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Every individual possesses both rights and obligations that must be understood and exercised in a balanced manner to maintain social order, justice, and collective well-being. A clear understanding of citizens’ responsibilities is essential for creating a prosperous and harmonious society. This study examines the rights and obligations of citizens as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, with a primary focus on exploring how the Constitution guarantees, regulates, and implements these fundamental principles in national life. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through desk research, analysis of constitutional provisions, examination of relevant legal documents, and review of related academic literature. The findings indicate that the 1945 Constitution provides strong protection for fundamental human rights, including the rights to education, health services, employment, legal protection, and freedom of expression. At the same time, the Constitution clearly outlines citizens’ obligations, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, respecting the rights of others, participating in national defense, and contributing to social harmony. The study emphasizes that rights and obligations are interconnected and must be carried out proportionally. Understanding and applying these constitutional principles is crucial for strengthening democratic governance, enhancing legal awareness, and fostering a just, orderly, and sovereign nation.

Physical violence against journalists remains a serious threat that hinders the functioning of democracy in Indonesia. Law Number 40 of 1999 concerning the Press explicitly guarantees legal protection for journalists through Articles 8 and 9, which emphasize freedom from censorship and the right to seek and disseminate information. However, criminal law enforcement against perpetrators of physical violence has not been optimal, leading to a culture of impunity. This study uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing the Press Law regulations, the provisions of the Criminal Code on assault (Articles 351-355), as well as the theoretical basis of Satjipto Rahardjo's preventive-repressive legal protection and Moeljatno's law enforcement principles. The results of the study indicate a significant gap between strong legal norms and weak enforcement practices,  characterized by the dominance of mediation by the Press Council and a culture of impunity for perpetrators, often involving state apparatus. According to AJI reports from 2020-2025, there have been 84 to 89 cases annually, with only 15-20% processed criminally. The main obstacles include a lack of coordination between institutions, minimal awareness of law enforcement officials, victims' reluctance to report due to social pressure and fear of reprisals, and institutional solidarity among perpetrators. This impunity not only traumatizes journalists but also induces self-censorship, reduces investigative journalism quality, and weakens democratic checks and balances. Recommendations include revising the Press Law for stricter sanctions, enhancing law enforcement training, and establishing independent investigation teams under Komnas HAM to combat impunity effectively. 

The problem lies in the inconsistent quality of M10 hexagonal head bolts with a spacing of 1.5 mm, a bolt length of 100 mm and slow production speed for manual production. The purpose of the analysis is to obtain consistent, standard, and productive quality of M10 hexagonal head bolts with a spacing of 1.5 mm, a bolt length of 100 mm. The analysis method includes the selection of AISI 1040 raw materials with a diameter of 10 mm in the form of rolls, the determination of the production process through raw material inspection, diameter reduction from 10 mm to 9.8 mm, the formation of hexagonal heads with a machine, cutting the length of the bolts and the bolt end chamfer, making M10 threads with a range of 1.5 mm with a machine, hardening, 10 m thick Zinc coating, thread profile inspection, sample hardness test, and sample tensile test. The results of mass production with the machine obtained a hexagonal head bolt with a thread size of M10x1.5 mm, a bolt length of 100 mm, a capacity of 500 units/hour in accordance with the ISO 9001:2015 standard with a hardness of 30 HRC and a tensile strength of 830 MPa at a cost of Rp. 1133/bolt and a process duration of 8.3 minutes/bolt which implies that product quality can be more guaranteed to be consistent and uniform.

Unexpected downtime of a 2 kg/hour coffee grinder is crucial in cafe operations, thus less guaranteeing the availability of the grinder. The purpose of component replacement and repair planning is to obtain a prediction of the maintenance and repair schedule and costs in the 2026 period. The component replacement planning method includes collecting previous maintenance and repair data, applying the inspection-replace-repair-overhaul (IRRO) method, assessing component conditions, predicting component life, predicting technician costs, predicting supporting work equipment and supporting materials to be used in maintenance, predicting the time to replace spare parts or reinstall components after repair, estimating maintenance and repair costs for the 2026 period, and calculating the ratio of maintenance costs to profits. The results of component replacement and repair planning obtained maintenance costs for the 2026 period are IDR 2,350,000, - with an estimated coffee grinder rental rate of IDR 25,000/hour which has the potential to be rented for 1440 hours/year, and the ratio of maintenance costs to profits is 6.5% which implies that the coffee grinder with a capacity of 2 kg / hour is still suitable for use for the next few years and still has the opportunity to make a profit.

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between students’ learning motivation and their perception of mathematics with mathematics achievement among tenth-grade students at SMA Al Islam 1 Surakarta. Mathematics was chosen as the focus because it is often considered a subject that presents significant challenges for students, both in terms of conceptual understanding and in shaping positive attitudes toward learning. The study employed a correlational quantitative method, with the population consisting of all tenth-grade students and the sample limited to class X-9, comprising 36 students. The instruments used were a motivation questionnaire, a perception questionnaire, and mathematics learning outcomes obtained from mid-semester test scores. Data analysis included normality testing and Pearson correlation to identify the relationship among variables. The results indicated that learning motivation did not have a significant correlation with mathematics achievement. In contrast, students’ perception of mathematics showed a significant correlation with their academic performance. These findings suggest that students’ positive perceptions of mathematics can play a crucial role in supporting better academic achievement, while motivation alone may not guarantee higher performance. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing mathematics learning outcomes and provides a foundation for further research to develop more comprehensive tools for measuring motivation. Future studies are also encouraged to consider additional variables such as teaching strategies, parental involvement, and the overall learning environment in order to present a broader analysis of student success.

Paid online matchmaking services that have developed through Facebook use consumer profiles to promote and find partners. This practice raises legal issues, particularly those related to consumer protection and the risk of digital harassment—also known as cyberbullying—in the form of derogatory, discriminatory, or offensive comments about consumers' personal standards that are displayed publicly. The purpose of this study is to assess the legal liability of business actors for cyberbullying when operating online matchmaking services and to assess the extent to which legal protection tools are available to consumers. This study uses a normative legal approach, utilizing case studies of legislation and conceptual studies on the practice of paid matchmaking services on social media. The results of the study show that businesses are required to guarantee the safety, comfort, and protection of consumer rights in all digital-based commercial activities, including managing content and interacting with people on social media. Non-material losses, such as psychological pressure and abuse of consumer dignity, are caused by a lack of supervision and a lack of moderate comment mechanisms. Therefore, regulations on personal data protection must be strengthened, content moderation responsibilities must be determined, and legal accountability mechanisms for business actors in the digital ta'aruf business must be made clear.

This study aims to answer the following questions: First, what are the concepts of the rule of law and democracy, and how are they related? Second, what is the concept of human rights and how does it relate to the rule of law and democracy in Indonesia? The method used in this study is normative legal research, focusing on the study of legislation and scientific literature on the rule of law, democracy, and human rights. The approaches used include a legislative approach to examine the provisions of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and related regulations; a conceptual approach to examine the theory of the rule of law, the theory of democracy, and the theory of human rights; and a historical approach to trace the development of these three concepts in the Indonesian context. The research data was obtained from primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that the concepts of the rule of law and democracy are two interrelated and inseparable principles. Both in the traditions of the rechstaat and the rule of law, respect for human rights is placed as a key pillar, which is now understood more broadly to include issues of freedom, social justice, and protection from arbitrariness. The relationship between human rights, democracy, and the rule of law affirms that the law must be the highest authority, with the constitution as its highest foundation. The supremacy of law is an important element in the practice of democracy because the constitution functions as a social contract that regulates power and guarantees the protection of human rights.

The objective of this study is to directly analyze and illustrate the compositioneof the auditecommittee, which consists of financial knowledge, independence and the quantity of members on the committee, concerning the financial statement quality of energy sector industries listed on the IDX in 2023-2024.High-quality financial statements are a crucial component reflecting the outcome of the accounting process and are vital for stakeholders in decision-making. Despite regulatory requirements for audit committees, corporate financial statements in Indonesia often contain earnings management or accounting irregularities, indicating that the audit committee's very existence is insufficient to guarantee financial statements' quality. A numerical approach with a causal-comparative approach is utilized in this investigation. The secondary quantitative data are obtained from companies’ yearly financial statements, annual reports, and corporate governance disclosures published on the official IDX website. The data are examined using EViews software for panel data regression, going through many steps, including descriptive statistics, classical assumption testing, panel data model selection, and regression analysis for hypothesis testing. The audit committee's size, objectivity, and financial acumen make up the study's independent variables. Meanwhile, financial statement quality as the dependent variable is measured through earnings quality proxy using the discretionary accruals calculation approach (Jones model or Modified Jones model). Specifically, this research seeks to deliver theoretical and practical benefits for regulators in formulating corporate governance policies, give companies a comprehension of the importance of an effective audit committee, and help investors make informed investment choices.

Social loans are an important tool for developing local economies, especially in remote areas such as rural areas. The Indonesian Village City Savings and Loan Cooperative (KSU) is one of the business entities that provides loan capital to its members. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism of social loan agreements in the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian Village City and to determine the perspective of Islamic Economic Law on loan agreements in the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian Village City. This research method uses a descriptive research type with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through observation and interviews with the Management and members of the Savings and Loan Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian City Village. The results of the study show that first, the loan application procedure involves several steps such as becoming a member, filling out forms, completing documents and the approval stage. The maximum loan provision is 80% of the savings balance with a loan tenor of 12 months and 18 months. The payment system is made in installments through salary deductions and is subject to a 5% interest. For borrowing members who are late, there are no sanctions or fines but there is a time dispensation. Second, the loan application and management mechanism at the Multipurpose Cooperative has met sharia principles through transparent and structured governance, such as deductions from salary installments and a guarantee policy provided in the form of the amount of member savings balances. However, social loans at the Multipurpose Cooperative contain an element of benefit (profit) of 5%, which according to some scholars can be classified as usury because of the addition of value to the principal loan, even though the benefit is returned to members through the Business Result Remainder (SHU).

Over the past 20 years, developments in digital technology have led to the emergence of financial innovation in the form of cryptocurrencies, with Bitcoin being the main pioneer. Bitcoin is a decentralized, blockchain-based electronic payment system that is not controlled by a single financial institution. Although its presence facilitates quick and straightforward cross-border transactions, it also raises ethical and legal issues, especially when taking into account Islamic law, which strongly emphasizes justice, certainty, and the welfare of society. This paper aims to investigate the usage of Bitcoin in modern economic transactions from the standpoint of Islamic and international law. This study investigates Islamic legal sources, the views of Islamic scholars, fatwas (religious decrees), and international laws and regulations pertaining to cryptocurrency assets using a qualitative, normative-empirical methodology. The results show that, although opinions among scholars differ, the usage of Bitcoin is subject to ijtihadiyah (Islamic ijtihad) in Islamic law. Some reject it because of its great volatility and speculative potential, while others allow it as long as it provides advantages and does not include riba, gharar, or maysir (the risks associated with gambling). In terms of international law, Bitcoin is typically seen as a digital asset that has to be closely watched in order to preserve economic stability and deter financial crime. Therefore, balanced legislation is required to guarantee that the usage of Bitcoin is in line with the principles of sharia maqasid and global economic fairness.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally transformed civil legal interactions, making electronic documents such as instant messages, online transactions, and digital contracts primary forms of evidence in many civil disputes. However, their admissibility in judicial proceedings remains fraught with challenges concerning formal and material validity. This study aims to identify juridical and technical obstacles in digital evidence and to formulate an ideal model for civil procedural law that ensures reliable electronic proof. A normative-juridical approach with qualitative analysis was employed, combining doctrinal research through legislative review, jurisprudence, and scholarly literature with case studies of court decisions involving electronic evidence, particularly in divorce disputes. The findings reveal that inconsistent judicial treatment stems from the absence of specific procedural rules in Indonesia’s civil procedure framework still rooted in colonial-era HIR and RBg alongside limited digital infrastructure and low technological literacy among judicial actors. In response, the study proposes an integrated legal construction model featuring explicit provisions in the upcoming Civil Procedure Code, adoption of the functional equivalence principle, institutionalization of digital forensic experts in litigation, and procedural safeguards for vulnerable parties. The research concludes that only through holistic reform of the evidentiary paradigm can Indonesia’s civil justice system guarantee fairness, legal certainty, and relevance in the digital era.

The transfer of hajj quotas for deceased pilgrims is a legal and social issue that is relevant to the dynamics of the implementation of the hajj in Indonesia. This phenomenon arises as a consequence of the long waiting list for the departure of pilgrims, which causes many prospective pilgrims to die before having the opportunity to perform the worship. From the perspective of Islamic law, the hajj is personal (fard 'ain) and attached to individuals who have met the requirements of istitha'ah. However, in the context of state administration, the right to portion Hajj is seen as an administrative right that can be transferred to certain heirs in a regulatory manner. This study aims to examine the legal basis for the assignment of hajj quota based on the principles of sharia maqashid and review its implementation in the socio-anthropological context of the Indonesian Muslim community. The research method used is normative law with a conceptual and sociological approach, through the analysis of laws and regulations and developing social practices. The results of the study show that the transfer of the hajj quota does not contradict sharia principles as long as it brings benefits, guarantees justice, and avoids potential abuse. Socially, this policy reflects respect for the deceased's worship intentions, strengthens kinship values, and shows the adaptation of Islamic law in responding to the needs of contemporary Indonesian Muslim society.

Informed consent constitutes a fundamental legal and ethical requirement in healthcare services, ensuring that every medical action is performed with the patient’s full awareness and voluntary approval. In Indonesia, the obligation to obtain informed consent is firmly regulated under the Health Law No. 17 of 2023, the Minister of Health Regulation on Medical Consent, and provisions on medical records. This paper examines the essential role of informed consent as a protective instrument for both patients and healthcare providers within the clinical and legal framework. Informed consent guarantees patients’ rights to information, autonomy, and decision-making, while providing legal safeguards for medical practitioners by documenting the process of explanation, acceptance, or refusal of medical treatment. Proper documentation within medical records ensures accountability, continuity of care, and serves as crucial evidence when medical disputes arise. Medical disputes often stem from dissatisfaction, communication gaps, or misunderstandings about risks inherent in medical procedures. Therefore, informed consent functions not merely as an administrative requirement but as a mechanism for preventing conflict, clarifying responsibilities, and distinguishing unavoidable medical risks from professional negligence. By strengthening the implementation of informed consent, healthcare providers can enhance transparency, improve service quality, and reduce the likelihood of medical litigation.  

Constitutional Court (MK) “Decision Number 60/PUU-XXII/2024 marks an important shift in the practice of judicial review, whereby the Constitutional Court not only invalidates legal norms, but also establishes new substantive norms in cases involving open legal policy. This action reflects the tendency of positive legislature, which theoretically expands the scope of judicial authority beyond the limits of negative legislature. This study aims to analyse the implications of this ruling on the legislative function of Indonesia Parliament (DPR), particularly in the context of its constitutional responsibility to respond to and accommodate new norms established through court rulings. Using normative legal research methods and a conceptual approach, this study finds that the DPR's suboptimal institutional response to the substance of the ruling indicates serious challenges in harmonising the constitutional system that guarantees the effectiveness of norms, legal certainty, and the principle of checks and balances. This study contributes to proposing a model of inter-institutional coordination or parameters for the judicialisation of norms to ensure the balance of power, as well as criticising and clarifying the boundaries of the roles of each state institution in the context of corrective legislation based on judicial decisions.

This research seeks to examine the policy of strengthening Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) via the Pejuang Muda initiative to boost local economic competitiveness in Surabaya City. The initiative showcases a partnership between local governments, universities, and communities, emphasizing capacity enhancement through mentoring, training, and digitalization of businesses. This study utilized a qualitative approach through a case study method. Data were gathered via thorough interviews with representatives from the Department of Cooperatives and MSMEs, Pejuang Muda participants, and supported business owners. The results indicate that the program notably enhanced managerial capabilities, product innovation, and market accessibility for MSMEs. Additionally, collaboration across sectors has enhanced the program’s sustainability and fostered a responsive local economic ecosystem to adjust to global market shifts. Nonetheless, obstacles persist in consistent policy and sustainable funding strategies. In general, the Pejuang Muda initiative exemplifies empowerment by merging social, educational, and economic principles within a local development framework centered on self-sufficiency and youth engagement. The research suggests implementing the program in additional areas with improved inter-agency collaboration, supportive policy measures, and fortified digital infrastructure to guarantee the ongoing sustainability of local economic development.

A clear national insight can guarantee the achievement of national interests, both internally and externally. This means that national insight provides a clear picture and direction for the nation's survival, as well as the future development of the nation and state. The organization of national and state life must proceed on the basis of mutual agreement, namely Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity). Indonesia's existence as a state based on the rule of law (rechtstaat) based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution requires the development of Pancasila ideology and national insight as instruments that serve as catalysts or drivers in strengthening national insight and spirit, love of the homeland, democracy, legal awareness, respect for diversity, and participation in building a Pancasila-based nation in Wonogiri, especially among intellectuals. In accordance with its function, the Pancasila Ideology and National Insight Development organizes national, democratic, legal, multicultural and citizenship education to support the realization of citizens who are aware of their rights and obligations, as well as intelligent, skilled and have character so that they can be relied upon to build the nation and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

This study examines the legal protection of children born from Toba Batak customary marriages that are not officially registered by the state. In Toba Batak customary law, a marriage is considered valid after all traditional ceremonies have been carried out, so that the child is recognized by the father's clan and social status within the customary community. However, state law requires marriage registration to ensure the certainty of the parents' legal status and the fulfillment of the child's civil rights. The absence of marriage registration has legal consequences in the form of limited recognition of the civil relationship between the child and the father, which impacts identity registration, access to public administration services, and the fulfillment of inheritance rights. This study uses a normative juridical method with analytical descriptive specifications through a review of laws and regulations, legal literature, and court decisions. The results show that preventive legal protection is realized through marriage registration to guarantee the child's right to identity. Meanwhile, repressive legal protection can be achieved through court decisions supported by valid evidence to confirm the child's legal status and ensure the fulfillment of their basic rights.

This study aims to determine and analyze the Quality of Public Services in Making Birth Certificates at the Population and Civil Registration Office of Gorontalo City. Viewed from the aspects: (1) Tangible (Physical Evidence), (2) Reliability (Reliability), (3) Responsiveness (Responsiveness), (4) Assurance (Guarantee), (5) Empathy (Empathy). This research method uses a Qualitative Approach with a Descriptive type. Data collection techniques used in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that in general the quality of public services in making birth certificates at the Population and Civil Registration Office of Gorontalo City has been running well, although there are still some obstacles. In the Tangible dimension, the infrastructure is adequate but still needs to be updated on technological devices. In the Reliability dimension, the service has followed the established procedures and completion times, although sometimes hampered by system disruptions. The Responsiveness dimension shows that employees are quite responsive in responding to community needs, but need to increase effectiveness when queues are high. In the Assurance dimension, employees are competent and maintain data security, supported by technical training in population administration management. Meanwhile, in the Empathy dimension, employees are friendly and caring, although individual attention to the public is reduced during peak hours.

The novel "Woman at Point Zero" is a novel that predominantly draws on psychological elements. The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) the relationship between theme and character through action, (2) the relationship between theme and character's thoughts, and (3) the relationship between theme and character's feelings. This study uses a qualitative approach. The method used is descriptive analysis. The data consists of linguistic units such as sentences, phrases, and paragraphs related to character's actions, thoughts, and feelings. The data source is the novel "Woman at Point Zero," published by the Obor Indonesia Foundation in 2006. The conclusion of this study is that the theme influenced by action determines humans as supreme beings, the theme influenced by dominant thoughts determines humans as social beings, and the theme's relationship with feelings determines humans as individual beings. This novel depicts the dark side faced by Egyptian women amidst Arab culture steeped in patriarchal values. Women still experience unequal rights and never receive the same rights as men. As in Arab societies, patriarchal culture is one of the foundations of debate over women's status in society, and it continues to generate conflict. The lack of guaranteed women's rights, political freedom, and the hierarchical constraints of husbands leave women disadvantaged in all aspects of life, experiencing discrimination, violence, and poverty.

This research intends to examine the application of good governance principles in non-formal education services at the Sidoarjo District Education and Culture Office, concentrating on accountability, transparency, participation, and institutional responsiveness. The study is based on the necessity for effective governance to guarantee quality, fairness, and efficiency in educational services reaching broader communities. A case study approach using qualitative methods was utilized, involving key informants like the head of the non-formal education division, managers of training centers, tutors, and students. Data were gathered via in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation, then analyzed thematically to uncover implementation patterns and difficulties. The findings show that accountability has been reinforced through organized program assessments and reporting, whereas transparency has enhanced through improved access to public data. Nonetheless, coordination among agencies and the capacity of human resources continue to be major obstacles. Engagement and reactivity have demonstrated improvement, yet demand enhanced integration of digital systems. The research finds that effective good governance execution depends on the collaboration of policy, technology, and various stakeholders. Suggestions highlight the need for strengthening officials' capabilities and creating cohesive education information systems to foster more responsible and inclusive governance.