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The plantation sector is one of the main pillars in Indonesia’s international trade. Commodities such as palm oil, rubber, coffee, and cocoa serve as leading export products that contribute significantly to the country’s foreign exchange earnings. This study aims to analyze the role of plantation commodity exports in Indonesia’s international economic performance and to identify the challenges faced. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review from various scientific sources. The results indicate that plantation exports contribute substantially to economic growth, employment generation, and the stability of the trade balance. However, several challenges persist, including global price fluctuations, sustainability issues, and international trade barriers. Therefore, strategic policies are required to enhance the competitiveness of Indonesia’s plantation commodities in the global market.

Economic globalization has significantly transformed patterns of labor relations and expanded cross-border labor mobility. These developments necessitate alignment between national labor laws and international labor standards. The International Labour Organization plays a leading role in establishing global standards through various labor conventions and recommendations. This study aims to examine the concept of harmonizing national labor laws with international standards, assess its implementation in Indonesia, and identify the challenges faced. The study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results indicate that Indonesia has adopted most international standards; however, implementation still faces structural, cultural, and economic obstacles. Legal harmonization is a strategic step to enhance worker protection while maintaining national economic competitiveness.

This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of joint ventures in Indonesia as a form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) implemented through Limited Liability Companies based on Law Number 25 of 2007 concerning Investment, Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, and the Indonesian Civil Code. The research employs a normative legal method with a library research approach to examine legal provisions and concepts related to cooperation between foreign investors and domestic parties. The findings indicate the existence of structural imbalances between the parties, where foreign investors possess advantages in capital, technology, business experience, and access to information, resulting in asymmetrical bargaining power. This condition may lead to domination in decision-making, information gaps, and potential exploitation of domestic parties. Furthermore, existing legal protection is considered insufficient to fully implement the principle of equitable bargaining. Therefore, this study proposes a normative reconstruction through the application of principles of balance of power, good faith, transparency, and proportionality in joint venture agreements. The study also recommends preventive supervision through mandatory due diligence by the Financial Services Authority and the Investment Coordinating Board, including the standardization of contractual clauses and disclosure obligations, in order to create fair, sustainable joint venture relationships that protect national interests.

This article examines the legal ambiguities surrounding the status of civilians actively engaged in hostilities (civilian combatants) within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). While the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1998 Rome Statute establish a clear demarcation through the distinction principle, the phenomenon of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) poses a significant legal challenge, as civilians forfeit their protected status upon taking part in combat. Using a normative-legal approach, this study analyzes how acts of violence committed by armed civilians can be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or gross human rights violations. The findings demonstrate that civilian status does not grant impunity for individuals who commit atrocities. Under the principle of individual criminal responsibility, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national tribunals possess the jurisdiction to prosecute offenders, regardless of their formal military standing. Such legal enforcement is paramount to upholding the integrity of humanitarian principles and ensuring justice for victims within the landscape of modern armed conflict.

People with disabilities continue to experience barriers in accessing education, employment, and social participation, requiring active government involvement through inclusive programs. One such initiative is the International Disability Day event organized by the South Tangerang City Social Service in collaboration with Rumah I’m Star. This study aims to analyze the public relations activities of the South Tangerang City Social Service by examining problem identification, planning, implementation, and interpretation in organizing the event. The research is based on the public relations model of Cutlip, Center, and Broom, which includes four stages: defining the problem, planning and programming, taking action and communicating, and evaluating the program. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method was employed. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, involving purposively selected informants from the Public Relations Division of the Social Service, the founder of Rumah I’m Star, beneficiaries, and public relations experts. The findings show that the Social Service identified low public awareness of disability issues as the main problem and responded by developing a collaborative communication strategy with Rumah I’m Star. The activities implemented included art performances, talk shows, and a bazaar showcasing the works of persons with disabilities, which were disseminated digitally. Program evaluation was conducted internally without standardized measurement instruments, limiting interpretation to event outcomes and participant involvement. Overall, the study concludes that these public relations efforts enhanced government communication and promoted inclusion awareness, although broader public engagement is needed for sustainable impact.

This study discusses the effectiveness of Indonesia's halal certification system in supporting international standards and increasing global consumer satisfaction. The study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach to analyze the implementation of the national halal certification system. The results show that the halal certification system has strengthened legal protection and consumer confidence in halal products through synergy between BPJPH, MUI, and LPH. However, there are still challenges in harmonizing halal standards between countries and increasing the recognition of Indonesian certification at the global level. The digitization of the certification process and integration with international standards are considered important to accelerate services and enhance the credibility of the national system. This study recommends strengthening collaboration among stakeholders, international halal diplomacy, and technology-based system innovation so that Indonesia can compete globally and play a role as a world halal certification center

Knowing about how the influence given by salary, incentives, and benefits on employee performance at the International King Bread Factory is the purpose of this study. The sample consisted of 47 respondents with a saturated sample method with the provision that the employees receive salary, incentives, and also benefits using multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the first hypothesis stating that Salary (X1) has a partial significant effect on employee performance is not proven and not true, this can be seen at a significant level of 0.723 which is above the tolerance value of 5% or 0.723> 0.05. The second hypothesis stating that Incentives (X2) have a partial significant effect on employee performance is proven and true, this can be seen at a significant level of 0.048 which is below the tolerance value of 5% or 0.048 <0.05. The third hypothesis stating that Allowance (X3) has a partial significant effect on employee performance is proven and true, this can be seen at a significant level of 0.000 which is below the tolerance value of 5% or 0.000 <0.05. Meanwhile, the fourth hypothesis stating that Salary (X1), Incentive (X2), and Allowance (X3) simultaneously have a significant effect on employee performance (Y) is also proven and true, this can be seen at a significant level of 0.001 which is below the tolerance value of 5% or 0.001 <0.05.

Pepper is currently not only used to meet daily needs but also as an export commodity. Indonesian pepper exports generate foreign exchange for the country. Currently, international competition for pepper exports is increasingly fierce. An evaluation of the level of market competition and the structure of the pepper market at the international level is necessary. The methods used to analyze the level of competition concentration and market structure are the Concentration Ratio of Biggest Four (CR4) and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The types of pepper discussed in this study are white pepper with HS code 090411 and black pepper with HS code 090412. The results obtained indicate that both black and white pepper tend to be in an oligopoly market structure with a relatively high level of competition. Such market conditions are a distinct advantage for Indonesia, as there are not too many competitors while buyers or enthusiasts are quite high. A striking difference occurs in the international black pepper trade. In the black pepper trade, Indonesia is not classified as a country with the largest market share.

The patent dispute between Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is one of the largest Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) conflicts in the modern technology industry. This case began in 2007, when Apple launched the first-generation iPhone, revolutionizing the smartphone market with its minimalist design, full-touch screen, and intuitive interface. The success of the iPhone opened new markets and positioned Apple as an innovation leader. Samsung, as the largest electronics manufacturer in Asia, then produced the Android-based Samsung Galaxy smartphone, which quickly became the iPhone's main competitor. This business competition then turned into a legal dispute when Apple considered Samsung's products too similar to its products. This case involves claims of infringement of design patents and utility patents filed in various jurisdictions such as the United States, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This article uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach. The analysis shows that the patent dispute between Apple and Samsung cannot be resolved through a single international forum due to the territorial nature of the patent system. Therefore, litigation takes place in several countries and results in varying decisions.

Over the past 20 years, developments in digital technology have led to the emergence of financial innovation in the form of cryptocurrencies, with Bitcoin being the main pioneer. Bitcoin is a decentralized, blockchain-based electronic payment system that is not controlled by a single financial institution. Although its presence facilitates quick and straightforward cross-border transactions, it also raises ethical and legal issues, especially when taking into account Islamic law, which strongly emphasizes justice, certainty, and the welfare of society. This paper aims to investigate the usage of Bitcoin in modern economic transactions from the standpoint of Islamic and international law. This study investigates Islamic legal sources, the views of Islamic scholars, fatwas (religious decrees), and international laws and regulations pertaining to cryptocurrency assets using a qualitative, normative-empirical methodology. The results show that, although opinions among scholars differ, the usage of Bitcoin is subject to ijtihadiyah (Islamic ijtihad) in Islamic law. Some reject it because of its great volatility and speculative potential, while others allow it as long as it provides advantages and does not include riba, gharar, or maysir (the risks associated with gambling). In terms of international law, Bitcoin is typically seen as a digital asset that has to be closely watched in order to preserve economic stability and deter financial crime. Therefore, balanced legislation is required to guarantee that the usage of Bitcoin is in line with the principles of sharia maqasid and global economic fairness.

This study aims to analyze the educational service marketing strategies implemented by Pesantren Islam Internasional Al Andalus, Bogor, within the framework of Marketing 6.0. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed to explore the institution’s marketing practices. Data were collected through in depth interviews, observations, and document reviews, and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify emerging strategic patterns. The findings reveal five key themes: strengthening value based Islamic and international branding, utilizing digital marketing strategies to expand promotional reach, applying personalized approaches in interactions with prospective students and parents, the critical role of human resources and alumni in shaping institutional reputation, and internal, external challenges affecting marketing effectiveness. These findings highlight that adopting Marketing 6.0 in Islamic boarding schools requires not only the use of digital tools but also the integration of spiritual values, humanized service, and consistent narrative communication. The study contributes to the literature on Islamic education marketing by offering new insights into a marketing model that aligns with value driven educational institutions in the digital era.

The refugee and asylum seeker phenomenon raises complex legal issues, especially concerning their citizenship status and international legal protection. Many refugees face statelessness, which requires legal safeguards under international instruments such as the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. However, Indonesia has not ratified the 1951 Convention, relying instead on Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016. This study aims to compare the citizenship status of refugees and asylum seekers under international law and Indonesian national law. The research employs a normative legal method with a comparative approach by examining legal instruments, academic journals, and literature. The results show that international law provides broader protection, while Indonesian national law is limited to administrative and humanitarian aspects without granting permanent citizenship. In conclusion, there exists a normative gap between international conventions and Indonesian legal policies, requiring harmonization to ensure adequate protection for refugees and asylum seekers.

This study aims to describe students' perceptions of the impact of international trade on national development strategies amidst economic globalization. In this context, cross-border trade plays an important role in accelerating economic growth and improving the competitiveness of domestic products. Students' understanding, as part of the generation that will drive the future economy, is crucial to assess the extent to which they perceive the relationship between international trade and national development. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach with data collection techniques through the distribution of questionnaires to economics students. The findings show that the majority of students have a positive perception of the contribution of international trade, especially in terms of increasing exports, absorbing foreign investments, and creating job opportunities. However, a small proportion of respondents also noted the risks of dependency on global markets, which could affect domestic economic stability. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of international trade in supporting sustainable and inclusive national development, balancing the benefits of globalization with domestic economic protection.

In an era of globalization marked by increased cross-border interactions, legal relationships in international contracts have become increasingly complex and demand legal certainty for the parties involved. This study aims to analyze the implementation of choice of law clauses in the settlement of international contract disputes from the perspective of International Civil Law. The method used is normative legal research with a qualitative analytical approach through a review of regulations, doctrines, and relevant legal literature. The results of the study show that choice of law clauses play an important role in providing legal certainty, efficiency in the dispute resolution process, and protection of the interests of the parties. However, its application is still limited by the principle of public policy and mandatory rules in the forum country. Thus, the choice of law clause is an important instrument that reflects the balance between the principle of party autonomy and the principle of state sovereignty in the practice of International Civil Law.

Civil relations are not limited to the national sphere, but can also transcend national borders. These relations have existed since ancient Greece and continue to develop today. These transnational relations can give rise to legal issues, such as whether the relationship truly falls within the scope of international relations, the laws that apply to the relationship, and how disputes are resolved using which legal system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Garuda vs. Rolls Royce case, which is part of international civil relations, raising the question of how this case can be included in the scope of international civil law studies and how one of the international conventions governing transnational civil law principles, namely UNIDROIT, can be applied. This study uses a normative approach that compares national and transnational legal systems to provide perspective on the case and a case approach that clearly explains the Garuda vs. Rolls Royce case, starting from the chronology and analyzing the case from the perspective of international civil law principles The results of this study found that this case falls under the scope of international civil law, where international civil law principles such as UNIDROIT can be applied in order to make progressive legal changes in regulating international civil relations to ensure legal protection and certainty for legal subjects. The implications of this research can be a catalyst for progressive legal changes in regulating international civil relations to ensure legal protection and certainty for legal subjects.

The effectiveness of the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in enforcing international humanitarian law related to war crimes and forced displacement in Gaza faces complex challenges. Although the ICJ has international legal authority to adjudicate violations of international obligations, the implementation of ICJ decisions, in particular provisional measures that have been issued regarding Gaza, are often ignored by Israel. This non-compliance is further complicated by global political factors, especially the United States' support for the temporary relocation policy of Gazans which exacerbates patterns of forced displacement. This research uses a normative juridical method, with a focus on studying international legal norms, such as the 1945 Statute of the International Court of Justice, the 1949 Geneva Convention IV, and the 1998 Rome Statute. A conceptual approach is used to dissect the concept of the effectiveness of the ICJ's jurisdiction, while a case approach is applied in analyzing the application of the ICJ's jurisdiction to the post-2023 Gaza conflict. political domination of big countries. Therefore, strengthening the ICJ's jurisdiction requires effective compliance system reform and firmer political support from the international community so that the ICJ does not simply become a normative symbol.  

Perang siber adalah suatu kondisi konflik dengan menggunakan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikas dimana menjadi sebuah fenomena sosial dalam relasi internasional yang menjadi masalah serius bagi bangsa-bangsa di dunia dalam membangun stabilitas internasional. Mmenghadapi variasi bentuk perang siber, dibutuhkan adanya proses pembangunan nasional berbasis keamanan siber/cyber security sebagaimana telah dilakukan oleh beberapa bangsa-bangsa di dunia. Perang siber sesungguhnya merupakan bentuk dari perang dunia ketiga yang sudah terjadi. Kekosongan dalam literatur hukum internasional membuat model serangan siber semakin menunjukkan kesiapannya untuk terlibat dalam konflik bersenjata. Konflik siber, yang melibatkan serangan terhadap sistem komputer dan jaringan digital, menimbulkan pertanyaan kompleks mengenai bagaimana prinsip-prinsip hukum humaniter yang ada dapat diterapkan dalam konteks konflik ini. Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif (legal  study  research) yang bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual dan kasus dari bahan primer dan sekunder. Tantangan HHi dalam mengatur konflik siber mulai dari definisi, pelacakan pelaku, perlindungan masyarakat, sampai penyesuaian hukum dengan teknologi baru. Diperlukan pembaruan hukum, peningkatan kerja sama antar negara, dan penguatan cara penegakan hukum agar perlindungan kemanusiaan tetap terjaga di zaman digital. HHI dapat diterapkan pada konflik siber tetapi perlu adaptasi melalui instrumen baru atau interpretasi progresif sebagaimana Kasus Rusia-Ukraina yang menjadi bukti urgensi penyesuaian hukum.

International trade involves cross-border buying and selling activities between countries, which in practice requires various transportation documents to ensure legal certainty and smooth operations. One of the main documents used is the Bill of Lading (Konosemen), which is a dated letter issued by the carrier as proof of receipt of goods to be transported to a certain destination and delivered to a specified recipient. The Bill of Lading has three essential functions: as a receipt of goods, as evidence of ownership, and as proof of a transportation contract. However, in practice, there are still frequent problems that hinder the optimal function of the Bill of Lading. One notable case is APL Co. Pte. Ltd. v. CV. Dua Sekawan Sejati, which involved discrepancies between the goods shipped and those stated in the Bill of Lading. This study adopts a normative juridical method by examining applicable legal provisions and theoretical concepts related to the law of contracts and transportation. The findings show that discrepancies between the goods shipped and those listed in the Bill of Lading constitute a breach of promise or default under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The Bill of Lading, in this case, serves as a legally binding transportation contract that obligates both parties to fulfill their respective responsibilities. Failure by one party to comply with the terms of the contract results in legal consequences in the form of claims for compensation by the aggrieved party. This research emphasizes the importance of accuracy and accountability in the issuance and use of Bills of Lading in international trade to avoid disputes and ensure legal certainty. Strengthening the regulation and enforcement of Bill of Lading functions is crucial for protecting the rights of parties engaged in cross-border trade.

This study aims to analyze passengers' understanding of prohibited items at Terminal 2 of Juanda International Airport and evaluate the effectiveness of information delivery strategies implemented to support aviation safety and security. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings show that most passengers, particularly elderly individuals, still do not have a clear understanding of the difference between items allowed in the cabin and those that must be placed in checked baggage. Information regarding prohibited items is only discovered when passengers reach the security check area (PSCP), which is considered too late, causing panic and discomfort among passengers. The main factor contributing to the low level of understanding is the unstrategic delivery of information and the lack of engaging communication media. Although information about prohibited items is available through posters and announcements, these methods do not effectively attract passengers' attention. Passengers often overlook the information placed in less visible or strategic locations. This indicates that the current information media have not been effective in providing significant impact on passengers' understanding. This study recommends several steps to improve passenger understanding. The placement of more effective information media, such as eye-catching educational banners and 3D video displays at the departure entrance area, is expected to attract more attention from passengers. Additionally, the use of digital platforms, such as airport apps or social media, could be an effective way to deliver information to passengers before they arrive at the airport. With these strategies, passengers can better prepare and avoid potential mistakes during security checks, thus supporting the smoothness and safety of their flights.

This study explores the strategic use of garbarata as an advertising medium at Minangkabau International Airport, Padang. The garbarata, which is a connecting bridge between the terminal and the aircraft, has great potential as an exclusive advertising space and has high exposure to passengers. However, this potential has not been optimally maximized. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with airport management, direct observation of the garbarata conditions, and analysis of documentation related to advertising policies and non-aeronautical asset management. The results of the study indicate that there are several main obstacles in the use of garbarata as a promotional medium. These obstacles include minimal promotional activities to potential advertisers, unclear pricing systems for advertising space rentals, lack of collaboration with advertising agencies, and limitations in the provision of design services and visual creativity. This has led to low interest of companies in utilizing this media as part of their marketing strategy. To overcome these problems, this study proposes several development strategies, including: increasing active and planned promotional activities, setting flexible and competitive rental prices, strategic collaboration with professional advertising agencies, and providing creative design services to support the effectiveness of advertising messages. This strategy is expected to attract more companies to advertise on the aerobridge, thereby increasing the airport's non-aeronautical revenue. With proper optimization, the aerobridge will not only serve as a functional passenger facility but can also transform into a strategic asset supporting the airport's sustainable commercial development and creating added value for both the operator and its business partners.