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This study analyzes the role of constitutional courts in maintaining the rule of law through a comparative study between the Constitutional Court of Indonesia and the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht). Using a juridical-normative approach with comparative methods, the research examines legal documents, court decisions, and academic literature related to the rule of law and constitutionalism. Secondary data were sourced from scientific journals, laws, and key court decisions, including the Lüth Case (1958), Brokdorf Case (1985), and Lisbon Treaty Case (2009) in Germany, as well as Indonesia's Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 on the Job Creation Law. The study shows that both countries consider the constitution as the highest norm and position their constitutional courts as guardians of the rule of law. However, Germany’s court enjoys high compliance, whereas Indonesia faces challenges due to weak legal culture, political intervention, and low integrity in law enforcement. The German court has developed the living constitution doctrine, while Indonesia remains more formalistic and reactive. This study concludes that the success of constitutional courts depends on institutional independence, compliance by state institutions, and a societal legal culture that respects the constitution.

This study employs the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) adapted from Thiagarajan et al. (1974) to develop a Digital Storytelling medium using Canva for the topic “Family” in Senior High School (SMA/MA). A needs analysis was conducted in the Define phase, revealing that students experienced difficulties in listening and speaking. In the Design phase, a context-based story medium with illustrations, texts, and German audio narration was created. During the Develop phase, the product was validated by two experts. A German language instructor reviewed the material and deemed it suitable for use without revisions. The material validation results showed that the medium is usable without revision, as the material was rated clear, systematic, complete, engaging, and easy to understand. The material expert’s evaluation covered five categories, resulting in a total material score of 95. A media expert evaluated the medium along with audio and video content. The media expert’s assessment included ten categories, resulting in a total media score of 95. Meanwhile, data validation indicated that the medium can be further used with minor revisions, such as enhancing visual elements to make it more dynamic and adjusting audio quality to improve listening comfort. The results of this study show that the development process of the Digital Storytelling medium using Canva for the “Family” topic in Senior High School successfully produced an engaging and communicative product that matches the characteristics of beginner German language learners. This medium contains a story on the theme “Family,” complemented by illustrations, texts, and audio content. The developed video has been uploaded to the YouTube platform to facilitate access for teachers and students.

In German language courses at universities, students must learn four skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. To master these four skills, students must have a good command of vocabulary, as this is the foundation needed to master the German language. This software does not require programming code, so users can easily add graphics and sounds to the game. Without vocabulary, skills such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening cannot be performed. This study aims to create a Construct 2 application that can be used by college students to increase their A1 level German vocabulary. The data for this study is A1 level German vocabulary with the theme “Guten Appetit,” and another source of data is the book “Netzwerk neu A1 Kursbuch” published by Ernst Klett Sprachen GmbH in 2019. This research will be conducted in the foreign language laboratory at UNIMED. The application will be tested by subject matter experts and learning media experts. This research will be published in a nationally indexed journal.

Currently, the world is facing Global Warning Phenomena, El Nino and La Nina, each of these natural phenomena makes above-average rainfall at a time and place and an area, especially impacting large cities that are passed through by water due to high rainfall. With inadequate city channels to accommodate rainwater flow, it results in, among other things, high floods, landslides due to the soil no longer being able to accommodate high rainfall, high Rob floods due to seawater overflowing into coastal areas of the city. Based on the disaster data due to high rainfall, Research, Handling and Mitigation Planning is needed with the aim of obtaining data for drainage design. The study is the observation of rainfall for 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, and 20 years, so that by calculating the intensity of rain using the Gumbel and Pearson III Log distribution methods, accurate data is obtained to determine the drainage dimensions that must be made in a city and the dimensions of retaining walls along the coast to overcome storm disasters in coastal areas or big cities.

The church tradition in Germany not only includes liturgical and theological aspects, but also serves as an important foundation for the cultural and moral identity of German society. The differences of views and clashes between church denominations and political forces have opened up space for a deeper understanding of the meaning of tolerance, reconciliation, and fidelity to the values of faith. On the other hand, the renewal of the German church reflects an effort to remain relevant in the face of the challenges of the times, such as secularism, religious pluralism, and moral crises, including through theological and liturgical reforms. This article aims to explore how the history of the church in Germany, with all its traditions, conflicts, and renewals, can be an inspiration for Christians today. The research was carried out using qualitative methods and historical approaches, using literature studies that include analysis of primary sources such as historical records, and writings of church figures, as well as secondary sources in the form of books, journals, and scientific articles. By understanding this historical journey, believers can learn about the importance of maintaining faith in the midst of changing times, strengthening unity in diversity, and reviving the spirit of spiritual renewal that is relevant to strengthen faith in today's life.

Education is an important foundation for individual and societal development. Education systems in various countries have unique characteristics that reflect their values, history and socio-economic needs. In a global context, the education systems in the United States and Germany are examples of two very different but equally influential approaches in shaping the future of their young generation. Education in the United States is known for its diverse and flexible system. The country has adopted a decentralized model, in which educational responsibility rests largely with states and school districts. Curriculum often varies from region to region, giving freedom to adapt course material to local needs. This system also prioritizes the principle of inclusion, with various programs that support diversity and access to education for all students, including those with special needs. High schools offer a variety of educational pathways, including academic, vocational, and arts pathways, giving students the freedom to choose according to their interests and talents. Education in Germany is famous for its structured system and focus on early specialization. After completing basic education, students in Germany follow different educational paths according to their abilities and interests, through a system known as, Realschule or Gymnasium. Vocational education is also receiving great attention in Germany, with many students following a dual system that combines practical training in the workplace with theoretical education at school. This system aims to ensure that students gain skills relevant to the needs of the job market and facilitate a smooth transition from education to the world of work. With these differences in approach, each country offers valuable insight into how education can be organized to meet social and economic goals. Comparative analysis between these two systems can provide insight into the strengths and challenges of each model, as well as the potential for implementing best practices in a global educational context.

German language learning in High School (SMA) holds significant importance in the current era of globalization. The complexity of German grammar, including gendered nouns and article usage, demands innovative approaches in the learning process. This research explores innovative learning methods, focusing on the implementation of Game Based Learning (GBL) and the teaching of Nomen materials, to enhance the effectiveness of German language learning in SMA. The primary goal is to increase student participation and equip them with strong communication skills in German. Research findings indicate that integrating innovative learning methods, such as GBL, can serve as effective tools in achieving improved German language learning outcomes in SMA.

German language learning in High School (SMA) holds significant importance in the current era of globalization. The complexity of German grammar, including gendered nouns and article usage, demands innovative approaches in the learning process. This research explores innovative learning methods, focusing on the implementation of Game Based Learning (GBL) and the teaching of Nomen materials, to enhance the effectiveness of German language learning in SMA. The primary goal is to increase student participation and equip them with strong communication skills in German. Research findings indicate that integrating innovative learning methods, such as GBL, can serve as effective tools in achieving improved German language learning outcomes in SMA.

This study to explore the application of scientific methods in German language learning with the theme "Unterwegs". The research was conducted in the context of a Micro Learning course involving 34 students. By implementing 11 indicators of the scientific approach and five main steps, namely observation/observation, asking questions, gathering information, association/information gathering and communication. This research shows that the scientific method can improve learning quality and student engagement. The results confirm that the scientific approach applied flexibly and creatively is not only effective but can also deepen students' understanding of the material. The findings provide important insights for the development of more effective and engaging language teaching methods.

This study aims to find out the differences contained in. German phonological system, Indonesian phonological system. This place of research is not tied to one place because the objects studied are in the form of text, namely Indonesian journals and German. This form of research is qualitative descriptive with content analysis method. The results of this study that Indonesian and German phonological differences are seen in the number of vowel and consonant phonemes. The Indonesian vocal system has five vowel phonemes. German has a relatively more diverse vowel variant than other languages, there are 15 vowels in total. The difference between Indonesian and German consonant phonemes lies in the phonemes /ɔ/ʊ/, /ɛ:/ and /ɛ/, /ø:/and also /œ/ which are not present in Indonesian. Differences in Indonesian and German phonology can make it difficult for Indonesian speakers to understand German, and vice versa.

Perang yang terjadi antara dua negara maupun lebih akan mengakibatkan terjadinya pengungsian secara besar guna mencari kehidupan yang lebih layak dan melarikan dari wilayah konflik. Negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa merupakan negara yang mau membuka perbatasan dan menerima pengungsi dari wilayah konflik terutama dari wilayah Timur Tengah. Jerman dengan kebijakan pintu terbuka yang dicetuskan pada masa kepemimpinan Angela Merkel meenrima banyak apresiasi dari banyak pihak. Akan tetapi dampak negative muncul dengan membeludaknya angka kriminalitas di Jerman dan hal ini membuat Jerman secara tidak langsung memikirkan keputusan mereka dalam menerima pengungsi. Artikel ini akan membahas problematika yang muncul dari penerimaan pengungsi bagi Jerman dan bagaimana identitas masyarakat Eropa memiliki peranan yang cukup penting.    

Adanya Parpol dalam negara demokrasi menjadi ciri yang konstitusional, sebab dengan adanya partai politik kebebasan berkumpul dan berserikat menjadi legal dengan bernaung dibawah organisasi parpol. Namun demikian keberadaan parpol dalam negara harus patuh dan tunduk pada aturan yang telah ditetapkan. Sehingga pembubaran parpol menjadi suatu keniscayaan bila ditemukan penyimpangan atau pelanggaran hukum dalam praktiknya. Pembubaran partai politik di Indonesia menjadi kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi bedasarkan ketentuan Pasal 24C Ayat 1 UUD Tahun 1945 yang selanjutnya diatur dalam PMK No. 12 Tahun 2008 tentang Pembubaran Partai Politik. Partai politik dapat dibubarkan jika ideologi, asas dan tujuan bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan UUD tahun 1945. Negara Jerman mengatur pemburan partai politik dalam pasal 21 Basic Law apabila tujuan didirikannya partai atau tindakan anggota maupun pengikutnya berusaha menghapuskan tatanan dasar demokrasi yang bebas dan membahayakan keberadaan Negara Federal Jerman.