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The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) is a government policy aimed at providing health protection for all Indonesians through fair, equitable, and sustainable healthcare services. However, its implementation still faces various challenges and issues. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the JKN program in Indonesia using a systematic literature review and the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. Ten scientific articles published between 2021 and 2025 were selected and analyzed based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicate that in the context aspect, there are still problems, such as a large number of participants with inactive membership status and a low level of public understanding of their rights and obligations as JKN participants. In the input aspect, obstacles faced include limited health workers, uneven distribution, and inadequate facilities and infrastructure. Furthermore, in the process aspect, various obstacles were found, such as long service queues, complex administrative procedures, disruptions in the medical record system, and the suboptimal use of digital-based services. Meanwhile, in terms of products, the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has proven effective in improving public access to healthcare services, although service quality remains uneven, drug availability remains unstable, and the BPJS Kesehatan financing system still faces several challenges. Overall, the JKN program has had a positive impact on the community, but comprehensive improvements are still needed, particularly in strengthening governance, equitable access to services, and improving the quality of healthcare services.

Social protection programs in Indonesia play a strategic role in poverty alleviation and supporting economic development. One form of social protection implementation at the regional level is the Depok Prosperity Card (KDS) Program, implemented by the Depok City Government as a means of ensuring food security for underprivileged communities. However, the program's implementation has been deemed incompletely transparent and poorly targeted, as expressed by several members of the Depok City Council (DPRD). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the implementation of the city's food security policy through the Depok Sejahtera Card Program in Tanah Baru Village, Depok City. This study uses Charles O. Jones's policy implementation theory, which encompasses three main indicators: organization, interpretation, and implementation. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results indicate that, from an organizational perspective, the Depok Sejahtera Card Program has been implemented quite well, characterized by a clear division of tasks among relevant stakeholders. From an interpretive perspective, the program has a strong legal basis through Depok Mayor Regulation Number 79 of 2022 and aims to reduce poverty. However, various obstacles remain in the implementation aspect, resulting in program implementation not being optimal and efficient. Nevertheless, the program is considered beneficial for recipient communities, although an increase in the amount of assistance is still needed to meet food needs for a period of one month.

This study investigates the optimization of claims under the Indonesian Case-Based Groups (INA-CBGs) payment mechanism within the National Health Insurance Program (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional) at Hospital X in Serang. The research aims to analyze the influence of managerial competence, digital adoption, and organizational behavior on claim effectiveness, with policy implementation serving as a moderating variable. Employing a quantitative explanatory approach, data were collected from 144 respondents comprising management staff, casemix teams, and medical record officers through questionnaires and structured interviews. Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) was applied to examine the relationships among variables. Findings reveal that managerial competence, digital adoption, and organizational behavior significantly and positively affect the optimization of INA-CBGs claims. Furthermore, the implementation of the National Health Insurance Program policy strengthens these relationships, enhancing claim efficiency and equity. The results align with the Resource-Based View theory, highlighting the strategic role of internal resources in achieving organizational performance. Managerial implications include capacity building for managers, integration of hospital information systems (SIMRS) with e-Claim platforms, and fostering collaborative organizational culture. Overall, the study underscores the importance of managerial, technological, and behavioral factors, moderated by policy implementation, in improving hospital claim optimization under the INA-CBGs system.

The National Health Insurance Program (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional or JKN) is a government initiative aimed at ensuring equitable, accessible, and affordable healthcare services for all Indonesian citizens. Since its implementation in 2014, the program has covered more than 90% of the population; however, several challenges remain, particularly concerning the quality of services at primary healthcare facilities such as community health centers (puskesmas). This study aims to analyze the quality of JKN services at the Cengkareng Public Health Center, West Jakarta, using the five dimensions of service quality proposed by Parasuraman: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and document analysis involving healthcare workers and JKN patients. The findings indicate that the overall service quality at Puskesmas Cengkareng remains suboptimal. The tangibles and assurance dimensions are relatively good, while reliability, responsiveness, and empathy are still lacking. Major complaints include long waiting times, poor doctor–patient communication, and unfriendly staff attitudes. These findings highlight the need for improving human resource professionalism, strengthening service management systems, and conducting periodic evaluations to enhance the overall quality and patient satisfaction among JKN participants.  

Penelitian ini membahas secara mendalam mengenai perlindungan hukum bagi nasabah dalam sengketa gadai syariah, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan pengembalian barang jaminan setelah pelunasan utang. Perkembangan industri gadai syariah di Indonesia yang sangat pesat menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap lembaga keuangan berbasis syariah. Namun, di sisi lain, dinamika ini juga memunculkan tantangan baru dalam aspek perlindungan konsumen, terutama ketika terjadi wanprestasi, kesalahan administrasi, atau kelalaian lembaga gadai dalam menjaga serta mengembalikan barang jaminan milik nasabah. Melalui pendekatan yuridis normatif dan studi kasus terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Agama Banjarmasin Nomor 1112/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Bjm, penelitian ini berupaya menganalisis bentuk tanggung jawab hukum lembaga gadai serta perlindungan yang seharusnya diterima oleh nasabah sebagai pihak yang dirugikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dalam perspektif hukum syariah, barang gadai (marhun) memiliki kedudukan hukum sebagai amanah yang wajib dijaga dengan penuh tanggung jawab oleh pihak penerima gadai (murtahin). Apabila lembaga gadai lalai dalam menjaga atau gagal mengembalikan barang tersebut, maka tindakan tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai wanprestasi sekaligus pelanggaran terhadap prinsip keadilan dan hak-hak konsumen. Perlindungan hukum terhadap nasabah diatur dalam berbagai peraturan, antara lain Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata), Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, serta pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) terhadap lembaga keuangan syariah. Namun demikian, efektivitas implementasi peraturan tersebut masih menghadapi berbagai kendala, seperti lemahnya pengawasan, kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai hak-haknya, serta minimnya mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang cepat dan transparan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan sistem pengawasan serta edukasi hukum bagi masyarakat agar prinsip keadilan, kepastian hukum, dan kemaslahatan dalam transaksi gadai syariah dapat terwujud secara menyeluruh.

Dalam pelaksanaannya, jaminan fidusia bisa dieksekusi dengan menggunakan sertifikat jaminan yang memiliki kekuatan hukum setara dengan putusan pengadilan yang sudah bersifat tetap dan mengikat. Namun dalam penerapannya, hal ini menimbulkan polemik karena adanya ketimpangan hukum, hingga terbitlah Putusan MK Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019. Penulisan ini membahas mengenai pengaturan kekuatan eksekutorial Pasal 15 ayat (2) dan (3) UU Jaminan Fidusia, baik sebelum maupun sesudah terbitnya Putusan MK Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019, dan implikasinya dengan menggunakan metode hukum normatif yang berlandaskan studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah parate eksekusi yang dijalankan cenderung melanggar prinsip due process of law, sehingga terjadi pergeseran paradigma dari sistem eksekusi yang absolut menuju sistem eksekusi yang berkeadilan dan sejalan dengan prinsip negara hukum yang menjamin kepastian serta perlindungan hak konstitusional para pihak. Pergeseran tersebut menjadikan pembagian hak dan kewajiban antara debitur dan kreditur menjadi lebih adil, transparan, dan sesuai dengan prinsip keadilan substantif.

The quality of education is a crucial issue that continues to receive attention in facing the challenges of globalization, digitalization, and the demands of 21st century competencies. Quality improvement efforts are not only related to the quality of students' learning outcomes, but also concern the role of leadership, management effectiveness, and the implementation of a quality assurance system. This study aims to identify strategies to improve the quality of education that have been studied in the literature for the last five years (2020-2025) and answer two research questions, namely: (1) what quality strategies are predominantly discussed in the literature, and (2) how the role of leadership, strategy management, and quality assurance in supporting the quality of education. The method used is literature review with a qualitative approach. Data was obtained from Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) databases using the keyword "quality strategy" with a publication year limit of 2020–2025. The search yielded 30 articles, which then through a screening and selection process obtained 5 relevant articles for analysis. The results of the analysis show three main trends: (1) the strategic role of school principals in building a quality culture, (2) the importance of evaluation and implementation of quality management in a sustainable manner, and (3) the synergy of visionary leadership with the quality assurance system  as the basis for sustainable quality. This study concludes that the education quality strategy requires the integration of these three aspects. Going forward, further research is needed to develop integrative models across approaches and broader educational contexts.

This study analyses the challenges of digitalising registration services at Primary Healthcare Facilities (Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama, FKTP) in East Java, including limitations in human resources, technological infrastructure, and public digital literacy, all of which affect the satisfaction of National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN) patients. Utilising the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology with the PRISMA approach, the study reviews literature from 2024–2025 sourced from databases such as Google Scholar, using keywords related to digitalisation, FKTP, and patient satisfaction. The analysis is based on the ADO (Antecedent, Decision, Outcome) framework. The findings identify three key factors: (1) Antecedents (human resource competence, infrastructure, digital literacy); (2) Decisions (human resource training, facility modernisation, public outreach); and (3) Outcomes (increased patient satisfaction through time efficiency and ease of access). The study emphasises the need to strengthen human resources, provide adequate infrastructure, and educate the public to ensure the sustainability of digital healthcare services at FKTPs in East Java.

This research examines judicial discrepancies in criminal cases of fiduciary transfer, focusing on Decision No. 45/Pid.Sus/2023/PN.SMN. Discrepancy is understood as the inconsistency between trial facts, the prosecutor’s evidence, and the judge’s considerations, which may lead to injustice and reduce public trust in the judiciary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the forms of discrepancy found in the decision and to assess their legal implications for the protection of the defendant’s rights and legal certainty. The research method employed is empirical juridical research with a sociological juridical approach, using statutory analysis, case studies, interviews with law enforcers, and literature review. The findings indicate disharmony in the assessment of intent (mens rea), the interpretation of written consent, and the proof of losses suffered by fiduciary recipients. Such discrepancies weaken the quality of the judgment, create legal uncertainty, and potentially violate the principle of fair trial. This study concludes that harmonization between trial facts, prosecutorial evidence, and judicial reasoning is necessary to maintain the integrity of the criminal justice system, improve the quality of judicial decisions, and strengthen legal protection for the parties involved.

The socialisation of information about the Halal Product Guarantee System aims to open the insights and knowledge of MSME players regarding the benefits and importance of halal certification on products. The method used by the service team is through structured socialisation activities regarding the system. The results of this activity show that the entire series of socialisation went smoothly, and received a positive response from MSME players. They feel motivated and encouraged to immediately take part in further activities, including halal companion training which is one of the main requirements in the process of applying for product halal certification

The rapid development of information technology has an impact on the development of financial services with the presence of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending Financial Technology. The presence of P2P Lending has created its own legal complexities in relation to the legal relationship between lender and borrower and risk mitigation efforts, especially the risk of default without specific collateral. This research aims to analysis the legal relationship between Lender and Borrower and the legal protection for Lender in the event of default risks in the implementation of P2P Lending in Indonesia using a normative legal approach. The results of the research indicate that the legal relationship between lender and borrower is a general loan agreement involving a P2P lending platform as an intermediary between lender and borrower. POJK No. 10/POJK.05/2022 plays an important role as a regulation that ensures risk mitigation in the implementation of P2P lending, including the obligation of operators to transfer funding risks to third parties, which has been implemented by PT Amartha Mikro Fintek in collaboration with PT Jaminan Kredit Indonesia (Persero) to provide guarantee facilities for P2P Lending services to ensure legal protection for Lenders.

The Police Record Certificate (SKCK) policy as one of the requirements in the labor recruitment process often becomes an obstacle for former convicts to obtain employment. In fact, the right to work is part of human rights (HAM) that should be guaranteed for every individual, including those who have completed their sentence. This study analyzes the impact of the SKCK policy on employment opportunities for former convicts and how its elimination can be a progressive step in realizing human rights equality. This study uses a normative legal approach by examining related regulations, human rights principles, and comparative studies with other countries that have implemented inclusive policies for former convicts in the world of work. The results of the study show that the SKCK policy in job recruitment has the potential to discriminate against former convicts and strengthen social stigma, thus hindering their reintegration process into society. The elimination or at least reform of the SKCK policy to be more inclusive is expected to open up fairer access to employment, strengthen social rehabilitation, and reduce the rate of recidivism. Therefore, changes in regulations and policies are needed that better support the fulfillment of the rights of former convicts to obtain equal employment opportunities.

The National Health Insurance (JKN) program is a strategic initiative by the Indonesian government to ensure accessible and affordable healthcare for all citizens. Based on literature review and analysis of secondary data, the JKN program significantly contributes to reducing direct household health expenditures (Out-of-Pocket/OOP), particularly among low-income and vulnerable populations. However, several challenges remain, including additional outlays for uncovered services such as non-generic medications and inpatient class upgrades, as well as limitations in health infrastructure. Furthermore, the integration of digital technology through the JKN Mobile application demonstrates a high level of effectiveness in administrative efficiency and user participation. This platform has expanded healthcare accessibility and improved user satisfaction, although digital literacy and technological disparities persist. Hence, strengthening technology-based policies and conducting regular evaluations are essential for ensuring the sustainability and equity of the JKN program implementation.

Effectiveness is a fundamental component that functions to achieve the goals and objectives that have been set in an organization or program. BPJS organizes the Work Accident Insurance (JKK) program to provide protection and a sense of security to workers against the risk of work accidents in the form of financial support. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, using data collection techniques in the form of interviews, field observations, and documentation reviews. The data analysis process includes the stages of data reduction, information presentation, and drawing conclusions. To ensure the validity of the data, this study uses a triangulation method that includes source triangulation, technique triangulation, and time triangulation. The findings of this study indicate that in general the implementation of the work accident insurance program at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan has been carried out effectively, in accordance with the three main indicators of effectiveness used as references in this study. However, in the indicator of achieving program objectives, there are still several targets that have not been fully realized. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Work Accident Insurance program at the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Cilandak Branch Office, South Jakarta, has shown good effectiveness, although there is still room for improvement, especially in terms of achieving program objectives as a whole.

Economic development in today's world has grown rapidly, leading to numerous changes in human life. By investing in the capital market, it becomes one of the alternatives for financing the community's economy and is easily accessible to the public. One of them is to invest in bond securities in issuer companies. However, by purchasing bonds in the capital market with the issuer company, in addition to providing benefits through interest rates, there are risks, including if the issuer company goes bankrupt. Under these conditions, the holder of the unsecured bond will be positioned as a concurrent creditor, whose repayment is made after the separatist and preferred creditor. Although not guaranteed collateral, bondholders still obtain legal guarantees of their rights through information disclosure, the role of trustees, and arrangements within the applicable legal framework.

A separatist creditor are those holding proprietary security rights over a debtor’s assets, granting them preferential claims in the satisfaction of debts through the execution of the collateral. Article 59 of the Indonesian Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations Law (UU KPKPU) restricts the exercise of such execution rights to a period of two months following the declaration of bankruptcy. This limitation raises issues of fairness, as it treats all creditors equally without regard to the legal priority attached to secured creditors. The provision risks undermining the absolute nature of proprietary security rights and deviates from the principle of proportional justice as articulated by Aristoteles. This article adopts a normative legal approach, examining statutory provisions, legal principles, and relevant doctrinal opinions. The findings suggest that the uniform treatment of secured and unsecured creditors after the expiry of the execution period is inconsistent with the fundamental characteristics of secured rights, namely their priority and enforceability against third parties. Accordingly, a revision of the existing legal framework is necessary to ensure the proper and equitable enforcement of secured creditors' rights in bankruptcy proceedings.

Intelligence is closely related to the state, because intelligence functions as an important tool and instrument to maintain the security and sovereignty of the state. Intelligence helps the state in identifying, analyzing, and overcoming threats, both from within and outside the country, and supports the formulation of effective security and defense policies so that appropriate steps can be taken to protect national interests. This writing uses a normative legal research method, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data, also called doctrinal research, where law is often conceptualized as what is written in laws and regulations (law in books) or conceptualized as rules or norms that are benchmarks for human behavior. Intelligence at the practical level plays a role as the vanguard in the national security system. The provisions of Law Number 17 of 2011 concerning State Intelligence. which is the legal umbrella for intelligence organizers in carrying out intelligence duties and functions, where the essence of state intelligence is the first line in the national security system. Forms of legal protection for Intelligence Agency agents guaranteed by the state include personal protection, family protection, security protection, welfare protection and supervision.

Law enforcement against criminal acts of companies that do not pay and deposit BPJS contributions based on the Social Security Organizing Agency Law. To determine and analyze the factors that influence the enforcement of criminal acts against companies that do not pay and deposit contributions to the Social Security Organizing Agency. Where this research method is normative juridical and empirical juridical. Normative juridical research is conducted by examining library materials or secondary materials only. This research is also carried out by describing, examining and explaining and analyzing normative provisions associated with the research nisi. While empirical research is based on the reality that researchers get in the field. From the results of this study it is known that the application of criminal sanctions against companies that are in arrears of employment social security contributions in Gorontalo Province has not shown optimal effectiveness or in other words less effective, this is based on the findings showing that the application of criminal sanctions against violations of participation in the employment social security program has not been effective, because 64.48% of workers have not received the protection of the program. Factors that influence companies that do not pay and deposit contributions to the Social Security Organizing Agency, namely: Economic and Financial Factors of the Company, Level of Knowledge and Compliance, Perception of Benefits and Risks, Access and Ease of Payment, Law Enforcement and Sanctions, Social and Cultural Factors.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the knowledge that affects Assets and Profitability at PT. JAMKRIDA NTT and to analyze the effect of capital deposits on profitability at PT. JAMKRIDA NTT. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method, using a research method that focuses on in-depth observation to understand the phenomena that occur, this approach uses descriptive data in the form of discussions and writings or oral from people and actors who want to be interviewed while quantitative research focuses on data and statistics to measure, calculate and compare from the data taken such as analyzing data from asset growth and the company's capital structure and how the company's profitability is. The results of this study are that asset growth and capital structure affect profitability at a The company has a very important influence in running a company's activities, especially to increase the value of the company.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a significant role in the economy, but often face obstacles in accessing financing. Credit performance guarantee is one of the mechanisms to mitigate risks for financial institutions. Along with the development of financial technology, innovative credit scoring emerged as an alternative method of assessing the creditworthiness of MSMEs. This research aims to analyze the legal effectiveness of the application of MSME credit performance guarantees based on innovative credit scoring. This research uses a normative juridical method with qualitative juridical analysis to try to examine and analyze the problems studied. The application of innovative credit scoring in MSME credit performance guarantees has the potential to increase the legal effectiveness of guarantees through a more comprehensive and accurate risk assessment. However, its implementation requires regulatory clarity regarding scoring standards, personal data protection, and dispute resolution mechanisms. An adaptive and responsive legal framework to technological innovation is crucial to optimize the role of innovative credit scoring in strengthening the effectiveness of MSME credit performance guarantees and promoting financial inclusion.