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The stochastic SEIR model offers an innovative approach to understanding the spread of infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, in limited populations. This study adopts a stochastic model to capture random variability in individual interactions, often overlooked in deterministic models. The population is divided into four main categories: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Infected (I), and Recovered (R), with transitions between categories determined by probabilities based on epidemiological parameters. Through simulations, the model demonstrates its capability to depict more realistic patterns of disease spread, including fluctuations in case numbers and epidemic duration. The findings indicate that stochastic variability plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission, especially in small populations or when the number of individual contacts is limited. The stochastic SEIR model can serve as an effective tool for policymakers to evaluate various intervention strategies, such as vaccination, transmission control, and treatment, as well as to design public health policies that are data-driven and adaptive to epidemiological uncertainties.

During the process of making sambiloto simplicial which involves heat, it can cause degradation of chlorophyll. Increasing the stability of chlorophyll can be done by forming Zn-chlorophyll complexes with metals which are be able to form complexes where more stable than Mg such as by using Zn. The aim of this research is to determine how the physical and chemical characteristics of the bitter simplicia powder produced are influenced by the type of reagent and the concentration of the reagent when heated in an oven. Simplicia bitter powder is made through a sorting, grinding and sieving process. Next, the zinc chloride and zinc acetate reagents were mixed with concentrations of 0, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm, and then dried. The results showed a real effect (p value <0.05) of the interaction between the types of ZnCl2 and Zn acetate reagents and the reagent concentration on color intensity, color stability, water content, ash content and chlorophyll content. The higher the concentration of ZnCl2 and Zn acetate, the higher the water content, ash content, chlorophyll content, L*, and -a*, while b* and ∆E decrease. At a concentration of 500 ppm ZnCl2 showed an increase in water, ash, chlorophyll, ∆E, L*, and a* content while b* decreased. Meanwhile, Zn acetate 500 ppm moisture content, ash content, chlorophyll content, L*, and ∆E decreased, while a* and b* increased. Sambiloto simplicia powder which has the highest chlorophyll content is Zn acetate 400 ppm, with characteristics of water content 6.81% ww, ash content 15.74% ww, total chlorophyll 397.97 mg/100 g ww, green color intensity (-a) -2.93, and ∆E 5.48.

This community service program aims to facilitate the improvement of English skills for military personnel of Radar Unit 212, Indonesian Air Force, in Natuna Regency. This area is in close proximity to the South China Sea, which is still subject to territorial disputes among several Southeast Asian countries. As an international language, English plays a crucial role as a communication bridge for Air Force personnel. By implementing Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), a teaching method focusing on actual interaction such as conversation and discussion, the Air Force personnel can benefit from this English skills improvement program.

Posyandu is a form of Community Resource Health Effort (UKBM) which is managed from, by, for and with the community, in order to empower the community and make it easier for the community to obtain basic health services. Improving the quality of health services can be seen from the ease of obtaining services, speed and accuracy of services and affordable costs. To fulfill the provision of good services is determined by the abilities, attitudes and behavior of service officers in their interactions with the community as service recipients. The implementation of the Posyandu program did not run smoothly due to a lack of participation from the community using the service. Adequate service facilities and facilities do not necessarily make residents active in going to Posyandu. Only a small portion of the healthy behavior of mothers and children in the community are willing to implement it and obtain it through Posyandu, so the role of cadres is very influential in increasing community participation through a pick-up system and going directly into the community

Posyandu is a form of Community Resource Health Effort (UKBM) which is managed from, by, for and with the community, in order to empower the community and make it easier for the community to obtain basic health services. Improving the quality of health services can be seen from the ease of obtaining services, speed and accuracy of services and affordable costs. To fulfill the provision of good services is determined by the abilities, attitudes and behavior of service officers in their interactions with the community as service recipients. The implementation of the Posyandu program did not run smoothly due to a lack of participation from the community using the service. Adequate service facilities and facilities do not necessarily make residents active in going to Posyandu. Only a small portion of the healthy behavior of mothers and children in the community are willing to implement it and obtain it through Posyandu, so the role of cadres is very influential in increasing community participation through a pick-up system and going directly into the community

Community creative economic empowerment plays an important role in improving welfare, preventing stunting, and enabling the development of creative potential and the uniqueness of local culture. The MAMAH TING-TING counselling and cooking demonstration in Sidorejo Village focused on delivering information on the prevention of wasting and stunting through the utilisation of local food, with interaction of question and answer sessions and quizzes, as well as the practice of making corn pudding as a High Calorie High Protein (TKTP) menu for the prevention of stunting in children, attended by 30 out of 40 invited PKK members. The MAMAH TING-TING counselling and cooking demonstration have successfully delivered important information about wasting and stunting prevention to the community, especially the PKK women of Sidorejo Village. Through a comprehensive explanation of the meaning, differences, causal factors, impacts, prevention and control of wasting and stunting, as well as a cooking demonstration of corn pudding as an example of a TKTP menu, participants are expected to better understand the importance of nutritious food consumption in preventing stunting in children. The interaction of question and answer sessions and quizzes have also contributed to ensuring participants' understanding of the material presented.

The decline in cognitive function can be influenced by various factors, both individual and environmental. Individual factors include age, gender, level of education, genetic factors, and medical history. Meanwhile, environmental factors include social engagement and activities, both physical and cognitive activities. This research aims to investigate the Relationship between Social Interaction and Physical Activity with Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population in Neighborhood 05 of Cilangkap Subdistrict, Tapos District, Depok City. The method used in this research utilizes a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, involving a sample of 55 respondents. The research results showed that the majority of respondents had good social interaction, totaling 32 respondents out of the total respondents. Of these, 23 (71.0%) respondents had a normal cognitive function, while 9 (28.1%) respondents experienced moderate cognitive impairment. Additionally, the majority of respondents with good physical activity and normal cognitive function amounted to 22 respondents (75.9%), while respondents with good physical activity and moderate cognitive impairment numbered 7 respondents (24.1%). In conclusion, the majority of respondents with good social interaction and good physical activity tended to have normal cognitive function.    

Learning is the core of the educational process. In it there is interaction between various components, namely teachers, students and learning materials or learning resources. The interaction between these three main components involves facilities and infrastructure such as methods, media and the arrangement of the learning environment so as to create a learning process that allows the planned goals to be achieved. This research aims to determine the planning and implementation of Islamic Religious Education learning at Elementary School 1 Padang Panjang Barat. This type of research is qualitative research. With a descriptive qualitative method using data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Next, to test the validity of the data, researchers used triangulation techniques. Then, to analyze the data, researchers divided it into four components, including: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of the research show that Islamic Religious Education Learning at Elementary School 1 Padang Panjang Before carrying out Islamic religious education learning, the teacher or educator begins by creating teaching modules and lesson boundaries. There are three learning activities carried out, namely: the teacher saying hello and prayer, student attendance and conveying the learning objectives for the preliminary activities, the teacher's core activity begins by explaining Islamic Religious Education material, and the final/closing activity begins with the students together making conclusions and the teacher giving questions and answers to the students one by one individually. random as material for evaluation and assessment of the learning of the meeting and ended with a joint prayer.  

Economic activity is a complex as well as integral phenomenon in the life of modern citizens. This abstract explores various aspects of economic activity, including the process of production, distribution, and consumption of an object or service. Through micro and macroeconomic analysis, this abstract investigates the attitudes of economic actors, market interactions and the consequences of economic policies on the development and welfare of citizens. Not only that, this abstract also examines the position of technology, globalization, and facts.

This study aims to analyze communication patterns in mathematics learning for blind students. This research was conducted by utilizing observation techniques on interactions between blind students and teachers in the context of mathematics learning. Data was collected through direct observation and analyzed qualitatively to identify dominant communication patterns. The research results show that communication patterns in mathematics learning for blind students have their own characteristics, which include the use of various verbal and non-verbal methods. This study provides valuable insights for the development of more inclusive learning strategies for students with visual impairments in the context of mathematics education.

The use of smartphones nowadays is increasingly rapid, even teenagers cannot be separated from using these smartphones, but several conditions cause dependence, especially on the internet network, which ultimately gives rise to incidents of nomophobia or conditions of anxiety, fear and even stress and depression in a person, which is caused by the absence of or being away from the internet network on a cellphone and this is considered a modern phobia resulting from individual interactions with information and communication technology, especially smartphones. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between self-esteem and the incidence of nomophobia in early adolescents at SMP Barunawati 1 Petamburan, West Jakarta. This type of research is non-experimental quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. Sampling used proportional stratified random sampling and purposive sampling techniques to obtain a sample of 76 students with research instruments in the form of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) questionnaires. Data analysis using Pearson Correlation Product Moment. The results of the research showed that the majority of early adolescents had high self-esteem (71.1%), and the majority of early adolescents had moderate nomophobia (65.8%) and there was a relationship between self-esteem and nomophobia in early adolescents at SMP Barunawati 1 Petamburan, West Jakarta and grades. p value 0.000 < 0.05. Based on the results of this research, it is hoped that research sites can provide counseling or health education about the impacts of excessive smartphone use.

Sensory Integration Therapy is an approach that focuses on sensory stimulation to improve sensory processing and adaptive responses in individuals with sensory disorders, one of which is children with autism. Sensory integration therapy makes it easier for autistic children to communicate to be better understood and to create good social interactions. Therefore, the Yasmin Autism Therapy Center carries out Sensory Integration Therapy to improve social interaction in autistic children. This research aims to determine the application of sensory integration therapy at the Yasmin Autism Therapy Center to improve social interaction in autistic children and determine the obstacles in implementing sensory integration therapy. Data collection techniques include documentation, observation and interviews. The results of the research show that the stages of Sensory Integration Therapy at the Yasmin Autism Therapy Center are providing simple instructions, a series of sequential activities and honing concentration, consistency and endurance in activities through play. Supporting factors for sensory therapy activities include good collaboration between therapists and parents. Meanwhile, the obstacles to children's communication are difficult factors, limited therapy tools, and limited therapy time.

This study aims to explore the influence of the social environment on the communication patterns of adolescents in urban areas. A qualitative approach is used to understand how factors such as family, peers, school environment, social media, local culture, socioeconomic status, globalization, and physical environment influence the way adolescents communicate. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, focus group discussions and case studies. The respondents in this study were 100 respondents from teenagers in Bandung city.The results showed that family has a central role in shaping adolescents' communication skills, with supportive parenting increasing openness and communication effectiveness. Peers also have a significant influence, where adolescents adjust their communication style to gain social acceptance. School environments that support open and participatory communication have been shown to improve adolescents' communication skills, while the use of social media and modern technology changes the mode and frequency of communication, although sometimes reducing face-to-face interactions.Local culture and urbanization introduce adolescents to more modern and dynamic communication styles, while socioeconomic status affects access to education and technology, which in turn affects communication skills. Globalization and exposure to foreign cultures broaden adolescents' communication horizons, allowing interaction with various groups. Finally, the urban physical environment, including public facilities and population density, affects adolescents' interaction and communication patterns.  The findings provide implications for policies and interventions aimed at improving adolescents' communication skills through a holistic approach involving family, school, community, and management of social media use.

Indonesian students' character is greatly shaped by Christian Religious Education, but in an age of globalisation and religious diversity, PAK practices must be updated and adjusted to the changing social environment. This study applies insights from educational sociology to analyse successful PAK tactics. The ideas of Christian education and sociological theories of education are used to emphasise difficulties and barriers in putting the PAK strategy into practice through qualitative library study methodologies. The results highlight the significance of comprehending ideological disputes in societies, changing curricula to reflect cultural and technological advances, and focusing on the symbolic interaction between teachers and students. The findings lay the groundwork for the creation of more pertinent and potent religious instruction.

The model of Jesus' transformative dialogue in the Gospel of John 1-4, describes the interaction of Jesus Christ conducting evangelism consistently through dialogues in John 1-4 with various figures in different contexts that lead to changes in understanding and spiritual transformation both individually and in the groups He faces. This study aims to identify and analyze the model of transformational dialogue carried out by Jesus Christ in John 1-4 to achieve the transformative goal of building relationships that enable the growth of faith among His listeners and bring people to faith in Him. The research method uses qualitative descriptive and exploratory text analysis with a hermeneutical approach to understand the cultural and theological contexts that underlie each effective missiological dialogue. This study analyzes six dialogues in John 1-4, involving Jesus Christ in conversation with four different groups of people. Dialogues as a means of communication to bring about change and deeper understanding of spiritual truth. The results of this study illustrate that Jesus Christ uses various dialogical strategies to convey the gospel message effectively to people from diverse social backgrounds to build relationships that enable the growth of faith. The transformational dialogue model of Jesus Christ in John 1-4, demonstrates wise and open dialogue in the context of evangelism and provides valuable teaching and guidance for modern evangelism practice and emphasizes the need for adaptation to the individual's social context to achieve maximum effectiveness in bringing people to Christ.

The execution of the rehabilitation of military prisoners is carried out through a communicative and accommodating approach, involving direct interaction between officers and military prisoners via counseling or interviews. This aims to listen, accept, discover, regulate emotions, strengthen spirituality, and resolve personal and official issues while fostering dedication, sincerity, responsibility, and loyalty within the Indonesian National Armed Forces environment. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the existing challenges in implementing military prisoner development that need to be addressed and overcome. In this study, the author applied qualitative research employing a descriptive approach to systematically, factually, and promptly gather data in line with the research’s context. The findings of this study demonstrated that the success of rehabilitating military prisoners in military correctional institutions is not solely within the responsibility of the Center for Military Correctional Institutions and the Military Correctional Institution itself. It is also affected by external factors, including the attention and moral support offered by the unit commander from the origin place of the military prisoners. This influence aims to facilitate military prisoners’ transformation into soldiers embodying Sapta Marga values, ensuring their readiness for forthcoming unit responsibilities.

Islamic education holds a strategic position in shaping students’ moral character and social attitudes within multicultural societies. However, Islamic educational curricula are frequently perceived as prioritizing normative-textual transmission and doctrinal compliance, leaving limited room for interfaith dialogue and the cultivation of inclusive dispositions. This study critically assesses Islamic educational curriculum orientations and examines how sharia-based moral pedagogy can foster interfaith tolerance among students. The study also responds to the limited empirical linkage between sharia moral education and measurable developments in tolerance, inclusivity, and dialogic competence in Islamic schooling contexts. Using a qualitative design with descriptive-critical analysis, the research draws on curriculum document analysis and classroom observations across several Islamic educational institutions. Data are analyzed thematically to identify how three key curricular dimensions-akhlak (ethical conduct), maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah (higher moral objectives), and Islamic civilization history-are embedded and enacted in teaching practices, as well as how these elements shape students’ attitudes toward religious difference. The results indicate that akhlak-centered learning supports empathy, mutual respect, and non-discriminatory behavior by framing morality as lived practice rather than abstract instruction. Integrating maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah strengthens students’ inclusive orientation by emphasizing public good, justice, and human dignity as guiding principles for social relations. Additionally, teaching Islamic civilization history-especially narratives of coexistence-enhances students’ awareness of interfaith engagement and positions dialogue as compatible with Islamic identity. A comparative analysis suggests that sharia-based moral pedagogy is more effective than normative-textual curricula in building tolerant and inclusive student dispositions, mainly because it enables reflective learning, contextual moral reasoning, and dialogic interaction.

This study examines the impact of structured online collaborative learning (OCL) on foreign language skills in multinational higher education settings. As digital platforms become integral to global education systems, OCL has proven effective in enhancing language proficiency, especially in speaking, writing, and interaction. Using a quasi-experimental design, the study employed pre-test and post-test assessments to measure language improvements before and after engaging in OCL activities. The results demonstrated significant progress in all areas of language proficiency, particularly in speaking and interactional skills, owing to continuous peer interaction, structured feedback, and collaborative tasks mimicking real-world communication scenarios. The study emphasizes the importance of synchronous collaboration in fostering fluency and confidence, particularly through real-time communication and peer feedback. However, challenges such as technological disparities and cultural differences were observed, occasionally limiting full participation. Despite these obstacles, the findings suggest that OCL is an effective method for improving foreign language skills. The study advocates for the integration of collaborative online learning tools in language education curricula, particularly in diverse, multicultural environments. Future research should explore the long-term effects of OCL on language acquisition, address technological barriers, and investigate the effectiveness of various collaborative models in enhancing specific language skills.

This article aims to determine the interactions that exist between dancers and the audience in the Tor-Tor performance at Pasar Kamu, Pantai Labu District. This performance is performed between dancers and the audience by interacting through communication by attracting the attention of the audience to join in dancing together. Research in this article uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques by means of observation, interviews and documentation. The research results show that in the Tor-Tor performance there is social interaction between the public as spectators and the Tor-Tor dancers, and intrapersonal communication is established through movements as conveyance of messages and recipients of messages carried out by the audience and dancers in the Tor-Tor performance. Through this article, it is hoped that it can raise a positive image that traditional dance is worth preserving.

The cause of the low learning outcomes of students on matrix material is the lack of understanding of concepts and communication skills. A learning model that overcomes these problems is needed. The STAD type cooperative learning model can increase the interaction between students so that students can communicate and collaborate to understand matrix concepts. This class action research aims to improve students' learning outcomes on matrix material by applying the STAD type cooperative learning model in class XI-2 SMA Negeri 6 Surabaya. The data collection techniques used were observation, learning outcomes test, and documentation. The results showed that by applying the STAD type cooperative learning model can improve the learning outcomes of students of class XI-2 SMAN 6 Surabaya on matrix material. This is indicated by an increase in the value of learning outcomes and completeness of students after being given action in each cycle. There was an increase in learning outcomes by 39.39% from pre-cycle to cycle I and 54.54% from cycle I to cycle II. Learning completeness reached 54.54% in cycle I and 100% in cycle II.