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This study is motivated by the author’s interest in the concept of God’s faithfulness (khesed) as revealed in the book of Hosea, which portrays God’s steadfast love through the marriage of Hosea and Gomer. Gomer represents Israel, the unfaithful spouse, while Hosea embodies God’s enduring love despite betrayal. Contemporary family life faces numerous challenges, including infidelity, economic hardship, incompatibility, and divorce problems also affecting Christian families in the Toraja Church congregation of Tabang. This study aims to describe the hermeneutics of khesed in the book of Hosea and its practical theological implications for families in that congregation. A qualitative research method was employed, incorporating library research, field research, and interviews with six informants. The findings reveal that khesed refers to an act of faithfulness rooted in obedience to previously agreed vows, commitments, and principles. The practical theological implication is that every Christian family is called to reflect God’s faithfulness by remaining loyal to their spouse, to others, and to God in every dimension of life.

The shift in the international political order from a unipolar to a multipolar system has created increasingly complex global security dynamics and the potential for conflicts among states. This condition requires improving international political literacy among civil society, particularly Indonesian youth, so they can critically understand and respond to geopolitical transformations. In response to this urgency, this Community Service Program (PKM) aimed to enhance students’ global issue literacy through the Foreign Policy Community of Indonesia (FPCI) Goes To School (FGTS) 5.0 program themed Conflict & Military. The activity was conducted on April 6, 2026, involving 40 eleventh-grade students at SMA Negeri 97 Jakarta. The implementation method combined interactive lectures with popular culture references to make the material easier for teenagers to understand. Evaluation was conducted through pre-tests and post-tests in the form of multiple-choice quizzes. The material covered the concept of United States national interests, the Board of Peace (BoP) security initiative, Realism Theory, and the conflicts involving the United States, Israel, and Iran. The evaluation results showed that students had strong understanding of popular global issues but limited comprehension of technical aspects related to international institutions, such as the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Therefore, future international political literacy programs should focus more on strategic and technical issues that are less familiar to the public.

This study aims to examine the differences in stock prices before and after the Palestine-Israel ceasefire event in fast-food restaurant companies,  Pizza Hut and KFC. International-scale events may influence investor perceptions, as reflected in stock price movements in the capital market. This study employs a comparative quantitative approach using stock price data collected over 30 days before and 30 days after the ceasefire event. The analyzed data consist of secondary data processed through descriptive statistics, normality tests, and hypothesis testing. The findings indicate that the average stock price of PZZA increased after the event, whereas FAST experienced a decline in its average stock price. These results reveal differences in stock prices between the periods before and after the ceasefire event in both companies. The findings further suggest that geopolitical events are associated with changes in stock prices in the fast-food restaurant industry, although market responses differ across companies. Therefore, future studies are recommended to expand the scope of research objects and extend the observation period to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of market responses to international events.

This study aims to analyze the leadership qualifications of Moses in Exodus 18:21 and examine their relevance for contemporary Christian team leadership. The research is grounded in the increasing complexity of modern leadership challenges, which often prioritize structural effectiveness without sufficient ethical and spiritual foundations. Employing a qualitative approach with a historical-grammatical hermeneutical method, this study interprets the text within its historical, literary, and lexical contexts. The findings reveal that the four leadership criteria—capable, God-fearing, trustworthy, and hating dishonest gain—form an integrated value system that undergirds Israel’s collective leadership structure. The novelty of this research lies in its interpretation of Exodus 18:21 not merely as a description of Moses’ personal charisma, but as a paradigm for participatory and ethically grounded team leadership. Theologically, the “fear of God” functions as the normative center that integrates competence and integrity. These findings suggest that contemporary Christian leadership development should prioritize spiritual character and moral accountability as foundational elements in building sustainable and integrity-based teamwork..

This study aims to examine Deuteronomy 22:13-30 using a hermeneutic approach and relate it to the current level of awareness of early marriage among Christian congregations. The method used was a qualitative literature study, with the Bible as the primary source, supplemented by various related theological literature. The results indicate that this section of the text contains important theological values, such as holiness, justice, responsibility, and respect for human dignity, especially women, in the context of marriage. Although this text originates from the patriarchal culture of ancient Israel, its principles remain relevant in today's context. Regarding the phenomenon of early marriage, it was found that this practice often occurs without adequate preparation, whether emotional, spiritual, or economic, and thus risks causing various problems in the household. Therefore, the church has a responsibility to raise congregational awareness through faith formation, premarital education, and contextual pastoral care. This study confirms that marriage is a life calling that requires maturity and serious commitment, not simply a solution to social problems.

This study aims to analyze exegetically and socio-historically the text of Deuteronomy 21:10–14 concerning the treatment of female war captives in ancient Israel. This passage has often been debated as it is perceived to reflect a patriarchal system, thus requiring a comprehensive interpretation to understand its original intent. This research employs a qualitative approach based on library research, utilizing textual exegesis, historical-critical, and literary analysis of the Hebrew text, as well as an examination of the Ancient Near Eastern context. The findings reveal that the legal structure of the text is progressive and regulatory in nature, not legitimizing exploitation but rather restricting male behavior through specific procedures, including a mourning period and a process of social transition for the captive woman. The analysis of Hebrew terminology highlights symbolic meanings related to status transformation, purification, and recognition of the woman's humanity. In its socio-historical context, this law differs significantly from common practices in the Ancient Near East, which often exploited war captives, by imposing limitations on economic and social exploitation and providing a degree of protection. Theologically, the text reflects the function of the Mosaic law as a regulatory framework that introduces justice and humanity within a complex social reality. Therefore, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 is best understood as an ethical effort to limit inhumane practices rather than to endorse them.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the geopolitical conflict between the United States, Israel, and Iran in 2026 on global macroeconomic stability and climate change dynamics. Using a qualitative approach through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this research synthesizes findings from various international journal articles, reports, and academic sources. The results indicate that the conflict has significantly disrupted global energy markets, leading to a sharp increase in oil and gas prices. This energy shock has triggered global inflationary pressures, reduced purchasing power, and increased economic uncertainty across both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, monetary tightening policies implemented to control inflation have created trade-offs with economic growth, increasing the risk of global recession. On the fiscal side, government interventions such as energy subsidies have helped mitigate short-term impacts but have raised concerns about long-term fiscal sustainability. In addition, the energy crisis has slowed the transition toward renewable energy, thereby exacerbating climate change risks. The study highlights the interconnectedness between geopolitical conflict, macroeconomic instability, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, coordinated global policies and integrated economic strategies are essential to address these multidimensional challenges effectively.

This research is prompted by the unique narrative of Rahab, a Canaanite woman who occupies a critical theological position in Israel’s history of salvation despite her status as an outsider to the chosen people. The primary focus of this study is to explore the dimensions of Rahab’s faith and God’s sovereignty as recorded in Joshua 2:1-12. This study aims to analyze how the confession of faith from a marginalized individual aligns with God's sovereign plan and to determine the relevance of these values for contemporary Christian witness. The method employed is a qualitative approach utilizing library research and exegetical analysis of the text in Joshua 2:1-12. The findings indicate that Rahab's faith was not merely an act of self-preservation but a theological response to the formidable power of God that transcends ethnic boundaries and social status. God's sovereignty is proven capable of working through unexpected subjects to fulfill His divine purpose. The implications of this research assert that modern Christian witness must be inclusive and transformative, where the courage to declare God's truth amidst threatening situations constitutes a tangible form of living faith. The church is called to perceive God's sovereignty as the fundamental basis for mission and witness, unrestricted by social or cultural exclusivity.    

Texts depicting violence in the Old Testament, particularly Joshua 6:1–27, are often cited as evidence that the Bible legitimizes divine violence and genocide. This study aims to analyze the narrative of the conquest of Jericho through a historical-critical approach by integrating narrative structure analysis, historical-religious context, and a conceptual study of herem. The method used is a literature review with a qualitative approach that situates the text within the context of the Ancient Near East. The results of the study indicate that Joshua 6 is a systematically constructed theological narrative intended to affirm YHWH’s sovereignty as the Warrior-God and His faithfulness to the covenant with Israel. The concept of herem does not merely signify annihilation but functions as a mechanism for the sanctification of the people and the affirmation of covenantal identity in the face of the threat of syncretism. Furthermore, the use of war language in this text reflects the hyperbolic rhetoric characteristic of ancient literature, and thus cannot be read literally as a legitimization of modern violence. Consequently, a historical-critical reading affirms that this narrative is not a justification for genocide, but rather a theological construction that serves to shape the identity of faith and the understanding of God’s holiness and sovereignty in the history of Israel.

This study aims to examine the message of repentance in Jonah 3:1-10 through an interpretive analysis focusing on the manifestation of God's mercy toward non-Israelite nations. The background of this study is rooted in the theological tension between Israel's exclusivism and the universality of God's love reaching Nineveh, a nation notorious for its cruelty. The method used is qualitative with a historical-grammatical exegesis approach to uncover the meaning of the text in its original context. The research results show that Nineveh's repentance was a radical response to the warning of judgment, involving all elements of society from the common people to political authorities. This phenomenon proves that the primary purpose of God's prophecy of judgment is not destruction, but the transformation of human behavior. This analysis confirms that God's mercy is sovereign and transcends ethnic or geographical boundaries. The implications of this research emphasize the importance for modern faith communities to adopt an inclusive attitude and understand that the sovereignty of God's love cannot be limited by human prejudice against groups perceived as strangers or enemies

This study aims to examine the shift of utterances from criticism to hate speech in digital communication related to the Iran-United States-Israel conflict in 2026 on social media. The study focuses on the transformation of the functions and meanings of users’ comments, which initially appear as opinions or criticism but gradually evolve into expressions that contain elements of hate speech. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method, using a pragmalinguistic approach to interpret the meanings of utterances based on linguistic context, speaker intention, and surrounding social circumstances. The data were obtained from users’ comments on posts shared on Instagram and TikTok through observation and documentation. The collected data were then analyzed by classifying utterances into several categories, including criticism, emotional criticism, offensive speech, personal attack, and hate speech. The findings reveal that the transformation of utterances into hate speech occurs gradually rather than instantly. Initially, evaluative criticism tends to shift due to the increasing use of emotional, sarcastic, and derogatory language, eventually developing into personal attacks, negative labeling, and even dehumanization toward certain groups. These findings indicate that social media may amplify the emergence of hate speech by providing users with broader opportunities to express emotions freely. Therefore, the pragmasemantic approach is considered relevant in understanding the dynamics of meaning transformation in digital communication.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the @starbucksindonesia account's use of Instagram as a communication medium on brand image following the pro-Israel boycott. The boycott arose from Starbucks' alleged involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which triggered a decline in its reputation and negative sentiment among Indonesians. In this situation, Instagram, as a visual-based social media platform, was utilized as a primary means of shaping public opinion and responding to the crisis. The study employed a quantitative approach using an online questionnaire survey. Respondents were 100 followers of the @starbucksindonesia Instagram account, aged 18–35, and former Starbucks customers. Data analysis was conducted using validity and reliability tests, simple linear regression, t-tests, and coefficients of determination using SPSS version 27. The results showed that all research instruments were valid and reliable. The main finding demonstrated that Instagram use had a statistically significant effect on Starbucks' brand image. The coefficient of determination value indicated a strong relationship, indicating that the majority of changes in respondents' perceptions were influenced by communication via Instagram. This research supports the Uses and Effects theory, which states that social media not only serves as an information provider but also has the ability to shape consumer perceptions and attitudes. Therefore, Instagram plays a strategic role in digital communications for crisis management and brand image restoration.

This manuscript does not aim to resolve ideological, historical, or religious claims over territory. Instead, it examines how contemporary forms of power shape protracted conflict through governance mechanisms that regulate land, labor, and resources. Drawing on conflict transformation theory, political economy, and critical governance studies, the article argues that dominant peace frameworks—centered on territorial partition, security coordination, or economic cooperation—are structurally limited because they leave asymmetric governance arrangements intact. These arrangements enable control without political integration, allowing domination to persist even in the absence of formal annexation. By reframing territorial maximalism as a governance project rather than a purely ideological aspiration, the study demonstrates how expansionist ambitions are operationalized through regulatory authority over space, mobility, and economic life. The case illustration of Jericho shows how localized stability and development initiatives can coexist with deep structural dependency when governance authority is not shared. Economic activity and administrative capacity, often interpreted as indicators of progress, may instead stabilize unequal power relations. To address these limitations, the article advances the concept of cooperative territorial governance as a pathway for conflict transformation independent of final-status agreements. By institutionalizing shared authority over labor regulation, land use, and resource management, this framework challenges governance-based domination and offers a pragmatic foundation for transforming the structural conditions sustaining modern territorial conflicts.

The concept of the Day of the LORD in the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament is often narrowly understood as a day of victory and salvation for Israel. However, the book of Amos offers a sharp critique of such an interpretation. This study aims to examine the eschatological meaning of the Day of the LORD in Amos 5:18–24 as a moment of judgment and restoration. This research employs a qualitative method with a biblical hermeneutical approach, particularly historical-contextual and theological analysis of Amos 5:18–24. The findings indicate that the Day of the LORD is portrayed as a divine event that brings judgment against social injustice, religious hypocrisy, and ethical deviation among the people of Israel. At the same time, the text opens the possibility of restoration through the demand for justice and righteousness as expressions of true worship. Therefore, Amos’s eschatology is not speculative about the future but functions as a prophetic critique that calls for repentance and social transformation. This study affirms that the Day of the LORD remains contextually relevant for the contemporary church in integrating faith, worship, and social justice as an inseparable unity.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between Social Learning Theory and the principles of Christian education, particularly in character formation and the discipleship process. Social Learning Theory asserts that human behavior is shaped through observation, imitation, and social interaction, thus role models and the environment play a central role in the learning process. This understanding aligns with Christian education, which emphasizes that faith and character are developed through relationships, life experiences, and role models, as demonstrated in God's relationship with Israel, the life of Jesus Christ, and the practices of the early church. The integration of these two approaches demonstrates that effective Christian character formation requires a combination of modeling, mentoring, and a supportive community, along with the spiritually renewing work of the Holy Spirit. Thus, modern psychological theory and the principles of faith education can complement each other to create a holistic approach to Christian education, whether in the church, school, or family.

The armed conflict between Israel and Palestine, particularly in the Gaza Strip, has caused severe humanitarian impacts and raised strong allegations of violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Israel’s military attacks on civilians, hospitals, and public infrastructure demonstrate breaches of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and humanity as stipulated in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I. This study aims to analyze the forms of violations committed by Israeli forces and examine their legal accountability under international law and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and case approaches, with primary legal materials from international treaties and secondary materials from academic journals and human rights reports. The findings indicate that Israel’s actions in Gaza constitute grave breaches and war crimes, as they deliberately target civilians and obstruct humanitarian assistance. This study emphasizes the urgency of enforcing international law and ensuring global accountability for perpetrators while encouraging member states of the Rome Statute to support ICC-led investigations into the ongoing violations

In international relations, it is very necessary to pay attention to what a country can and cannot do when interacting with other countries as a form of respect for sovereignty and international norms. Relations between countries in international life also include the involvement of international organizations that have an important role in maintaining global stability. In accordance with the goal of international organizations to resolve conflicts between countries, one of the conflicts that must be of concern to the world is armed conflict. One of the wars that is still in the spotlight to this day is the war between Israel and Palestine in the Gaza Strip. The research method used in this article is a normative legal research method with a literature approach and a case approach, namely related to war crimes in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip. The United Nations as part of an international organization within the framework of the Law of the International Organization has made various efforts to maintain peace in Palestine. However, because this war is one of the most complicated, protracted, and fraught with international political importance, its resolution still faces various obstacles that make it difficult to end the conflict to this day.

This study aims to identify: 1) The effect of halal certification on the perceptions of students of the Islamic Economics program at IAIN Pontianak regarding Pro-Israel products. 2) The effect of the product on the perceptions of students of the Islamic Economics program at IAIN Pontianak regarding Pro-Israel products. 3) The effect of religiosity on the perceptions of students of the Islamic Economics program at IAIN Pontianak regarding Pro-Israel products. The method used in this research employs a quantitative method. Data collection was conducted through the distribution of questionnaires to respondents. The data analysis used is panel data, and the hypothesis testing uses the coefficient of determination (R2), partial (t-test). The data used by the researcher is primary data that is then processed into secondary data, which includes halal certification, products, religiosity, and student perceptions. Data testing was also conducted with the help of SPSS 25 and Eviews 12 applications. The results of this study show: 1) The halal certification variable has a significant partial effect on student perceptions, as indicated by a t-statistic value of 1.6157 and a probability (p) of 0.0190. 2) The product variable has a significant partial effect on student perceptions, as indicated by a t-statistic value of 0.481082 and a probability value of 0.0314 < 0.05. 3) The religious variable has a significant partial effect on student perceptions, as indicated by a t-statistic value of 6.9607 and a probability of 0.000 < 0.05.

The Israel–Palestine conflict continues to generate widespread human rights violations, yet international responses are often fragmented due to the political dominance of developed nations, raising critical questions about the effectiveness of human rights protection. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of how such dominance, particularly the use of veto power in the UN Security Council and the provision of direct political and military support, it affects the asymmetry of civilian protection and delays the cessation of hostilities. Using a doctrinal method with normative–qualitative analysis of resolutions, official reports, and global justice frameworks, this research also evaluates the effectiveness of normative diplomacy carried out by Indonesia and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in promoting ceasefires, accountability, and victim recovery. The findings indicate that vetoes and material support create systemic barriers to compliance with humanitarian law, significantly weakening efforts to protect human rights. Nevertheless, Indonesia’s and the OIC’s consistent diplomacy contributes to mobilizing international support, although their policy leverage remains limited in the absence of concrete enforcement mechanisms. The main implication of this study underscores the urgent need for a stronger architecture of global compliance, including restrictions on arms support that prolong conflict, conditioning international aid on human rights compliance, ensuring humanitarian access, and reinforcing the implementation of rulings and provisional measures of international judicial bodies, in pursuit of effective accountability and human rights protection.

The effectiveness of the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in enforcing international humanitarian law related to war crimes and forced displacement in Gaza faces complex challenges. Although the ICJ has international legal authority to adjudicate violations of international obligations, the implementation of ICJ decisions, in particular provisional measures that have been issued regarding Gaza, are often ignored by Israel. This non-compliance is further complicated by global political factors, especially the United States' support for the temporary relocation policy of Gazans which exacerbates patterns of forced displacement. This research uses a normative juridical method, with a focus on studying international legal norms, such as the 1945 Statute of the International Court of Justice, the 1949 Geneva Convention IV, and the 1998 Rome Statute. A conceptual approach is used to dissect the concept of the effectiveness of the ICJ's jurisdiction, while a case approach is applied in analyzing the application of the ICJ's jurisdiction to the post-2023 Gaza conflict. political domination of big countries. Therefore, strengthening the ICJ's jurisdiction requires effective compliance system reform and firmer political support from the international community so that the ICJ does not simply become a normative symbol.