and dominant development models. The findings demonstrate that economy-driven development undermines ecological harmony and local wisdom, thereby deepening social hardship. In contrast, Taoist philosophy offers an alternative paradigm that emphasizes balance, harmony, and respect for the natural order. Addressing the Poco Leok conflict therefore requires not only a reassessment of policy but also a paradigm shift in development toward ecological justice and inclusive, sustainable well-being.

The poem “Mayat Politik Ditutupi Koran Pagi” by Afrizal Malna presents sharp social and political criticism through the use of irony and complex metaphors. This study aims to examine how these two linguistic devices are employed to reveal the socio-political realities of post-reform Indonesia. Using a stylistic approach, the research explores the forms, functions, and meanings of irony and metaphor that appear within the poem’s structure. The analysis shows that irony serves to express dissatisfaction and satire toward political conditions that appear orderly but are actually filled with deception and manipulation. Meanwhile, metaphor provides a symbolic depiction of the role of mass media as an instrument of power that conceals the true political reality behind public discourse. Through the interplay of these two stylistic elements, Afrizal Malna succeeds in presenting a poetic representation of society’s anxiety over media domination and the blurring line between truth and political interest. This study is expected to enhance the understanding of literature’s role as a reflective and critical medium in uncovering the relationship between language, power, and ideology within Indonesia’s socio-political dynamics.

Contemporary hadith thought emerged as an attempt to address the challenges of modernity, which demands a more contextual understanding of Islamic teachings. Various new approaches, such as historical-critical, hermeneutics, and the maqasid al-shari'ah (the principles of Islamic jurisprudence), have been developed to connect hadith texts with modern social, political, and scientific realities. This article examines critiques and reflections on contemporary hadith thought through an interdisciplinary approach. The results show that although contemporary approaches make significant contributions to revitalizing the relevance of hadith, they have weaknesses such as potential relativism, deconstruction of hadith authority, and a disconnect with the classical tradition of hadith scholars. Interdisciplinary reflection offers a middle ground by integrating hadith studies with the social sciences, humanities, and sciences, allowing understanding of hadith to continue to develop without losing its normative authority. This article emphasizes the importance of dialogue between classical traditions and modern approaches in maintaining a balance between fidelity to the text and contextual needs. An interdisciplinary approach to hadith studies can bridge these gaps by fostering dialogue between traditional Islamic scholarship and modern academic fields such as social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. By combining these disciplines, scholars can explore how hadith texts can be interpreted in ways that are both faithful to their original meaning and responsive to contemporary challenges. This integration can help preserve the normative authority of hadith while addressing modern issues such as ethics, politics, and technology. Ultimately, the interdisciplinary approach provides a framework for reconciling the classical and modern understandings of hadith, ensuring that the teachings of Islam remain relevant and authoritative in today’s rapidly changing world.

This article examines Herbert Marcuse's thoughts in One Dimensional Man as a critique of the dominance of technology and capitalism in shaping the one-dimensional consciousness of modern humans. Using a critical philosophical approach, this study examines how digital technology, which was originally projected as an instrument of liberation, has actually transformed into a subtle means of oppression through the mechanisms of false needs and irrational rationality. Instead of opening up a space for emancipation, technological developments often deepen human attachment to the logic of the consumption-oriented digital capitalist system. The main goal of this research is to reawaken critical awareness and human negation in the midst of virtual reality that increasingly dominates life in the Society 5.0 era. The results of the study show that digital humans tend to experience existential alienation, where deep reflection and authentic freedom are reduced by the flow of instant information, pseudo-entertainment, and consumptive lifestyles. This condition makes individuals trapped in a cycle of obedience to a system that seems rational, when in fact it covers structural dominance. The discussion emphasized the importance of emancipation efforts through the rejection of the dominant system and the reactivation of critical potential as a path to true freedom. Emancipation is understood not only as a release from the shackles of technology, but also as an effort to revive reflective consciousness that is able to negate false values. Thus, Marcuse's thought remains relevant to reading the crisis of contemporary human consciousness while providing a philosophical foundation for the formation of a reflective, independent, and autonomous subject.

PT Unilever Indonesia’s strategic application is examined through the Balanced Scorecard framework, focusing on four key perspectives: financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth. The analysis reveals that while the company demonstrates strong financial performance, such as high ROI and ROE, challenges like declining annual profits and increasing liabilities signal the need for improved cost management and risk mitigation. Unilever's strategy emphasizes innovation and customer relationships, leveraging Total Quality Management (TQM) and continuous product enhancements. However, internal issues such as employee work culture, inadequate facilities, and employee satisfaction remain significant obstacles to organizational performance. The findings suggest a need for stronger employee engagement and workplace improvements, alongside enhanced financial sustainability strategies. Future research could explore how external factors, such as shifting market trends and government regulations, influence Unilever’s strategic decisions and overall success.

This study aims to describe Ecocriticism and Ecological Logic of Ama Nara Short Story by Silvester Petara Hurit. This study uses an ecocritic approach with a descriptive qualitative research method. The results of the Ecocriticism and Ecological Logic research of Ama Nara Short Story by Silvester Petara Hurit are as follows, (1) nature is the highest manifestation of Lamaholot society. The ecological logic that being modern in Ama Nara's view does not have to leave nature and ancestors. Ecocriticism of the attitude of the main character of the short story, Ama Nara who is not tempted by the modern lifestyle, (2) the attachment of farmers and nature. Ama Nara's ecological logic to protect the environment, continue to care for the fertility of the soil naturally, and that is actually much more valuable. Ecocriticism lies in Ama Nara's attitude to persist in choices, and (3) empowerment of natural resources. Ama Nara's ecological logic creates a local food barn (hoku) so that food needs are met. Ecocriticism lies in Ama Nara's attitude to remain consistent in maintaining traditional life by continuing to empower existing natural resources that make her family happy.

Each architectural style reflects the prevailing culture, technology, and social needs of its time, and is an important component of the building's image. Architectural style refers to the design characteristics, forms, elements, and aesthetics used to create a building. This research aims to find out the details of the architectural style and its implementation of the Pasujudan Ayodya Mosque building. The research method used is qualitative and data analysis includes observation through literature studies, visual documentation, and analysis of modern architectural theory and its application. The Pasujudan Mosque in Semarang applies the basic principles of art and architecture, referring to the arrangement of elements that harmonize with each other, balance, aesthetics, and materialization. Modern architecture influences the  design of the mosque, combining elements of modern architecture with traditional Islamic design.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan proses dan hasil pengembangan LKPD berbasis Problem Solving pada materi Statistika yang valid serta mengetahui respon peserta didik terhadap kepraktisan LKPD. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang terdiri dari 5 tahap yaitu Analisis (Analyze), Rancangan (Design), Pengembangan (Development), Implementasi (Implementation) dan Evaluasi (Evaluation). Subjek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas VIII SMP Bina Tama Palembang sebanyak 20 orang. Data Penelitian terdiri dari data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif diperoleh dari tahap validasi produk berupa saran, kritikan, masukan dan tanggapan dari tim ahli materi dan desain, yang digunakan untuk memperbaiki LKPD. Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari penilaian validator, pendidik dan peserta didik sebagai responden. Data kuantitatif ini didasarkan pada angket respon yang diberikan pada tahap uji perorangan dan uji coba kelompok kecil. Teknik Pengumpulan Data menggunakan instrumen data berupa angket dan tes. Teknik Analisis Data digunakan untuk mengolah data menjadi sebuah informasi, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk aspek yang dipenuhi dalam LKPD baik dari segi kevalidan dan kepraktisan. Berdasarkan hasil uji kevalidan oleh ahli instrumen, ahli materi dan ahli desain, uji kepraktisan oleh peserta didik, maka LKPD berbasis Problem Solving tergolong sangat baik, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa LKPD berbasis Problem Solving valid dan praktis.

This study aims to reveal and describe social criticism in the short story Ina Tonu by Silvester Petara Hurint. This study uses a sociology of literature approach and a descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study indicate that the short story Ina Tonu by Silvester Petara Hurint displays strong social criticism of various aspects of community life. The social criticism in this short story can be concluded as follows, (1) social criticism of the elimination of local culture, (2) social criticism of the loosening of kinship relations in society, (3) social criticism of forced migration of women and the fading of cultural heritage, (4) social criticism of the commercialization of culture and the fading of the sacred meaning of weaving, (5) social criticism of the stigma against indigenous women who are traumatized and sick, and (6) social criticism of the tendency of modern society to interpret tradition in a limited way.

This critically discusses the role of literary appreciation and criticism in enhancing the quality of literary works by thoroughly reviewing existing practices and theories. Through a qualitative analysis approach, this study highlights how appreciation and criticism not only function as passive responses to works but also as active instruments that shape the quality and innovation of literature. This paper recommends the reconstruction of a more integrated and reflective paradigm of literary appreciation and criticism to significantly contribute to the improvement of literary quality.

This study examines the poem Sajak Sebatang Lisong by W.S. Rendra through a postcolonial lens, focusing on the underlying social criticism embedded within the text. The poem reflects the persistent social inequalities that continue to affect Indonesian society in the post-independence era, particularly in the realms of education and the marginalization of impoverished children. Through symbols such as the cigarette (lisong), wealthy elites (cukong), and the imagery of an endless road, the poem highlights the lingering presence of colonial structures within contemporary social and educational systems. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study utilizes textual analysis and socio-cultural context as primary analytical tools. The findings reveal that political independence has not been fully accompanied by social justice. Structural oppression and limited opportunities continue to hinder the younger generation in their pursuit of a better future. As such, the poem serves as a powerful literary critique of neocolonial practices and ongoing social alienation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how literature can reflect colonial legacies and the socio-political dynamics of post-independence Indonesia, while also enriching the discourse in postcolonial literary studies.  

This study discusses a legal analysis of the differences between criticism and defamation in Indonesian law, especially in the Criminal Code (KUHP) and Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE). The research method used is normative legal with a regulatory and contextual approach. The results of the study show that the Criminal Code and the ITE Law both provide protection for individual honor, but differ in the scope of application. The Criminal Code focuses more on conventional interactions, while the ITE Law regulates the electronic realm. Although it aims to protect the name well, the provisions in the ITE Law are considered to have weaknesses due to the potential for multiple interpretations that can threaten freedom of expression. Therefore, a proportional legal interpretation is needed to maintain a balance between protection of personal honor and respect for freedom.  

Religious gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation that uses religious authority and teachings to question or doubt a person's perceptions, emotions, and experiences, so that the victim feels guilty or unfaithful. In the context of the Muslim community, this practice can occur when religious understanding is used narrowly and authoritarianly, suppressing freedom of thought, and perpetuating power imbalances—both in family relationships, communities, and religious institutions. This article examines the phenomenon of religious gaslighting from the perspective of critical Islamic education, with the aim of dismantling manipulative patterns wrapped in religious narratives. The approach used is qualitative-descriptive with literature analysis of classical and contemporary Islamic sources, as well as interdisciplinary studies in the fields of religious psychology and educational philosophy. The results of the study show that religious gaslighting is not only a matter of individual morals, but also part of an authoritarian social and cultural structure that needs to be countered through liberating (ta'dib) and transformative Islamic education. Islamic education based on the values ​​of justice (al-‘adl), compassion (rahmah), and deliberation can be a critical tool for building a healthy spiritual awareness and freeing people from the shackles of manipulative authority. Thus, education has a central role in forming a generation of Muslims who are able to distinguish between the authenticity of Islamic teachings and their misuse in the practice of power.    

This study aims to deconstruct the technocratic rationality underpinning social investment policies implemented in Bima Regency by critically illuminating the ideological co-optation of neoliberalism, which manifests through the language of modernity, productivity, and pseudo-empowerment. Within a structurally asymmetrical and historically marginalized context, the global paradigm of social investment has been adopted in an ahistorical and depoliticized manner, resulting in policy architectures that are both irrelevant and exclusionary. Employing a critical-qualitative approach with a deconstructive design rooted in post-structuralist epistemology, this research conceptualizes public policy as an ideological text that demands reinterpretation and recontextualization. Data were obtained through rigorous analysis of institutional and academic literature and interpreted using the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings reveal that social investment policies in Bima function not as instruments of structural transformation but rather as symbolic mechanisms of ideological co-optation, which conceal systemic inequality under the guise of bureaucratic performance metrics. The local state apparatus has lost its articulative capacity, subordinated to a global epistemology that is profoundly indifferent to local particularities. Terminologies such as “empowerment” and “human capacity” are reduced to administrative slogans devoid of redistributive justice. Consequently, the social investment paradigm has shifted the state's role from an agent of justice to a managerial entity of poverty normalizing exclusion and reinforcing the subordination of the subaltern populace.

This article explores a critical perspective on epistemology that has long been influenced by Western-centric biases, aiming to uncover its inherent discriminatory aspects. Employing a literature-based approach, the discussion centers on two primary concerns. First, the exclusionary nature of Western epistemology is inseparable from the ideals of modernity, which emphasize progress and innovation. These characteristics often marginalize alternative knowledge systems rooted in traditional or indigenous communities. Second, the discourse of development operates as a mechanism to perpetuate Western epistemological dominance, serving as a justification to reassert control over nations in the Global South or former colonies. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of fostering a critical mindset among scholars, encouraging openness to diverse epistemological frameworks that reflect local contexts, without entirely dismissing the scientific traditions of the West.