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In the legal world, suspect, accused and convict are terms that have meaning. Legal protection is a form of effort to protect society from arbitrary actions by covering several important aspects aimed at ensuring a fair process is obtained. Based on what is stated in Article 1 Number 14 of the Criminal Procedure Code regarding those who are called suspects, Article 1 Number 15 of the Criminal Procedure Code for those who are declared defendants and Article 1 Number 32 of the Criminal Procedure Code regarding those who are declared convicts. This research uses a literature review method by exploring various literature related to the research topic.  

Children with low birth weight have a higher risk of death in the first month of life, experience growth disorders, developmental delays, lower IQ levels, and increase the risk of developing degenerative diseases in old age. This study aims to determine the relationship between ANC visit and the incidence of LBW in Babakan Madang District, Bogor Regency in 2019. The research design used was cross-sectional. This study used secondary data obtained from the PITTA B umbrella research in 2019. The results showed that 5.8% of children experienced LBW in Babakan Madang District in 2019. The proportion of LBW incidence was greater in mothers who did not had an ANC visit (11.6%) compared to mothers who had an ANC visit. (5.6%). The results of the chi-square analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between ANC visit and the incidence of LBW (p = 0.277). The researcher suggested that the Bogor Regency Health Office be able to improve LBW prevention interventions, such as improving the quality of antenatal care, and educating pregnant women about the importance of antenatal care.

The structure of the Windows operating system plays an important role in supporting the operational performance of computers, especially in business environments and professional users. This system is designed with a modular and layered architecture, which includes various components such as Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), I/O device manager, virtual memory management, and an integrated security system. Windows also supports energy management and plug-and-play mechanisms, which improve power efficiency and hardware compatibility. This architectural approach allows Windows to optimize interactions between hardware and applications, supports multitasking, and provides an efficient user interface. Thus, the structure of the Windows operating system is able to significantly improve device performance, which leads to optimization of operational performance.

This study examines the role of digital technology in enhancing entrepreneurship in the Era of industry 4.0 through a systematic literature analysis of various sources from 2013 to 2023. By adopting this methodological approach, the research elucidates the benefits, challenges, and solutions associated with the adoption of digital technology for business practitioners, particularly in the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The analysis demonstrates that digital technology significantly enhances operational efficiency, productivity, and market reach, while also fostering innovation in business models. However, challenges such as resource limitations, a lack of digital literacy, and the digital divide persist as significant obstacles. Furthermore, the study identifies strategic solutions to mitigate these challenges, including digital literacy training, technology subsidies, and improvements to digital infrastructure. The limitations of this research include a constrained data range from 2013 to 2023 and insufficient exploration of practical dimensions and ethical issues pertaining to the adoption of digital technology. Future research is encouraged to investigate these topics in greater depth, particularly within localized contexts and their implications for business sustainability. These findings underscore the critical role of digital technology as a fundamental enabler for developing competitive and sustainable entrepreneurship in Era 4.0.

This research is motivated by the importance of understanding factors influencing employee performance, particularly at PT Air Minum Bandarmasih (PERSERODA) Banjarmasin. The study aims to analyze the effects of work behavior and workload on employee performance, both partially and simultaneously. This quantitative research employs a survey design with a population of 380 employees and a sample of 79 respondents selected using random sampling based on Slovin's formula. The data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, linearity tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results reveal that work behavior and workload significantly affect employee performance, both individually and simultaneously. Positive work behavior enhances employee motivation, while a proportional workload supports employees in developing their potential. The implications of this study highlight the importance of organizational management in fostering productive work behavior and effectively managing workload to sustainably improve employee performance.

This study aims to identify obstacles and opportunities in the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia from a macroeconomic perspective. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this study analyzes various literature and secondary data from national and international sources. The research findings show that MSMEs in Mojokerto Regency face several major obstacles, including limited access to financing, lack of digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and challenges in improving the quality of human resources. On the other hand, there are significant opportunities for MSME development through the use of digital technology, government policy support, and export market development. From a macroeconomic perspective, the success of MSME development in Mojokerto will not only have an impact on improving the welfare of local communities but can also contribute to regional and national economic growth. Recommendations from this study include increasing access to financing, accelerating the development of digital infrastructure, and strengthening the capacity of MSME actors through entrepreneurship training and technological literacy. By overcoming these obstacles and utilizing existing opportunities, MSMEs in Mojokerto Regency have the potential to become a driving force for a stronger and more sustainable economy.

Iraq needs to correct public finances to achieve stability and rebuild financial reserves, by adopting a program to measure and analyze the current situation and forecast macroeconomic policies to eliminate the imbalance between domestic demand and aggregate supply, which is usually manifested in the problems of the balance of payments, high inflation, and low output growth, and financial programming is an essential tool for managing policies to achieve stability and rebuild financial reserves.Analyze the current situation and forecast macroeconomic policies to address economic imbalances. However, there is a difficulty in applying the financial programming tool because of  the lack  of accurate information systems to estimate the rate of inflation, unemployment, economic growth, exchange rate, balance of payments and the general budget, in addition to irrational fiscal policy that depends on excessive expansion of government spending, with the sovereignty and control of the public sector over the macroeconomy, compared to the weak and weak role of the private sector. As a result of the policies pursued by successive governments and thus constitute weaknesses for the application of financial programming.

Islam entered and spread in Aceh in very fascinating and respectful manner. The previous preachers had created an extraordinary creativity in integrating Islamic teachings with Acehnese culture, making it widely accepted. This research aims to analyze the spiritual values that have merged with Acehnese culture in the Saman Dance, as well as analyze the meaning of the lyrics and movements in the Saman Dance that related to spiritual values. The data for this research was collected through library research using a qualitative approach. The analysis results indicate that the Saman Dance, as an expression of Acehnese culture, has successfully acculturated spiritual Islamic values with the local culture in a harmonious way. This is reflected in the movements and lyrics used in the dance, which convey Islamic spiritual values. The Saman Dance is not only an art form aimed at entertainment, but also serves as a medium to convey Islamic preachings messages.

Cultural influences have changed the design of mosques in the past and present, causing differences in some respects. This research focuses on Bandung City, namely on Cipaganti and Al-Jabbar mosques as representations of the past and present. Using a qualitative and comparative approach, data was collected through triangulation of interviews, observation, and documentation. The analysis refers to the theory of Islamic Architecture Typology including architectural aspects (typology of space and form) and contextual aspects (function and style). The findings show that the Cipaganti and Al-Jabbar Mosque designs show significant differences in the development of Islamic culture in Bandung. Cipaganti has many traditional elements and local culture, while Al-Jabbar adopts a modern and multifunctional approach, creating a broader social and educational center.

Transparency in the management of upstream oil and gas contracts in Indonesia is crucial to ensure the efficient and accountable management of natural resources. The two main contract schemes applied, Cost Recovery and Gross Split, each face challenges related to transparency. In the Cost Recovery scheme, transparency issues are related to the verification of costs submitted by contractors, while in the Gross Split scheme, transparency is needed in determining objective production-sharing parameters. Digital technology emerges as a solution to improve accountability, but its implementation requires strong regulatory support and infrastructure investment. The principle of good faith between the government and contractors is also a key factor in achieving effective transparency. Strengthening the capacity of SKK Migas as the regulatory body and ensuring information openness to the public are essential to building trust and creating sustainable management.

Augmented Reality (AR) applications are rapidly gaining popularity across various industries, including education and marketing. By integrating real-world environments with virtual objects, AR enhances user understanding and information display for products. This paper explores Diminished Reality (DR) techniques, which are used to visually remove real objects from AR environments. Despite growing interest, much of the DR research predominantly focuses on maintaining consistency between real and virtual elements, particularly in texture handling on marker areas. Our study addresses the preservation of depth consistency using edge detection and planar segmentation to construct a depth map, essential for developing effective DR methods. We introduce a two-stage process involving depth mask construction, each stage equipped with error measurement for iterative refinement. Our proposed techniques, Planarity and Boundary Depth, are evaluated on a dataset of high-quality RGB images captured by digital cameras. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our methods across various performance metrics, confirming the practicality of our approach in enhancing AR experiences.

This paper presents an IoT-enabled dual-axis solar tracking system that integrates  a Kalman filter and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to enhance tracking accuracy, energy efficiency, and operational stability. Addressing the ongoing challenge of maxi- mizing photovoltaic (PV) panel output, the proposed system leverages an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk platform to provide real-time monitoring, remote parameter adjustments, and flexible connectivity. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors measure sunlight intensity from multiple directions, while MG90S servo motors dynamically adjust the panel’s azimuth and elevation. The Kalman filter refines noisy sensor data to yield precise sun position estimates, enabling the PID controller to respond quickly and accurately to deviations in panel orientation. Through extensive testing conducted over several days, including both clear and partially cloudy conditions, the system achieved an average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 1.2° under clear skies and maintained RMSE below 2.0° even under partial shading. Compared to a fixed-panel baseline, daily energy harvesting improved by approximately 43%. These results confirm that advanced estimation and control algorithms, when combined with IoT functionali- ties, significantly outperform simpler tracking methods and static installations. Furthermore, the low-cost, compact design and user-friendly interface facilitate practical deployment in a range of scenarios, including small-scale and off-grid installations. By ensuring continuous alignment of the PV panel with the sun, the system not only increases overall energy capture but also reduces maintenance requirements through remote oversight. This research thus offers a robust, scalable approach to improving solar energy utilization in diverse and evolving environmental conditions.

Indonesia's dependence on oil and gas imports has become a significant challenge to the country's economic stability, with impacts on the trade deficit, global energy price fluctuations, and fiscal dependence. This study aims to evaluate the economic impact of efforts to reduce Indonesia's dependence on oil and gas imports, focusing on the implications for economic growth, trade balance, and national energy security. The methods used include secondary data analysis, macroeconomic modeling, and simulation of the impact of energy policies such as increasing domestic oil and gas production, energy diversification, and renewable energy development. The results show that reducing dependence on oil and gas imports has the potential to reduce pressure on the trade balance and foreign exchange reserves, and improve long-term energy security. However, the transition to domestic energy security requires large investments in the renewable energy sector, supporting infrastructure, and policies that support energy efficiency. This study suggests the need for an integrated policy strategy between the government, private sector, and society to achieve the goal of reducing oil and gas dependence and improving Indonesia's economic competitiveness.

Courseware is an effective and important teaching and learning model, and it is at the core of the process of creating e-learning. The objective of this paper is to show effect of quality courseware on effective e-learning. A quantitative research approach by questionnaire has been utilized. A total 90 participants have been surveyed with the use of the questionnaire. This study shows that quality courseware was the most significant positive factor and more import e learning success.

This research aims to identify factors that influence the formation of a clean and honest personality and to instill these values from an early age to form a positive character. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), by investigating 30 journal articles published from 2020 - 2024. This research shows that strengthening the value of honesty must start from an early age through character education in families and schools, and is supported by government policies that are firmly against corrupt practices. The results of this research can be a basis for further research in this field and can help develop an understanding of the complexity of anti-corruption issues in Indonesia. Future research could focus on developing anti-corruption education strategies from an early age and evaluating the effectiveness of existing policies

This research aims to explain the cultivation of character education through making videos with the theme of love for the country. Love for one's country involves elements of loyalty, appreciation and concern for the nation. Character education, especially love of the country, needs to be implemented from an early age in a fun way, one of which is in the form of videos. This is also an answer to challenges and technological developments. Students are not only provided with theory, but practical and meaningful learning through video making projects. The results of making the video show the diversity of students in expressing their love for their country. These results show that students are able to adapt to the latest science and technology by applying various latest applications on their devices.

This study examines how the policy environment surrounding the regional development planning process starts with development plan deliberations and how much of the publicity spirit is actually there. The degree to which the development plan's deliberative process actually creates a public forum for people to voice their goals and to what extent these objectives constitute a study of publicness. Community compliance is a visible aspect of the policy environment. Decision making regarding regional development policies and initiatives is known as regional development planning. The development planning meeting is the most crucial step. The meeting serves as a means to communicate the goals and objectives of the community, including various stakeholders. Thus, the degree to which the public's sentiment and the policy environment favourably impact the follow-up to the outcomes of the "musrenbang" is one factor that influences the effectiveness of the Musrenbang. This study, which used a qualitative descriptive methodology, was carried out in a number of East Javan villages that served as samples for the three political divisions in the area. This study is backed not only by primary data but also by secondary data from other studies and publications. . This study concludes that the regional development plan has not fully reflected the real value of publicness, and the policy environment is still not conducive to the completion of the regional development plan that is actually able to realize the objectives of regional development, which in turn can foster regional competitiveness.

Mental health is an important factor in determining individual well-being. This study aims to describe students' views on mental health, the challenges they face, and their views on suicide stigma among students. This study applied a descriptive qualitative method using in-depth interview techniques with 7th semester psychology students using an open-ended question guide. The results showed that the main challenges faced by students include academic pressure such as piling up assignments, thesis work, difficult time management, and anxiety about an uncertain future. Friendly, professional and free counseling services, as well as holding seminars, workshops or trainings to raise student’s awareness about the importance of mental health, should be provided by campus.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between body image and social anxiety among female university students who use Instagram. Using a quantitative approach with a correlational design, the study involved 65 female students selected through random sampling. Data were collected via an online questionnaire with Likert-scale instruments to measure body image and social anxiety. The analysis results using Pearson's Product Moment test showed a negative but insignificant relationship between body image and social anxiety. These findings suggest that a positive body image is associated with lower levels of social anxiety, while dissatisfaction with body image tends to increase social anxiety. The limitations of this study lie in the sample size and the limited variables considered, which may affect the generalizability of the results.

Diabetes is a chronic disease in the form of a metabolic disorder characterized by blood sugar levels that exceed normal limits and one of them is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Effective education to improve self-management in Type II Diabetes Mellitus sufferers. Non-compliance with Diabetes Mellitus treatment is currently still a quite important problem in the management of Diabetes Mellitus patients. To find out and analyze the effect of education on the level of compliance with medication and diet in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Bintan Regency Regional Hospital. The research used Pre-experimental, with a One Group Pretest Posttest research design by analyzing the effect of providing education on the level of compliance with taking medication and diet in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Bintan Regency Hospital. The results of the analysis of the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, the level of compliance with taking medication and dietary behavior after being given education was better than before being given education with a significance value of P < 0.0001, less than 0.05, meaning that there was a significant influence before and after being given education on the level of compliance. taking medicine and diet. For future researchers, the problem of patient education should be deepened so that patients understand more about the disease they are suffering from.