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The rapid development of information and communication technology has encouraged military organizations to adopt modern systems capable of supporting operational effectiveness. One of the challenges faced by the Indonesian Marine Corps is the limitation of conventional monitoring methods that still rely on voice reports through tactical radios and manual communication systems. This condition often causes delays in information delivery, inaccuracies in troop positioning data, and difficulties in controlling personnel and logistics in dynamic operational environments. This study aims to formulate a conceptual model for the utilization of a GPS Tracking System integrated with Marine Corps communication equipment to improve troop and material movement monitoring. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature review, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation involving operational personnel and military communication experts. The results indicate that integrating GPS Tracking Systems with communication equipment can provide real-time location information, improve command and control effectiveness, accelerate reporting processes, enhance logistics supervision, and support operational evaluations through recorded movement data. The proposed concept is expected to strengthen situational awareness, increase operational efficiency, and support mission success in future Marine Corps operations.

Python programming has become a fundamental competence in the digital era, yet students often struggle to transform algorithmic logic into functional code. This gap between conceptual understanding and practical implementation skills requires a thorough investigation into learning challenges within the Industrial Informatics Engineering Technology (TRIN) program at Politeknik Manufaktur Bandung. Grounded in Bloom's Revised Taxonomy and Cognitive Load Theory, this descriptive quantitative study utilized a Likert-scale questionnaire and an objective comprehension test administered to 87 third-year students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to map performance across three aspects: conceptual understanding, syntactic comprehension, and implementation ability. Results indicate the conceptual aspect achieved the highest average of 4.15, followed by syntax at 3.56 and implementation at 3.54, with objective test accuracy rates of 76.09%, 65.52%, and 67.36%, respectively. Major obstacles identified include difficulties with looping, debugging, and comparison operators. Therefore, enhanced structured practice and Project-Based Learning approaches are recommended to strengthen students' implementation competencies.

This study aims to analyze fifth-grade students’ understanding of the water cycle concept at SD Muhammadiyah Sidayu using animated video assistance, as well as to describe supporting and inhibiting factors, identify obstacles faced by teachers and students, explain teachers’ efforts, and examine students’ responses in science learning. The research used a descriptive qualitative method with 23 fifth-grade students as participants. Data were collected through tests, questionnaires, interviews, and observations, and analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data validity was ensured through triangulation of technique, source, and time. The results indicate that students’ understanding of the water cycle concept is categorized as moderate, with an average score of 69.43. Students are able to explain the definition and stages of the water cycle through images, classify events based on similarities in processes, and distinguish between evaporation and condensation. However, they still face difficulties in explaining the relationships between processes and in providing real-life examples related to the water cycle. Supporting factors include students’ interest and learning motivation, while inhibiting factors involve differences in comprehension abilities and students’ health conditions. Teachers face obstacles such as limited audio-visual facilities, shared LCD usage, and challenges in selecting appropriate animated videos. To overcome these issues, teachers use simple explanations, emphasize key points, replay videos, provide individual guidance, and assign diagram-based projects. Students’ responses are very positive, as animated videos increase their interest, attention, motivation, and conceptual understanding.

This study aims to analyze the legal protection of women's inheritance rights from the perspective of Indonesian civil law. The problems studied focused on the position of women as heirs and the extent to which the legal system provides guarantees of justice and equality. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach. Data was obtained through a literature study of legal regulations, doctrines, and court decisions relevant to inheritance issues. The results of the study show that normatively, civil law provides equal recognition of women's inheritance rights, especially in the Civil Code. However, in practice, there are still obstacles influenced by patriarchal culture and customary law that tend to place women in subordinate positions. This condition causes women to often experience difficulties in claiming or obtaining the proper share of inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, harmonize national laws with the value of gender equality, and increase public legal awareness to ensure effective and fair protection for women in obtaining their inheritance rights.

Corporate crime is one of the important developments in modern criminal law that emerged as a response to the increasingly complex economic and business activities in society. The research method is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. This study uses primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The research results show that the regulation of corporate crime in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code is regulated in Articles 45, 46, 47, 118, and 119 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. Implementation challenges corporate crimes in the 2023 Criminal Code include difficulties in proving corporate fault, disharmony with sectoral laws, the complexity of corporate structures, limitations of law enforcement officers, dominance of an individual approach, and the development of cross-border digital crimes. Therefore, it is recommended that the effectiveness of the 2023 Criminal Code not only rely on existing legal norms but also on institutional readiness, regulatory harmonization, and strengthening law enforcement capacity.

This study analyzes junior high school students' errors in solving mathematics problems involving integers. This study was conducted through a systematic literature review of 12 related research articles published between 2021 and 2026. The analysis shows that students' errors in integers include contextual, procedural, and technical (calculation) errors. The most common conceptualization errors were found in the understanding of positive and negative signs and the rules for mixed operations. The main causes of errors are a lack of in-depth conceptual understanding, the habit of memorizing without understanding, and a lack of practice using concrete media. Internal factors such as learning motivation and external factors such as learning methods and media also contribute. This study recommends that the mathematics learning process emphasize meaningful conceptual understanding, the use of concrete media, and learning strategies that engage students' mathematical connection skills. Thus, difficulties in learning integers can be minimized sustainably.

Corporate involvement in environmental crimes has emerged as an increasingly complex legal challenge in Indonesia, given its profound consequences for ecological sustainability and public welfare. This study examines the normative construction of corporate criminal liability within Indonesia's positive legal framework and identifies juridical obstacles undermining enforcement effectiveness. A normative legal research method was employed, incorporating statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Although legal instruments such as Law No. 32 of 2009, Supreme Court Regulation No. 13 of 2016, and Law No. 1 of 2023 provide a formal basis for corporate criminal accountability, their implementation is hindered by normative inconsistencies. Key obstacles include difficulties in proving corporate mens rea, limited institutional capacity, regulatory ambiguity, and absence of Piercing the Corporate Veil integration. These conditions create normative gaps perpetuating weak corporate accountability recurring environmental violations. This study recommends regulatory reformulation, harmonization of legal instruments, strengthened institutional capacity toward effective and equitable environmental justice.

Inconsistent terminology across cybersecurity frameworks undermines global governance and interoperability. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF 2.0) and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 share similar objectives but diverge semantically in defining risk, control, and resilience. This semantic gap causes difficulties in compliance mapping and automated policy translation. Research Objectives: This study aims to analyze the semantic similarity and divergence between NIST and ISO/IEC 27000 terminologies, identify conceptual structures influencing interoperability, and propose an AI-assisted foundation for harmonizing cybersecurity language globally. Methodology: A mixed-method semantic comparative design integrates Natural Language Processing (NLP) and ontology mapping. Using the nist_glossary.csv dataset and ISO vocabularies, terms were normalized and analyzed via cosine similarity using sentence-transformer embeddings. Ontological alignment was visualized through the Semantic Threat Graph (STG) and validated by certified experts using Cohen’s Kappa reliability tests. Results: From 672 term pairs, results show 40.9% high semantic equivalence, 38.8% partial overlap, and 20.3% semantic divergence. Strongest alignment appears in “Protect” and “Identify” domains, while divergences occur in governance and recovery-related terms. Ontology mapping revealed three conceptual clusters—Risk Governance, Technical Safeguards, and Organizational Readiness. Conclusions: Findings confirm a 79.7% total semantic alignment, indicating strong potential for harmonizing global cybersecurity standards. The study contributes an empirical model combining computational linguistics and AI-based ontology mapping to establish semantic interoperability, enabling unified cybersecurity governance and AI-driven compliance automation. Keywords: Semantic Interoperability; Ontology Mapping; Cybersecurity Frameworks; Terminology Alignment; AI Harmonization

Bankruptcy is a legal mechanism used to resolve a debtor's inability to fulfill debt obligations collectively, orderly, and fairly through a court decision. In the Indonesian bankruptcy system, the curator has a central role in managing and settling bankrupt assets to protect the interests of creditors while providing legal certainty for debtors. This study aims to analyze the regulation of the curator's authority in managing and settling bankrupt assets and to examine its implications for the protection of creditors’ and debtors’ rights from a business law perspective. The research method employed is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, conducted through a literature review of various relevant primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that the curator’s authority is expressly regulated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, which provides a legal basis for the curator to manage, secure, sell, and distribute bankrupt assets to creditors in accordance with legal provisions. However, in practice, several obstacles remain, such as difficulties in tracking assets, potential conflicts of interest, and a lack of transparency, which may affect the effectiveness of legal protection. Therefore, the professionalism of the curator and the supervision of the supervising judge are crucial factors in ensuring legal certainty, fairness, and efficiency in the bankruptcy process.

Air pollution constitutes a significant environmental problem with far-reaching impacts on public health, quality of life, and ecosystem sustainability, particularly in urban areas and industrial zones in Indonesia. Although the national environmental legal framework has adopted the principle of strict liability through Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, its implementation in air pollution cases continues to face substantial challenges, especially with regard to the proof and assessment of non-material damages. Non-material damages such as disturbances to living comfort, deterioration of environmental quality, psychological stress, and health-related anxiety are intangible in nature and lack clear measurement standards, resulting in their frequent exclusion or inadequate consideration in environmental civil litigation. This study aims to analyze the legal basis for the application of the strict liability principle to air pollution cases in Indonesia, identify relevant forms of non-material damage, and examine the implications of the absence of standardized methods for assessing such damages on legal certainty and the effectiveness of corporate liability enforcement. The research employs a normative legal research method with a library-based approach, incorporating statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method, drawing upon legislation, court decisions, and scholarly literature on environmental law and environmental damage valuation. The findings indicate that the absence of standardized criteria for assessing non-material damages leads to evidentiary difficulties, inconsistent court decisions, and a weakened deterrent effect on polluting corporations, thereby preventing the full realization of victims’ rights to effective remedies. This study underscores the urgency of developing an integrated national technical guideline for the assessment of non-material environmental damages based on scientifically grounded valuation methods, as well as the need for cross-institutional policy harmonization to strengthen legal certainty, access to justice for affected communities, and corporate accountability in controlling air pollution.

The interactive learning video innovation "Human Blood Circulation" through Edpuzzle, with embedded questions, is designed to address the difficulties faced by fifth-grade elementary school students in understanding abstract biological concepts. Science education in elementary schools often encounters challenges in explaining invisible processes, such as the heart's working mechanism and blood circulation, leading students to struggle with comprehension or merely memorize the material. Conventional learning videos tend to make students passive, necessitating media that can transform the learning process into an active one. Edpuzzle, as an educational platform, allows teachers to insert questions at critical points in the video, requiring students to answer before continuing to watch. This innovation aligns with the cognitive development stage of fifth-grade students, who are in the concrete operational stage.The research objectives include product development, validity and feasibility testing, analysis of conceptual understanding improvement, influence on focus and learning independence, and student responses. Media development refers to Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia and the characteristics of interactive videos according to Heinich et al. Additionally, media development models such as ADDIE and Dick and Carey are discussed. The main benefits of using Edpuzzle include increasing engagement, facilitating real-time formative assessment, and enhancing learning motivation. However, challenges exist such as technology access, teacher readiness, the risk of technology dependency, and long-term evaluation. The practical implications can support digital learning and the transformation of elementary science education.

The development of digital media has made food reviews an important factor in shaping consumer perceptions and decisions, especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the culinary sector, which are highly dependent on reputation. However, food reviews that are not objective, not based on real experiences, or presented in an exaggerated manner have the potential to cause material and immaterial losses for MSMEs. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for MSMEs due to biased food reviews in digital media and to examine the legal basis for liability for such reviews based on the Civil Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The research method used is normative juridical with a regulatory approach and conceptual through the analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that MSMEs can take legal action through lawsuits for unlawful acts and criminal provisions in the ITE Law, although its implementation still faces obstacles in the form of the nature of complaint offenses and difficulties in proving them. This study emphasizes the need to strengthen regulations and ethical guidelines for digital reviews in order to provide more proportional legal protection for MSMEs.  

Many students still face difficulties in understanding statistics because inaccurate preconceptions often develop into misconceptions. This condition is important to study since misconceptions can hinder the mathematics learning process and reduce the quality of students’ conceptual understanding. This study aims to analyze in depth how preconceptions affect the emergence of misconceptions among senior high school students in learning statistics. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach, involving three tenth-grade students from State Senior High School 1 Purwosari who were selected through purposive sampling based on high, medium, and low achievement categories. Data were collected through diagnostic tests in the form of essay questions to reveal students’ preconceptions and in-depth interviews to explore their reasoning, then analyzed descriptively. The findings show that students with accurate preconceptions did not experience misconceptions, students with partially correct preconceptions developed classificational, theoretical, and correlational misconceptions, while students with incorrect preconceptions experienced more complex misconceptions, such as considering the median as the largest value and failing to relate changes in data to the properties of the mean, median, and mode. The study concludes that inaccurate preconceptions directly contribute to the emergence of various forms of misconceptions. The implication is that teachers need to detect, identify, and correct students’ preconceptions from the beginning of the learning process so that misconceptions can be minimized and students’ understanding of statistics can develop more comprehensively.

Children constitute a vulnerable group requiring protection from sexual crimes, including pedophilia. This research aims to examine criminal law provisions protecting child victims of pedophilia crimes in Indonesia and identify obstacles in their implementation. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that legal protection is comprehensively regulated through the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Child Protection Law (Law Number 35 of 2014), Law Number 17 of 2016, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE). These regulations provide a strong legal basis both in terms of principal criminal sanctions and additional sanctions such as chemical castration, electronic monitoring device installation, and perpetrator identity disclosure. The regulations also emphasize victims' rights to medical and psychological rehabilitation as well as identity protection. However, implementation faces several obstacles, including low case reporting rates due to stigma and taboo culture, evidentiary difficulties arising from victim trauma, weak inter-agency coordination, limited resources, and the emergence of digital pedophilia modi. Efforts to address these obstacles include strengthening law enforcement capacity, providing child-friendly justice systems, comprehensive rehabilitation services, public legal education, and synergy between government and non-government institutions in child protection.

Human trafficking constitutes a transnational crime that inflicts physical, psychological, and economic suffering upon its victims. This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of restitution rights for victims of human trafficking and examine preventive efforts from the immigration perspective. According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, every victim has the right to restitution as compensation for losses suffered. However, implementation in practice still encounters numerous obstacles, including weak law enforcement, limited understanding among law enforcement officers, and insufficient technical regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to examine primary legal materials, including Law Number 21 of 2007, Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of human trafficking has not been optimal, with challenges including difficulties in proving immaterial losses, dual procedural systems between the Human Trafficking Law and Criminal Procedure Code, and weak coordination among law enforcement agencies. The Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) often cannot guarantee restitution payments as determined by judges. From the immigration perspective, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic role in preventing human trafficking through travel document control, implementation of the Integrated Border Control Management (IBCM) system, education for prospective migrant workers, and cross-sectoral collaboration. However, challenges persist, including complex and evolving modus operandi, limited resources in remote border areas, and inter-agency coordination obstacles. The study concludes that synergy between institutions and improvements in education and regulation are required to ensure victims' restitution rights are fulfilled effectively.  

The development of information and communication technology in the digital era has increased access to and productivity of scholarly publications, while also creating challenges in managing academic literature and references. Final-year students, particularly those from non–Information Technology programs, often experience difficulties in organizing references systematically, maintaining citation consistency, and avoiding unintentional plagiarism. This article aims to describe the implementation and outcomes of a community service program that provided training on the use of Mendeley as a personal digital library for managing scholarly literature. The program was conducted over two days using a participatory and hands-on approach involving students from Universitas Tamansiswa in Padang. The training methods included conceptual lectures, live demonstrations, and practical sessions covering Mendeley installation, reference management, automatic citation, and bibliography generation. The results indicate improvements in participants’ understanding and skills in reference management, as well as increased awareness of academic integrity. Overall, the training proved effective in enhancing efficiency and writing quality in the preparation of theses or final projects.

This study aims to explore the integration of financial literacy into context-based mathematics education at the elementary school level by emphasizing the use of local knowledge in learning activities. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, this research investigates the experiences and perceptions of students and teachers involved in mathematics learning that connects mathematical concepts with real-life financial situations, such as budgeting, saving, and personal financial management. Data were collected through interviews, classroom observations, and documentation analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the learning process and its outcomes. The findings indicate that integrating financial literacy into context-based mathematics learning enhances the relevance of mathematical content and facilitates students’ conceptual understanding. Students reported increased interest and engagement in mathematics lessons, as well as greater confidence in applying mathematical skills to manage personal finances. The use of familiar financial contexts enabled students to perceive mathematics as meaningful and applicable to their daily lives. Teachers identified limited instructional time and difficulties in explaining abstract concepts as key obstacles in the implementation process. Overall, the results suggest that context-based mathematics learning integrated with financial literacy has strong potential to improve students’ mathematical understanding and financial awareness while fostering practical life skills. Nevertheless, effective implementation requires careful instructional planning, adequate time allocation, and appropriate pedagogical strategies to address complex financial concepts. This study contributes to the growing body of research on contextualized mathematics education by highlighting the importance of integrating local context and financial literacy to enhance the quality and relevance of elementary mathematics education.

Measurement learning is a fundamental and applicable mathematical topic in everyday life, but it often causes learning difficulties for students, especially in understanding the meaning of units, relationships between quantities, and the conceptual measurement process. These difficulties are not only caused by students' limited cognitive abilities, but also by learning designs that do not fully facilitate social interaction and student learning development. This study aims to reconstruct the contextual didactic design in measurement learning by reviewing the role of social interaction and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in the student learning process. This study uses a qualitative approach with the type of Didactic Design Research (DDR). The research stages include analysis of the initial didactic situation to identify student learning barriers, implementation of contextual didactic design in measurement learning, and retrospective analysis of student responses as a basis for reconstructing the didactic design. Data were collected through learning observations, analysis of student work results, interviews, and learning documentation. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by examining social interaction patterns, forms of scaffolding, and student movements in the Zone of Proximal Development. The results of this study indicate that understanding of measurement concepts develops through social interactions between students and between students and teachers within a meaningful learning context. Social interactions and scaffolding provided gradually can encourage students to move from actual abilities to potential abilities within the Zone of Proximal Development. Retrospective analysis indicates that reconstruction of the didactic design is necessary to refine the learning context, activity sequence, and scaffolding strategies to better align with students' learning characteristics. The reconstruction of the didactic design can reduce learning barriers and improve the quality of students' conceptual understanding in measurement learning. This research provides theoretical contributions to the study of social constructivism-based mathematics education and provides practical implications for teachers in designing measurement learning that is more responsive to social interactions and student learning development.

Measurement is a fundamental domain of mathematics that connects formal mathematical concepts with everyday experiences. Despite its practical relevance, students often experience persistent difficulties in understanding measurement conceptually, tending to approach it as a procedural activity rather than as a process of reasoning about quantities, units, and comparisons. These challenges indicate that learning measurement is influenced not only by individual cognitive factors but also by the social dynamics that shape classroom learning environments. This study aims to examine classroom social dynamics in learning measurement by providing empirical evidence from contextual learning situations. This study employed a qualitative research approach to explore how social interaction, scaffolding, and participation mediate students’ understanding of measurement in contextual learning environments. Data were collected through classroom observations, video recordings of learning activities, analysis of students’ written work, and interviews with selected students and the teacher. Contextual measurement tasks were designed to encourage collaboration, dialogue, and justification, enabling the examination of student–student and teacher–student interactions as they naturally occurred in the classroom. Data analysis was conducted iteratively to identify patterns of interaction, forms of scaffolding, and students’ learning progression within the Zone of Proximal Development. The findings reveal that students initially engaged with measurement tasks in a predominantly procedural manner, with limited conceptual understanding and minimal peer interaction. After the implementation of contextual learning situations, classroom social dynamics changed substantially. Students became more actively involved in discussion, collaborative problem-solving, and collective meaning-making. Peer interaction supported the articulation and refinement of students’ reasoning, while teacher scaffolding guided learning by extending students’ thinking without providing direct solutions. These social processes facilitated students’ movement from their actual level of understanding toward higher levels of conceptual competence within the Zone of Proximal Development. The study further shows that contextual learning tasks alone are insufficient to promote meaningful understanding unless they are supported by productive social interaction and adaptive scaffolding. Conceptual understanding of measurement emerged through socially mediated processes rather than through task completion alone. This study contributes to mathematics education research by emphasizing the central role of classroom social dynamics in contextual learning and by offering insights into how interaction and scaffolding can be orchestrated to support students’ conceptual understanding of measurement.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in Fiqh subjects and how its application affects the improvement of students' understanding. Using the library research method, this study reviews various recent literature in the form of scientific articles, accredited journals, academic books, and relevant policy documents. The results of the study show that the Merdeka Curriculum is conceptually aligned with the principles of Islamic education, especially in terms of character development, freedom of learning, and student-centered learning. However, the implementation of this curriculum in Fiqh learning still faces a number of challenges, such as teachers' limited understanding of the new curriculum approach, a lack of project-based contextual teaching materials, and difficulties in conducting authentic assessments on aspects of worship and morals. Technical challenges such as the availability of facilities and access to technology also hamper the effectiveness of learning. This study emphasizes the need for continuous teacher training, the development of open-access learning resources, and improved infrastructure support in order to strengthen the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. Overall, this curriculum has significant potential to improve students' understanding of Fiqh if it is supported by appropriate and collaborative implementation strategies.