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The animated film KPop Demon Hunters quickly became a worldwide hit, reaching the top of Netflix's global charts with over 33 million views in just two weeks. The highly acclaimed film KPop Demon Hunters has been the subject of some research due to its notable accomplishment. Yet, none of the research above discusses the symbolism that is richly put in the movie. Thus, the research attempts to elaborate on the representation of symbolism in order to provide an alternative viewpoint of the Kpop Demon Hunters, particularly the well-known villain, the Saja Boys. In order to study the underlying meaning of the Saja Boys, the author employs the qualitative method and applies Vrabel's study of deadly sin in relation to the religious symbol. This study concludes that the members of the Saja Boys represent symbolism of the deadly sins, which are anger, envy, greed, lust, pride, gluttony, and sloth. These vices are shown from the behavior of the Saja Boys, such as barking towards fans aggressively, being envious of one’s freedom and happiness, stocking food as much as possible, giving sexual gratification through physical appearance, and being overly proud of it. Not only that, the members of Saja Boys also portrayed the action of overconsumption and laziness.

Every individual possesses both rights and obligations that must be understood and exercised in a balanced manner to maintain social order, justice, and collective well-being. A clear understanding of citizens’ responsibilities is essential for creating a prosperous and harmonious society. This study examines the rights and obligations of citizens as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, with a primary focus on exploring how the Constitution guarantees, regulates, and implements these fundamental principles in national life. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through desk research, analysis of constitutional provisions, examination of relevant legal documents, and review of related academic literature. The findings indicate that the 1945 Constitution provides strong protection for fundamental human rights, including the rights to education, health services, employment, legal protection, and freedom of expression. At the same time, the Constitution clearly outlines citizens’ obligations, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, respecting the rights of others, participating in national defense, and contributing to social harmony. The study emphasizes that rights and obligations are interconnected and must be carried out proportionally. Understanding and applying these constitutional principles is crucial for strengthening democratic governance, enhancing legal awareness, and fostering a just, orderly, and sovereign nation.

Physical violence against journalists remains a serious threat that hinders the functioning of democracy in Indonesia. Law Number 40 of 1999 concerning the Press explicitly guarantees legal protection for journalists through Articles 8 and 9, which emphasize freedom from censorship and the right to seek and disseminate information. However, criminal law enforcement against perpetrators of physical violence has not been optimal, leading to a culture of impunity. This study uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing the Press Law regulations, the provisions of the Criminal Code on assault (Articles 351-355), as well as the theoretical basis of Satjipto Rahardjo's preventive-repressive legal protection and Moeljatno's law enforcement principles. The results of the study indicate a significant gap between strong legal norms and weak enforcement practices,  characterized by the dominance of mediation by the Press Council and a culture of impunity for perpetrators, often involving state apparatus. According to AJI reports from 2020-2025, there have been 84 to 89 cases annually, with only 15-20% processed criminally. The main obstacles include a lack of coordination between institutions, minimal awareness of law enforcement officials, victims' reluctance to report due to social pressure and fear of reprisals, and institutional solidarity among perpetrators. This impunity not only traumatizes journalists but also induces self-censorship, reduces investigative journalism quality, and weakens democratic checks and balances. Recommendations include revising the Press Law for stricter sanctions, enhancing law enforcement training, and establishing independent investigation teams under Komnas HAM to combat impunity effectively. 

This study aims to answer the following questions: First, what are the concepts of the rule of law and democracy, and how are they related? Second, what is the concept of human rights and how does it relate to the rule of law and democracy in Indonesia? The method used in this study is normative legal research, focusing on the study of legislation and scientific literature on the rule of law, democracy, and human rights. The approaches used include a legislative approach to examine the provisions of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and related regulations; a conceptual approach to examine the theory of the rule of law, the theory of democracy, and the theory of human rights; and a historical approach to trace the development of these three concepts in the Indonesian context. The research data was obtained from primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that the concepts of the rule of law and democracy are two interrelated and inseparable principles. Both in the traditions of the rechstaat and the rule of law, respect for human rights is placed as a key pillar, which is now understood more broadly to include issues of freedom, social justice, and protection from arbitrariness. The relationship between human rights, democracy, and the rule of law affirms that the law must be the highest authority, with the constitution as its highest foundation. The supremacy of law is an important element in the practice of democracy because the constitution functions as a social contract that regulates power and guarantees the protection of human rights.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in Fiqh subjects and how its application affects the improvement of students' understanding. Using the library research method, this study reviews various recent literature in the form of scientific articles, accredited journals, academic books, and relevant policy documents. The results of the study show that the Merdeka Curriculum is conceptually aligned with the principles of Islamic education, especially in terms of character development, freedom of learning, and student-centered learning. However, the implementation of this curriculum in Fiqh learning still faces a number of challenges, such as teachers' limited understanding of the new curriculum approach, a lack of project-based contextual teaching materials, and difficulties in conducting authentic assessments on aspects of worship and morals. Technical challenges such as the availability of facilities and access to technology also hamper the effectiveness of learning. This study emphasizes the need for continuous teacher training, the development of open-access learning resources, and improved infrastructure support in order to strengthen the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. Overall, this curriculum has significant potential to improve students' understanding of Fiqh if it is supported by appropriate and collaborative implementation strategies.

This study aims to explore the philosophy of Islamic education grounded in tolerance by revisiting the influential ideas of Gus Dur and assessing their significance for the younger generation in contemporary society. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach through document analysis, in-depth interviews, and thematic interpretation, the research highlights that values such as tolerance, humanism, intellectual freedom, and respect for diversity are essential foundations for shaping modern Islamic education. The findings indicate that incorporating these principles into educational curricula not only enriches the learning experience but also strengthens inclusive and participatory teaching practices, fostering an environment that encourages open dialogue, mutual understanding, and moderation. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that systematic integration of Gus Dur’s educational philosophy can contribute to the development of students’ critical thinking, ethical awareness, and social responsibility, ensuring that Islamic education remains relevant and responsive to contemporary societal challenges. Overall, the research concludes that implementing these values consistently is crucial for advancing a modern, tolerant, and pluralistic approach to Islamic education that benefits both individuals and society as a whole.

This study aims to analyze in-depth the interest of the Setro Village community in choosing PNM Mekaar Syariah financing as a source of capital for micro and small enterprises (MSMEs). This phenomenon is interesting because it shows how economic, social, and spiritual factors contribute to the financial decisions of rural communities. This research was conducted using a qualitative exploratory approach, using case studies and in-depth interviews with key informants. To explain the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral control on community intentions to choose Islamic financing, data analysis was conducted thematically. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework was also used. The study shows that positive community perceptions of ease of access, economic benefits, and compliance with Islamic principles are the main factors shaping community interest in PNM Mekaar Syariah. Fast, easy, and uncomplicated financing increases consumer trust and enhances perceived behavioral control. Conversely, increased business capital and family income enhance the sustainability of micro-enterprises. The institution is given moral legitimacy and spiritual conviction by the implemented Islamic values, such as the yield system and the freedom from usury. Community participation decisions are also driven by social factors such as group support, advice from group leaders, and the quality of service provided by field officers. Theoretically, this study adds local religiosity and socio-cultural aspects to enrich the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the context of rural Islamic finance.

In recent decades, the concept of healing has developed rapidly, no longer limited to the medical and psychological fields, but also includes spiritual and religious aspects. In the Islamic view, the Qur'an contains the concept of healing through the term syifa', which means healing or medicine for illnesses, both physical and spiritual. This study aims to formulate an understanding of healing in the perspective of the Qur'an by studying verses containing the word syifa', such as QS. Yunus: 57, An-Nahl: 69, and Ash-Syu'ara: 80. The method used is qualitative research based on literature studies by examining various classical and modern interpretations to understand the meaning, context, and values ​​contained therein. The results of the study show that although healing and syifa' are both related to the healing process, they have different foundations. Healing emphasizes more on psychological processes and human experiences, while syifa' is rooted in the teachings of monotheism and describes God as al-Shāfī. The Healer. In the Qur'an, healing does not only mean freedom from physical illness, but also includes inner peace and spiritual closeness to God. Classical interpretations focus more on moral and spiritual aspects, while contemporary interpretations develop these concepts into psychospiritual healing concepts relevant to modern life.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

Advocates are law enforcers whose professionalism depends on a structured organization. Following Constitutional Court Decision No. 112/PUU-XI/2013, advocate organizations in Indonesia have experienced fragmentation (multi-bar). This situation has created disorganization, differing recruitment standards, education, and enforcement of codes of ethics, weakening national oversight of the profession. This study aims to analyze the legal standing and organizational form of the National Advocates Council (DAN) to address this disorganization, specifically in light of Law No. 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The study concludes that to maintain freedom of association and achieve professional unity, DAN should be established as a federation, not a single body (single bar). DAN's primary function is to establish uniform national professional standards, enforce codes of ethics, oversee legal aid, and strengthen the integrity of advocates as law enforcers. The establishment of DAN requires a revision of the Advocates Law to ensure strong legal standing.

The novel "Woman at Point Zero" is a novel that predominantly draws on psychological elements. The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) the relationship between theme and character through action, (2) the relationship between theme and character's thoughts, and (3) the relationship between theme and character's feelings. This study uses a qualitative approach. The method used is descriptive analysis. The data consists of linguistic units such as sentences, phrases, and paragraphs related to character's actions, thoughts, and feelings. The data source is the novel "Woman at Point Zero," published by the Obor Indonesia Foundation in 2006. The conclusion of this study is that the theme influenced by action determines humans as supreme beings, the theme influenced by dominant thoughts determines humans as social beings, and the theme's relationship with feelings determines humans as individual beings. This novel depicts the dark side faced by Egyptian women amidst Arab culture steeped in patriarchal values. Women still experience unequal rights and never receive the same rights as men. As in Arab societies, patriarchal culture is one of the foundations of debate over women's status in society, and it continues to generate conflict. The lack of guaranteed women's rights, political freedom, and the hierarchical constraints of husbands leave women disadvantaged in all aspects of life, experiencing discrimination, violence, and poverty.

The execution of mortgage rights on land is a crucial element in the property security legal system in Indonesia, which allows creditors to obtain debt repayment if the debtor defaults. However, the implementation of parate executie as a non-litigious mechanism based on Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights has sparked constitutional debates, particularly regarding the debtor's right to fair legal protection. This study analyzes the legal considerations of the Constitutional Court in Decision No. 10/PUU-XIX/2021, which rejected the constitutional review of the mortgage execution norms, and evaluates the legal execution procedures post-decision. Using the normative legal research method, this article examines the approach of contractual freedom, the principle of justice, and the protection of property rights in the context of creditor-debtor relationships. The study results show that the Court views parate executie as constitutionally valid, as long as it is carried out with the principles of transparency, proportionality, and the availability of legal recourse for the debtor. Therefore, legal protection within the mortgage system is not eliminated, but must be implemented through accountable and just practices. These findings provide an important normative basis for policymakers and economic actors in ensuring that the execution of guarantees runs effectively while still upholding the constitutional rights of the parties involved.

This study aims to describe the implementation of the art center approach in increasing early childhood creativity in Integrative Holistic Early Childhood Education. The art center approach is one of the child-centered learning strategies, by providing freedom of expression through art activities such as drawing, painting, dancing, and playing music. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The research subjects consist of teachers and children aged 4–6 years in Integrative Holistic Early Childhood Education. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed with stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of the art center approach in Integrative Holistic PAUD is able to foster aspects of children's creativity, including the ability to imagine, experiment with art media, and express ideas originally. In addition, the role of teachers as facilitators is very important in providing stimulation, a supportive environment, and appreciation of children's work. In conclusion, the art center approach is effective in developing early childhood creativity if applied consistently, with the support of facilities, media, and mentoring that are appropriate to the stage of child development.

The principle of freedom of contract is a fundamental concept in civil law that provides parties with the autonomy to form, determine the content of, and implement an agreement. However, the development of information and communication technology has brought about the phenomenon of the digital economy, which has transformed patterns of contractual relationships, particularly through electronic contracts. The characteristics of digital contracts uniform, instantaneous, and generally expressed in standard clauses raise the question of the extent to which the principle of freedom of contract remains relevant. This article aims to analyze the concept of freedom of contract in civil law, its application in the digital economy, and to assess its relevance in addressing contemporary legal challenges. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that the principle of freedom of contract continues to hold relevance, but its application cannot be understood in absolute terms. In the digital context, the principle requires reinterpretation by taking into account contractual justice and consumer protection.

The main problem in empowering fish farming communities in Dawuhan Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency is how to empower communities through the Peti Koin Bermantra Program in Dawuhan Village, Malang Regency, such as low managerial capacity, weather constraints, high feed prices, and limited market access, which have an impact on the suboptimal economic improvement of the community. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Peti Koin Bermantra Program in empowering fish farming communities to improve their economic welfare. The study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, as well as the community empowerment theory of Hashemi, Schuler, and Riley (1996). The results show that the Peti Koin Bermantra Program contributes positively to improving community welfare through eight empowerment indicators, such as increased mobility, small-scale purchasing power, ability to make larger purchases, involvement in major decisions, freedom, political and legal awareness, participation in public protests and political campaigns, economic security, and contribution to family support. The success of the program was supported by collaboration between facilitators, the East Java Provincial Marine and Fisheries Service, and the Malang Regency Fisheries Service, although there were still obstacles in terms of capital, group management, and product innovation. To support the sustainability of the program,

The main objective of this study is to examine whether agreements reached in electronic transactions through online shopping platforms comply with the fundamental principles of contract law. The principles tested include the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of consensualism, the principle of pacta sunt servanda, and the principle of good faith. In addition, this study also aims to understand the legal protection framework for consumers in the context of digital transactions. The methodology applied in this study is normative law, using an approach that focuses on legislation and a conceptual approach. The legal material used consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The collection of legal material was carried out through a literature study, which was then analyzed using deductive logic.Based on the results of the research and data analysis, it was concluded that agreements formed in electronic transactions through online shopping sites have fulfilled the principles of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, and good faith. Legal protection for consumers in e-commerce transactions has been adequately provided through the regulation of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

Indonesia’s diversity is a valuable asset that must be wisely managed to prevent potential conflicts. Article 29 Paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, in line with Islamic teachings on tolerance. Ma’had Al-Zaytun serves as an example of an Islamic educational institution that instills Islamic and national values in a moderate and inclusive manner, shaping students to live harmoniously within a pluralistic society. This study aims to determine the role of Ma’had Al-Zaytun in shaping attitudes of tolerance based on Article 29 Paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution and Islamic Law. The research employs a descriptive approach with a library research method. Primary data were obtained from Article 29 Paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution and Hukum Islam by Sofyan Hasan, while secondary data were derived from journals, theses, dissertations, documents, and previous relevant studies. The results show that Ma’had Al-Zaytun plays an important role in fostering tolerance through two perspectives. Based on Article 29 Paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution, Al-Zaytun creates an educational environment that values diversity through curriculum design, exemplary teachers, social activities, and intercultural dialogue. From the perspective of Islamic Law, tolerance is reflected through the preservation of religion and intellect, emphasizing peace, respect for other religions, and freedom of thought and dialogue. The combination of these perspectives produces students who are religious, open-minded, and socially responsible in a pluralistic national life.

Our country is known as a nation that upholds human rights values. This is manifested in the recognition of the right to express opinions, which is specifically regulated in Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom of Expression in Public. Along with the increasing dynamics of political contestation and polarization in society, the frequency of demonstrations has also escalated. This condition places the professionalism and neutrality of the police force under increasing public scrutiny. The reduction in citizens' freedom to express their aspirations often creates a negative image of the police, particularly due to repressive actions and the use of discretion that is deemed disproportionate. Based on a normative juridical approach, this study aims to analyze the extent to which the state upholds access and protection of freedom of expression in public, as well as examine the application of human rights principles from both national and international legal perspectives in demonstrations

This research is motivated by the complex phenomena that occur within modern organizations, where the dynamics of power, influence, and empowerment often determine work behavior and leadership effectiveness. In many organizations, poorly managed internal politics can lead to conflict, injustice, and decreased work motivation, whereas empowerment and ethical leadership can foster a highly competitive and collaborative culture. Based on this reality, the study aims to deeply analyze how the concepts of influencing, empowering, and organizational politics interact and affect the dynamics of work behavior, as well as to identify leadership strategies capable of managing organizational politics positively while creating an effective empowerment system for all members. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method using secondary data obtained through a literature review of various academic sources, scholarly journals, and previous relevant studies. The results show that organizational success largely depends on a leader's ability to balance power and participation, control and freedom, as well as individual and collective interests. The application of leadership strategies grounded in ethics, transparency, and empowerment has been proven to transform organizational politics into a positive force that enhances performance, loyalty, and trust among members. Thus, the integration of influence, empowerment, and organizational politics not only strengthens leadership effectiveness but also creates a productive, fair, and sustainable work environment.