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This study aims to analyze the optimization of regional expenditure in the education sector of Surabaya City for the 2025 fiscal year in supporting regional development. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation studies conducted at the Surabaya City Education Office. Data were obtained from relevant stakeholders involved in education budget management and supported by official documents related to policies and the implementation of education programs. The results show that the management of education expenditure has been aligned with the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) and applies the money follow program principle, which prioritizes programs based on community needs and development priorities. Programs such as Regional School Operational Assistance (BOPDA), educational assistance for students, school infrastructure development, and community-based learning innovations have contributed to expanding access to education, improving the equity of educational services, and reducing dropout rates. In addition, the use of monitoring systems, periodic evaluation, and the involvement of multiple stakeholders in supervision has strengthened transparency and accountability in budget management. However, several challenges remain, including limited implementation time, procurement constraints, and economic conditions such as inflation. Overall, education expenditure in Surabaya has been managed relatively well in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability while still requiring continuous improvement

This study aims to analyze the role of the school committee in improving the quality of Islamic Religious Education at Karya Bhakti Private Junior High School. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the committee’s involvement in educational activities. The research subjects consisted of the principal, Islamic Religious Education teachers, and school committee members. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis process included data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions systematically. The findings revealed that the school committee has performed its roles as an advisory, supporting, controlling, and mediating body. The committee contributes to program planning, supports religious activities, supervises implementation, and facilitates communication between the school and the community. However, these roles have not been carried out optimally due to limited participation and weak coordination among stakeholders. As a result, although the school committee plays an important role in enhancing the quality of Islamic Religious Education, improvements are still needed to increase its effectiveness. Strengthening collaboration, improving coordination, and increasing active participation from all members are essential to maximize the contribution of the school committee in supporting educational quality.

Planning and improving the performance of educational organizations is a strategic issue that requires a managerial approach integrated with psychological aspects. This study aims to examine and synthesize factors influencing organizational performance through a management psychology approach. The method used was a qualitative systematic literature review design for scientific articles from 2022–2025 obtained from Google Scholar. Data collection techniques were carried out through documentation and article selection based on inclusion criteria, resulting in seven articles for analysis. Data analysis used a thematic approach to identify patterns and relationships between findings. The results showed that organizational performance improvement is influenced by three main factors: structured human resource planning, effective organizational communication, and transformational leadership and work motivation as psychological factors. These findings indicate that integration between structural and psychological aspects plays a crucial role in improving organizational effectiveness. In conclusion, a management approach that integrates planning and psychological factors can improve the performance of educational organizations sustainably.

This research examines the comparison between Aristotelian Logic and Modern Logic from the perspective of Islamic education. It aims to understand their concepts, significant differences, the perspective of Islamic education, and their contribution to critical thinking. The study employs a philosophical-comparative approach. The findings indicate that Aristotelian Logic, with its deductive approach and syllogism, emphasizes universal truth and coherence. In contrast, Modern Logic focuses on symbolic formalism and empirical verification. Islamic education views logic as an epistemological tool to harmonize reason (`aql) and revelation (naql). The analysis reveals that integrating both logical systems is not only possible but also strategic. Their synthesis gives rise to "tawhidic rationality," a paradigm that combines analytical rigor with spiritual awareness. This integrative model significantly contributes to forming holistic critical thinking skills, where learners are not only intellectually proficient but also grounded in Islamic ethical and spiritual values. Consequently, this study provides a foundation for developing a more relevant Islamic education curriculum.

This research is motivated by the urgency of effective Islamic Education Management (MPI) as a prerequisite for enhancing the role of Islamic Education (PAI) teachers in shaping students’ religious character amid the challenges of digitalization and institutional coordination constraints. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of MPI experienced by PAI teachers, the interaction among stakeholders, and the teachers’ perceptions of its effectiveness at PKPPS Minhajurrosyidin, East Jakarta. Using a descriptive qualitative method with a case study and phenomenological approach, data were collected through triangulation (interviews, observations, and document studies) and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The findings indicate that MPI is an essential structural mediating variable. The optimization of MPI—particularly in terms of digital facility support and professional training—significantly enhances the effectiveness of PAI teachers as Uswah Hasanah and as facilitators of adaptive and scientific learning. However, the main obstacle lies in the lack of horizontal coordination among teachers in holistically integrating Values-Based Education. The implications of this study emphasize the need for formal managerial policies to ensure collective responsibility in character formation.

This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation of life skills-based Islamic education management at the Al-Hidayah Integrated Islamic Boarding School in Jambi Province. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach, combining observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies to obtain a comprehensive overview of the ongoing managerial process. The results indicate that the implementation of life skills-based Islamic education management is carried out through four main management functions: planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating. Each function is designed to integrate Islamic values ​​with the development of skills relevant to the students' lives. The Islamic boarding school emphasizes strengthening personal, social, academic, and vocational skills, systematically integrated into the curriculum and activities. This approach not only enhances practical skills but also fosters religious character, independence, and prepares students to face the demands of the modern era. These findings confirm that effective and targeted educational management is key to developing a competent and competitive generation of students.  

Eukaryotic microorganisms, particularly fungi and protists, play a vital role in ecosystems, as well as in microbiology studies and biology education. The complex structure of eukaryotic cells, such as a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, enables these two groups to perform diverse physiological functions and adapt to their environments. This study aims to synthesize the literature on the structure and function of eukaryotic cells in fungi and protists and their implications for biology learning. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive qualitative approach through analysis of relevant scientific sources. The results of this study indicate that understanding the structure of eukaryotic cells in fungi and protists is not only important in the context of microbiology but also contributes to strengthening understanding of the concept of cell structure and function and making biology learning more contextual and meaningful.

Speech acts are actions or processes performed by speakers to convey messages and information to their interlocutors using language as a medium. This study examines one type of speech act, namely expressive speech acts. This study aims to classify and identify the types of expressive speech acts in episodes 1 to 5 of the Academy of Champions, a program from the Ruangguru educational competition, which was uploaded to YouTube. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a pragmatic approach. Data were collected using the free listening and note-taking techniques, as the researcher was not directly involved in the event. Data analysis was conducted using the pragmatic matching technique, in which the speaker and interlocutor served as the primary tools for interpretation. The data are presented formally in tables and informally in narratives. The results of the study on expressive speech acts in the educational competency program in the Academy of Champions by Ruangguru video found 198 expressive speech acts consisting of 10 types, namely saying thank you (28 utterances), congratulating (7 utterances), blaming (6 utterances), praising (71 utterances), belittling (11 utterances), feeling guilty (9 utterances), complaining (28 utterances), apologizing (13 utterances), greeting (16 utterances), and feeling proud (9 utterances). Praise speech acts are the most dominant type found in this study. The results of this study are expected to provide an understanding of and knowledge in the field of pragmatics, serving as a valuable source of information for students to analyze expressive speech acts further.

This study aims to describe and identify the forms of locutionary speech acts that appear in Civic Education learning videos on the Kejarcita YouTube channel. Kejarcita is a YouTube channel that provides learning educational content for both senior high school and junior high school students. The language style used in the videos is highly engaging, beginning with a friendly greeting and informal style, such as “teman kece”, followed by questions that serve as an interactive means encourage viewers to think. The results of this study serve as a reference for gaining knowledge and understanding of the use of locutionary speech acts in learning videos on the Kejarcita channel. They may also be used as a reference for other researches who wish to conduct similar studies in the field of pragmatics or digital learning media. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a pragmatic approach. The data consist of utterances containing locutionary acts, taken from Civic Education learning videos on the Kejarcita YouTube channel. Based on the results of the analysis, 191 data points were obtained, namely (1) locutionary speech acts intended to inform, totaling 63 occurrences; (2) locutionary speech acts intended to explain, totaling 49 occurrences; (3) locutionary speech acts intended to ask, totaling 34 occurrences; (4) locutionary speech acts intended to invite, totaling 27 occurrences; and (5) locutionary speech acts intended to remind, totaling 18 occurrences.

The rapid advancement of technology has brought significant changes to the field of education, requiring adjustments in the roles and competencies of educators to improve the quality of human resources. The teaching profession is no longer limited to delivering knowledge but also demands the ability to adapt to technological developments, utilize digital tools, and create innovative and relevant learning experiences. This study aims to examine the challenges faced by the education profession in improving the quality of human resources and to identify strategies that can be implemented to address these challenges. This research employs a literature review method by analyzing ten relevant scientific articles using a descriptive qualitative approach. The findings reveal several major challenges, including limited teacher competence and professionalism, constraints in the use of technology, weaknesses in human resource management in education, and the lack of optimal training and professional development programs. In addition, disparities in access and readiness for digital transformation also hinder the improvement of educational quality. The results suggest that improving the quality of human resources through education requires a comprehensive approach, including strengthening teacher competencies, providing continuous professional development, improving educational management, and ensuring adaptive policy support. Therefore, the education profession is expected to play a crucial role as a driving force in producing competent, high-quality human resources who are well prepared to face future challenges.

This study investigates the impact of social support and learning motivation on students' desire to pursue higher education at SMA Negeri 4 in South Tangerang City. It employs a quantitative design through survey methods, collecting data via a Google Form questionnaire from 84 participants, with instruments validated and tested for reliability using SPSS version 27. Analysis involved simple and multiple linear regression, supplemented by t-tests for individual effects and F-tests for combined influences. Social support (X1) significantly affects interest in further education (Y), showing a regression coefficient of 1.521 (p = 0.000) and R² of 0.649. Learning motivation (X2) likewise exerts a strong positive influence on interest in higher education (Y), with a coefficient of 1.307 (p = 0.000) and R² of 0.691. Together, these factors significantly predict students' interest (F = 106.418, p = 0.000), explaining 72.4% of the variance (multiple R² = 0.724), while 27.6% stems from unexamined variables. These results highlight the critical role of social support and robust learning motivation in boosting students' aspirations for advanced studies. Schools, families, and policymakers can leverage these insights to craft targeted initiatives for enhancing postsecondary enrollment. These results highlight the critical role of social support and robust learning motivation in boosting students' aspirations for advanced studies. Schools, families, and policymakers can leverage these insights to craft targeted initiatives for enhancing postsecondary enrollment.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of pedagogical competence among Christian Religious Education teachers and its implications for students’ learning interest at SMTK Katharos Bekasi. The study is based on the importance of teachers’ pedagogical competence in creating effective learning environments and increasing student engagement in the classroom. A qualitative approach with a descriptive design was applied in this research. Data were collected through classroom observations, questionnaire-based interviews with students, and literature review. The findings show that teachers’ pedagogical competence is categorized as good, with an average score of 33.8 or 75.1% of the maximum score, reflecting effective classroom management, appropriate material delivery, and proper student guidance. Students’ learning interest is also categorized as good, with an average score of 32.8 or 72.9%, indicating active participation and positive engagement in the learning process. Therefore, pedagogical competence positively influences students’ learning interest, and continuous improvement is needed to enhance learning effectiveness.

Christian education plays a strategic role in shaping the faith, character, and spiritual life of learners however, learning processes often remain theoretical, limiting the internalization of faith values. This study aims to examine the concept of theological reflection using the Sharing Christian Praxis (SCP) method in Christian education, explore its application, and analyze its relevance to contemporary life. This research employs a qualitative approach with a literature study method, drawing on relevant books, scientific journals, and academic sources. The findings indicate that theological reflection is a fundamental process in Christian education that enables learners to interpret life experiences in the light of God’s Word, resulting in authentic faith transformation. The SCP method, developed by Thomas H. Groome, provides an operational framework for implementing this theological reflection through systematic stages: sharing life experiences, critical reflection, engagement with Scripture, dialogue, and commitment to action. The relationship between theological reflection and SCP is integral and synergistic; theological reflection provides direction and depth, while SCP operationalizes this process dialogically and contextually, the application of SCP in Christian education has proven effective in increasing learner engagement and connecting faith with daily life. It is recommended that Christian educators implement SCP as a primary learning method, and that educational institutions integrate it into their curriculum development strategies.

This study analyzes the dynamics of "Early Marriage and Shattered School Hopes" regarding eroded psychological well-being and pawned adolescent ideals in Brebes Regency. Using a qualitative case study design, data were gathered via in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis from eight informants, processed using Miles and Huberman's interactive model. Findings reveal early marriage is not merely a social event but systemic trauma damaging psychological structures through three aspects: first, victims' psychological conditions marked by identity loss, prolonged anxiety, and "fatalistic resignation"; second, lost educational access due to interactions of "normative-cultural coercion," "institutional structural barriers," and "economic-domestic double burdens"; third, manifestations of buried ideals comprising "hindered academic grief," "identity cognitive conflict," and "internalized existential despair." The research proves education loss from early marriage destroys human potential, altering character, leaving spiritual voids, and perpetuating intergenerational poverty cycles, thus urgently demanding holistic interventions including psychosocial rehabilitation and alternative education pathways. This study's main contribution is introducing the "systemic trauma" concept that actively extinguishes adolescents' existential hopes, filling literature gaps by providing a detailed psychological map to formulate recovery policies previously neglected in early marriage prevention discussions.

The PPA Symphony recorded 7,842 cases of violence against children by mid-2024, indicating the need for preventive efforts through early sexual education. Sexual education for children aims to improve their understanding of body awareness, body privacy, and self-protection from inappropriate behaviors. This community service activity aimed to increase students’ understanding of sexual education through interactive PowerPoint media. The activity was conducted at SD Negeri Gebang Surakarta on April 25, 2025, involving 63 students from grades 3, 4, and 5. The method used was an interactive lecture supported by PowerPoint media, storytelling, and mini games. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test questionnaires to measure students’ knowledge. The results showed an increase in the average knowledge score from 9.827 in the pre-test to 10.210 in the post-test. These findings indicate that interactive PowerPoint media is effective in improving students’ understanding of basic sexual education, particularly regarding body parts, body privacy, safe and unsafe zones, and strategies for refusing uncomfortable behaviors. Therefore, interactive learning media can serve as an effective educational strategy to strengthen early sexual education among elementary school students.

This community service program addresses the decline of local wisdom values of Siri’ na Pacce among younger generations due to modernization and foreign cultural influences. Siri’ na Pacce represents the cultural foundation of Makassar society, emphasizing self-esteem, honesty, and social solidarity, which are essential for maintaining social harmony. The program aims to identify youth understanding of these values, develop social education based on local wisdom, and enhance awareness and application in daily life. A participatory approach was applied, including initial observation, material development, interactive workshops, discussions, mentoring, and evaluation. The program involved 40 purposively selected youths from Bontomanai Village, Bungaya District, Gowa Regency, an agrarian community experiencing cultural shifts. The results indicate improved understanding of Siri’ na Pacce, increased critical awareness of globalization’s impact, and stronger internalization of cultural values in social interactions. Additionally, cultural preservation initiatives emerged through creative media. In conclusion, social education based on Siri’ na Pacce is effective in strengthening youth character rooted in cultural identity while mitigating negative effects of modernization. Continuous mentoring and integration of local values into formal and non-formal education are recommended.

The diversity of students’ study motivations in theological higher education presents both challenges and opportunities in shaping the spirituality of prospective Christian Religious Education (CRE) teachers. Not all students enter the CRE program based on a calling to ministry, resulting in varying levels of initial spiritual readiness. This study aims to analyze the process of spiritual formation among CRE students as prospective teachers at STT Katharos Indonesia Bekasi in the context of diverse study motivations, referring to James W. Fowler’s theory of faith development. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving CRE students. The findings reveal that despite diverse initial motivations, the integrated theological education process through academic learning, ministry practices, community life, and spiritual formation effectively fosters faith growth and personal encounters with Christ. This process contributes to the development of students’ spiritual maturity. The study concludes that CRE education functions as an effective means of faith transformation in preparing prospective teachers with strong spiritual integrity and readiness for ministry.

This study examines the integration of Islamic education values in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. The background of this research is rooted in the increasing global demand for education systems that not only emphasize cognitive competence but also foster moral integrity, social responsibility, and environmental awareness. Islamic education, with its foundational values such as tawhid (divine consciousness), adl (justice), amanah (responsibility), and mizan (balance), offers a holistic framework that aligns with the principles of sustainable development. The objective of this research is to analyze how Islamic educational values can be conceptually and operationally integrated into educational practices to contribute to the SDGs agenda. This study employs a qualitative approach using library research as the primary method, collecting and analyzing relevant academic literature published in recent years. The findings indicate that the integration of Islamic values through contextual learning, reflective discussions, character-building activities, and social engagement initiatives can enhance students’ awareness of global issues, empathy, inclusivity, and ecological responsibility. Although challenges remain in curriculum standardization and character assessment mechanisms, the study concludes that Islamic education has strong potential to function as a transformative educational model. The implications of this research suggest the need for curriculum development, teacher capacity building, and institutional commitment to ensure that Islamic education meaningfully contributes to sustainable global development.

Education plays an important role in shaping the quality of human resources, particularly in developing students' critical thinking skills. In the learning process at school, teachers not only act as providers of information but also as facilitators who are able to create active, creative, and participatory learning environments. However, in practice, the learning process is still often dominated by one-way lecture methods, which tend to make students passive and less involved in the learning process. This condition affects the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Therefore, learning strategies that actively involve students are needed, one of which is through the implementation of Problem Based Learning (PBL).This study aims to analyze the strategies used by Islamic Religious Education teachers in implementing Problem Based Learning and its impact on students’ critical thinking skills at SMA Pembangunan V YAPIS Waena. This research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing.The results of the study indicate that the implementation of Problem Based Learning is carried out through several stages, including presenting problems related to daily life, group discussions, problem analysis, and the presentation of discussion results by students. The implementation of this learning model increases students’ activeness in the learning process and encourages the development of critical thinking skills, such as identifying problems, analyzing information, expressing opinions, and drawing logical conclusions. Therefore, Problem Based Learning can be considered an effective learning strategy for improving students’ critical thinking skills in Islamic Religious Education learning.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a crucial role in helping students develop faith based on the truth of God's Word. Therefore, a theological foundation plays a crucial role in the implementation of PAK, ensuring that educational activities are not only focused on knowledge transfer but also directed toward holistically shaping character and strengthening students' faith. This article aims to examine the theological foundation of Christian Religious Education in the process of developing students' faith based on Christian teachings. The method used in this study is literature analysis, examining various theological sources, the Bible, and writings related to Christian education. The findings of this study indicate that the theological foundation of PAK stems from God's calling as a true educator, the example of Jesus Christ as the Primary Teacher, and the role of the Holy Spirit in fostering and maintaining faith. Christian Religious Education based on strong theology can help students experience true growth in faith, internalize Christian values, and implement them in their daily lives.