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The main objective of this study is to examine whether agreements reached in electronic transactions through online shopping platforms comply with the fundamental principles of contract law. The principles tested include the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of consensualism, the principle of pacta sunt servanda, and the principle of good faith. In addition, this study also aims to understand the legal protection framework for consumers in the context of digital transactions. The methodology applied in this study is normative law, using an approach that focuses on legislation and a conceptual approach. The legal material used consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The collection of legal material was carried out through a literature study, which was then analyzed using deductive logic.Based on the results of the research and data analysis, it was concluded that agreements formed in electronic transactions through online shopping sites have fulfilled the principles of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, and good faith. Legal protection for consumers in e-commerce transactions has been adequately provided through the regulation of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection.

In an era of globalization marked by increased cross-border interactions, legal relationships in international contracts have become increasingly complex and demand legal certainty for the parties involved. This study aims to analyze the implementation of choice of law clauses in the settlement of international contract disputes from the perspective of International Civil Law. The method used is normative legal research with a qualitative analytical approach through a review of regulations, doctrines, and relevant legal literature. The results of the study show that choice of law clauses play an important role in providing legal certainty, efficiency in the dispute resolution process, and protection of the interests of the parties. However, its application is still limited by the principle of public policy and mandatory rules in the forum country. Thus, the choice of law clause is an important instrument that reflects the balance between the principle of party autonomy and the principle of state sovereignty in the practice of International Civil Law.

The rapid growth of Indonesia’s digital economy has created opportunities while simultaneously increasing the risk of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. To address these issues, the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) introduced behavioral remedies as an alternative dispute settlement mechanism. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of behavioral remedies in cases of market control and abuse of dominant position. The research employs a doctrinal legal method. Effectiveness is assessed through two main indicators, namely the restoration of market conditions and the prevention of repeated violations. The findings show that this mechanism is generally effective in restoring competition and preventing recurrence, as demonstrated in several KPPU cases, including Case No. 04/KPPU-I/2024. However, its effectiveness remains conditional, as the mechanism is reactive, does not impose fines, and is monitored only for a relatively short period. Moreover, although KPPU Regulation No. 2 of 2023 regulates this mechanism, it does not provide sufficient legal explanation regarding the classification of articles that are permitted. Therefore, stronger monitoring and more detailed legal clarification are required to ensure the sustainable effectiveness of this mechanism in maintaining fair competition.

The digital transformation of public administration in recent decades has reshaped government service delivery, particularly through the adoption of technology as a tool to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability. The implementation of the Online Single Submission–Risk Based Approach (OSS-RBA) represents Indonesia’s strategic effort to create an integrated licensing framework aligned with the principles of good governance. This study aims to analyze the forms of administrative responsibility in digital-based licensing services under OSS-RBA and examine the accountability mechanisms applicable when system failures affect legal certainty for business actors. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches through the examination of regulations, doctrines, and administrative court decisions. The findings indicate that digitalization does not alter the core of governmental responsibility, as every decision generated by the system is legally attributed to the competent administrative authority. The implementation of OSS-RBA still faces obstacles such as system errors, data inconsistencies between institutions, and delays in technical verification, all of which directly affect legal certainty and the quality of public services. Furthermore, internal and external oversight mechanisms are not yet fully effective in preventing maladministration, including unreasonable delays and inaccuracies in automated decision-making. The study also shows that business actors require more responsive administrative remedies to prevent technological risks from shifting entirely onto them. Therefore, this research concludes that the effectiveness of OSS-RBA depends on strengthening institutional capacity, harmonizing regulations, and ensuring the consistent application of good governance principles throughout all stages of digital licensing administration.  

Consumer protection is an important pillar in ensuring fairness and balance in the relationship between business actors and consumers, including for foreign nationals who transact in Indonesia. Economic globalization and digital developments are expanding the range of cross-border economic activities that demand the presence of an inclusive legal protection system that is adaptive to modern trade dynamics. This research aims to analyze consumer protection for foreign nationals in Indonesia through juridical and sociological approaches to understand the implementation of legal norms, the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms, and the social realities faced by foreign consumers in practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a sociological approach through the analysis of the literature, regulations, and empirical findings from various studies related to cross-border consumer protection. The results of the study show that although normatively Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection guarantees equal rights for all consumers, in practice there are still administrative, cultural, linguistic, and information access obstacles experienced by foreign citizens. These findings affirm the importance of harmonizing consumer protection policies with the principles of global justice, accessibility, and non-discrimination.

This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis comparing the legal mechanisms of constitutional amendment in Indonesia and South Africa. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative law approach. Primary data is sourced from the authoritative texts of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Data analysis is conducted qualitatively using content analysis techniques on provisions related to constitutional amendments in both supreme legal documents. The research findings reveal fundamental differences in the constitutional amendment paradigms of both countries. First, Indonesia adopts a rigid amendment system implemented by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) with very strict quorum and approval requirements. Second, South Africa adopts a more flexible and differentiated system, where Parliament acts as the constituent authority, with varying approval levels depending on the substance of the amended provisions ranging from simple majority to two-thirds, and even involving the Provincial Council for certain matters. Third, despite different approaches, both countries affirm the principle of constitutional supremacy. These mechanistic differences reflect Indonesia's strategic choice to prioritize consensus and constitutional stability, while South Africa emphasizes constitutional adaptability and responsiveness to socio-political developments.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of human resource (HR) governance in improving employee performance at the Serang City Cooperatives and SMEs Office in 2025. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a survey design, involving 100 employees as respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression to test the effect of HR governance variables, which include planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising, on employee performance. The results of the study indicate that HR governance has a positive and significant influence on improving employee performance at the Serang City Cooperatives and SMEs Office. Specifically, clear HR planning, efficient organization, structured implementation, and effective supervision have been shown to increase employee productivity and work quality. The implication of this study is the importance of improving and strengthening HR governance as a strategy to improve employee performance, which ultimately can increase productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of local government agencies.

This study examines the effectiveness of law enforcement regarding violations of Article 287 paragraph (2) of Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation, particularly concerning red-light violations (APILL). Although the legal provisions are clearly formulated, practical implementation reveals a gap between the normative expectations (das Sollen) and actual conditions (das Sein). This research employs a normative juridical method supported by secondary empirical data, analyzed through Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory and Satjipto Rahardjo’s theory of law enforcement. The findings show that the effectiveness of enforcing red-light regulations is influenced by structural aspects of law enforcement agencies, the community’s weak legal culture, and supporting facilities such as the uneven distribution of ETLE systems. The study concludes that the enforcement of Article 287 paragraph (2) remains suboptimal, and therefore requires strengthening ETLE infrastructure, improving officer professionalism, reassessing the proportionality of sanctions, and enhancing public legal education to increase traffic compliance.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the concept of responsive law developed by Robert Nonet and Philip Selznick and the benefits of sustainable development in the context of Indonesian law. Using normative legal research methods, this study focuses on the study of legal doctrines, scientific literature, and regulations related to sustainable development. The results of the study show that responsive law has the potential to become a more adaptive and participatory regulatory framework. This legal model is relevant to strengthening sustainable development policies because it supports the integration of social values, environmental protection, and intergenerational justice. However, structural challenges such as bureaucracy, regulatory inconsistency, and weak law enforcement remain obstacles to the implementation of responsive law in Indonesia. This study confirms that the application of responsive law can increase the effectiveness of sustainable development policies when developed in conjunction with the strengthening of national legal institutions.  

The emergence of a single candidate in the 2024 Batang hari Regional Election represents an interesting illustration of political party strategies in responding to local democratic dynamics. This study aims to analyze the formation of a grand political coalition through the seek efficiency perspective, referring to the concept of political efficiency proposed by(Pamungkas & Parlindungan, 2011). This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, documentation, and online media analysis. The findings reveal that the establishment of a grand coalition supporting the incumbent pair, Fadhil Arief and Bakhtiar, was primarily motivated by political efficiency considerations in utilizing resources such as time, energy, and cost. Cross-party cooperation was viewed as a strategic measure to enhance campaign effectiveness and strengthen electoral support. For core parties such as PPP and NasDem, this efficiency became more evident once the coalition operated with proper coordination and proportional role distribution. Overall, the study illustrates that coalition formation in Batang Hari reflects a form of rational political behavior oriented toward effectiveness and efficiency, as well as an effort to strengthen local democratic stability through productive political collaboration

The rampant circulation of illegal drugs involving children as drug couriers is an issue that requires serious attention from the government, law enforcement agencies, and the wider community. It is important to note that children who commit criminal acts must still receive legal protection in order to ensure their best interests. This study aims to examine the forms of criminal liability and legal protection provided to children who act as drug couriers. The method used in this paper is normative juridical. The results of the study show that children who commit narcotics crimes, especially as couriers, can be charged under Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, but special provisions stipulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System must still be taken into account. An example of legal protection is the reduction of prison terms, as decided by the Denpasar District Court. This consideration was given because the child defendant was still underage, had an unstable psychological condition, and needed supervision and counseling to prevent recidivism. Leniency in sentencing is also important to protect children's rights.

The growth of digital transactions has made it easier for people to buy goods or services, including concert tickets. However, this convenience also increases the risk of fraud, especially through social media. The case of Golden Disc Award (GDA) 2024 ticket fraud on Twitter shows a systematic modus operandi, such as the use of fake accounts and identities, suspiciously cheap ticket prices, and the transfer of communication to private platforms. Victims suffer material and psychological losses, while perpetrators often disappear after receiving payment. Legally, these actions violate Article 378 of the Criminal Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and consumer rights as stipulated in the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK). This study emphasizes the importance of consumer protection in digital transactions, strengthening regulations, and improving public digital literacy to prevent fraudulent practices. Collaboration between the government, law enforcement agencies, concert organizers, digital platforms, and consumers is key to improving the security of online transactions.

Doctors play a crucial role in determining the quality of healthcare services and in upholding the right to health as guaranteed by the constitution and international human rights frameworks. Despite this essential role, medical practice continues to encounter significant challenges, including disparities in medical education quality, inadequate competency assessment mechanisms, and limited integration of professional ethics, discipline, and scientific standards within the health legal system. These issues create risks to patient safety and undermine public trust in medical services. This research analyzes the urgency of health law reform to ensure physician competence and proposes an integration model that unites ethics, discipline, and scientific foundations as the core pillars for equitable and welfare-oriented medical professional governance. Using a normative legal research method, this study adopts legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials are examined qualitatively through doctrinal studies, normative analysis, and comparisons with governance practices of the medical profession in other countries. The study finds that health law reform should prioritize strengthening regulations on competency standards, transparent certification and periodic recertification systems, as well as integrated professional oversight that aligns ethics, discipline, and legal accountability. The proposed integration model serves as a framework to ensure that every physician maintains measurable competence, adheres to professional ethics, and upholds clear legal responsibilities in clinical practice. Reforming health law through such integration is a strategic step to enhance medical service quality, reinforce patient protection, and advance global justice and welfare.

Legal protection for consumers is a crucial element in the legal relationship between business actors and the public, particularly in high-risk service sectors such as gas stove repair services. In practice, many consumers still experience losses due to negligence by service providers, whether caused by inadequate technical handling or insufficient information regarding the condition of the stove after repairs. This study aims to identify and analyze the forms of legal protection available to consumers who suffer losses as a result of such negligence, as well as to determine the types of legal liability that may be imposed on gas stove repair service providers. Using a normative legal research method, this study applies both legislative and conceptual approaches. The legislative approach examines relevant laws and regulations concerning consumer protection, while the conceptual approach analyzes legal principles and expert doctrines related to liability. The findings indicate that consumer protection is provided in two forms: preventive protection, which ensures product and service safety in accordance with Indonesian National Standards (SNI), and repressive protection, which is implemented through enforcement mechanisms such as claims for compensation or dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) or the courts. Business actors who commit negligence in providing repair services can be held legally responsible based on the principles of negligence or strict liability. To strengthen consumer protection, the study recommends the establishment of derivative regulations concerning technician certification, standardized repair service procedures, and integrated supervision of safety compliance within the gas stove repair service industry.

Sexual violence remains a pervasive human rights violation globally, with nearly one in three women experiencing physical or sexual abuse in their lifetime (UN Women, 2024). In Indonesia, the National Commmision on Violence against Women (Komnas Perempuan) reported 330,097 cases in 2024, of which 26,9% were sexual violence. Despite Law No. 12 of 2022 on the Crime of Sexual Violence (UU TPKS), gaps persist between legal enforcement and public awareness, emphasizing the need for effective advocacy. This study investigates the rol of digital media in human rights advocacy by analyzing KemenPPPA’s Instagram Reels campaign titled “Three Years Since the Enactment of the Sexual Violence Law.” Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through digital observation and documentation of the video, captions, and public comments. Framing Analysis (Entman, 1993) identified problem definitations, moral evaluations, and proposed solutions, while Normative Content Discourse Interpretation (NCDI) interpreted content based on national law and international human rights standards, particularly CEDAW. Findings show that the campaign communicates key human rights values, including victim protection, gender equality, and justice. The study highlights the potential of digital media as both an educational tool and platform for social participation, stressing participatory legal communication to complement formal law enforcement and advance women’s rights in Indonesia.

Digital transformation in the field of information technology requires Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to improve the quality of financial management to be able to compete sustainably. One effort that can be done is through the implementation of the Financial Management Information System (MISK). This study aims to analyze the implementation of MISK in MSMEs, examine the benefits obtained, and identify obstacles faced in the implementation process. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The object of the study is the culinary MSME "Dapur Lestari Jambi" which has implemented a digital financial recording application and Point of Sale (POS) system. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of MISK can increase the accuracy of transaction recording, accelerate the preparation of financial reports, improve cash flow management, and support data-based managerial decision-making. However, the implementation of MISK still faces several obstacles, especially related to limited human resource competency, consistency of recording, and adaptation to technology. This study concludes that the Financial Management Information System has a strategic role in increasing the efficiency, transparency, and professionalism of MSME financial management, and is an important factor in supporting business sustainability in the digital era.  

The research intends to formulate an integrative approach for designing the Merdeka Curriculum based on Deep Learning in the Economics subject at SMA N 1 Boyolali. The rapid advancement of digital technology demands more adaptive, contextual, and student-centered learning models aligned with 21st- century competencies. Using a an exploratory research approach supported by a structured assessment of prior studies (SLR), this research synthesizes theoretical perspectives and previous studies related to curriculum design, deep learning, and educational innovation. The results reveal that the incorporation of Deep Learning into the Merdeka Curriculum offers a more responsive and data-driven framework, enabling deeper conceptual understanding, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills in Economics learning. However, several challenges were identified, including teachers limited digital competence, insufficient infrastructure, and minimal curriculum innovation training. The study emphasizes the significance of combining technological and pedagogical innovation to strengthen learning quality. The results provide a conceptual model that educators can adopt to design an adaptive curriculum aligned with students’ characteristics and contemporary educational demands.

This study aims to explore how religious Muslim students interpret halal labels on product packaging and how these interpretations influence their consumption behavior. In the context of increasing awareness of halal product importance, halal labeling is not just a symbol of religious law, but also a guarantee of quality, safety, and trust. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method phenomenological approach, involving students from UIN Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto who were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, literature study, and documentation, then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that highly religious students tend to be more selective, careful, and responsible in choosing products, prioritizing those with halal certification even when priced higher. The halal label provides psychological comfort and certainty that the product aligns with Islamic principles. Additionally, a strong understanding of halal labels increases consumer loyalty and supports the growth of the halal industry through rising demand for certified products. Thus, the halal label plays a significant role in shaping the consumption patterns of religious Muslim students and contributes to the broader development of the halal industry in Indonesia.

This study aims to assess the effect of PSAK 57 implementation on the quality of financial statements in Indonesian public companies. PSAK 57 is significant because it facilitates the presentation of uncertain liabilities and assets in an honest, relevant, and transparent manner, which ultimately strengthens stakeholder confidence in these financial statements. This study applies a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data, namely annual reports and financial statements from public companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) within a certain period. The evaluation was conducted to measure the degree of compliance with PSAK 57 and its relationship with financial statement quality parameters, such as relevance, reliability, and comparability. The research findings indicate that the implementation of PSAK 57 has a positive impact on the quality of financial statements, as entities that consistently adopt this standard demonstrate higher levels of transparency and accountability. This conclusion conveys a crucial message to practitioners and regulators to continue to deepen their understanding and implementation of PSAK 57 in order to strengthen the quality and integrity of financial reporting in Indonesia.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the public sector accounting cycle in the planning, implementation, administration, and evaluation of catfish cultivation programs run by BUMDes Ajoeng Jaya as part of the village food security program. The focus of the research departs from the need to ensure that each stage of the management of the BUMDes program runs according to the principles of public accountability, considering that BUMDes is a strategic entity in the management of village resources to improve the welfare of the community. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach through field observation, in-depth interviews with the management of BUMDes Ajoeng Jaya, and a review of documentation related to catfish farming program activities and financial records. This approach allows researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the accounting practices applied as well as the various obstacles that arise during the implementation of food security programs. The results of the study show that the catfish cultivation program has failed due to weak internal supervision, the absence of SOPs, lack of financial recording and reporting, and lack of technical competence of managers. The implementation of the public sector accounting cycle has not been running optimally so that it is not able to support effective control and evaluation of programs. In addition, crop failures are exacerbated by theft by internal parties and the absence of a structured monitoring system throughout the program, which indicates weak governance and internal control. This study has limitations in the form of a small number of informants and a lack of formal documents, so the analysis—especially the financial aspect—cannot be generalized widely. Nevertheless, this study contributes by integrating the evaluation of food security programs through the implementation of the public sector accounting cycle and offering recommendations to improve the accountability, transparency, and sustainability of BUMDes programs.