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Conceptual understanding is an important aspect of learning biology because it reflects the extent to which students can internalize knowledge and relate it to real life. This study aims to analyse the level of understanding of the concept of biodiversity of students and identify supporting and inhibiting factors in the biology learning process. The research was conducted in class X of SMA Negeri 1 Pineleng with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected through observation, written tests, questionnaires, teacher interviews, and documentation. Conceptual comprehension is measured using three main indicators: the ability to restate concepts, classify objects based on certain properties, and provide examples rather than definitions. The results showed that 87.5% of students had achieved a good level of understanding of classification indicators and giving examples, but only 50% were able to restate concepts completely. The supporting factors identified include learning motivation, parental mentoring, teacher learning strategies, and student absorption. On the other hand, barriers to understanding include lack of enthusiasm for learning, an unsupportive environment, and a lack of parental involvement. These findings confirm that the success of conceptual understanding is determined not only by cognitive aspects but also by comprehensive pedagogical and social support. This research makes an important contribution to the development of more contextual and participatory biology learning strategies, as well as opens opportunities for further research that explores the use of innovative media in strengthening conceptual understanding.

Early childhood education (ECE)serves as a faodational stage in a child’s cognitive, social, and emotional develotmet. Assistant teachers play a pivotal role in facilitating effective and conducive learning environments. They contribute to planning, impelenting, and evaluating educational activities tailored to children’s devlomental stages. However, limitations in staffing-often resultin in a single teacher managing 15 children-can impede the effectiveness of instruction and emotional support. This study underscores the positive impact of assistan teachers on classroom dynamics, including enhanced emotional stability among children, improved time management, and optimized learning autcomes. Therefore, the presence of assistant teachers is essential in fostering holistic growth and development in early childhood settings

The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of depression in children with a focus on early identification, risk factors, and effective treatment approaches. The method used in this study was a narrative literature review that synthesized findings from various scientific journals, academic books, and reports from world health organizations related to depression in children. The results of the analysis indicate that depression in children is a real clinical condition but is often undiagnosed due to differences in symptoms compared to adults and lack of public awareness. The main risk factors include childhood trauma, genetics, and dysfunctional family dynamics. Evidence-based approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and psychosocial interventions have shown effectiveness in reducing symptoms. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of early detection and intervention as a preventive measure to minimize the long-term impact on children's mental health.

Dalam era digital, isu perlindungan data menjadi perhatian global, termasuk bagi Indonesia yang berlandaskan Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara. Artikel ini mengkaji keterkaitan antara Pancasila dan kedaulatan digital dalam konteks implikasi hukum internasional terhadap perlindungan data nasional. Dengan menggunakan metode normatif dan pendekatan komparatif, penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana prinsip-prinsip Pancasila dapat diimplementasikan dalam kebijakan perlindungan data serta sejauh mana hukum internasional, seperti General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Uni Eropa dan perjanjian multilateral lainnya, mempengaruhi regulasi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia perlu menyeimbangkan kedaulatan digital dengan kewajiban internasional untuk menciptakan sistem perlindungan data yang efektif sesuai dengan nilai-nilai Pancasila. Kesimpulannya, adaptasi hukum nasional terhadap standar global harus dilakukan tanpa mengorbankan kedaulatan negara dan kepentingan publik.

Negligence in pharmaceutical services is a multifaceted issue that significantly impacts patient safety, the quality of healthcare delivery, and the professional reputation of pharmacists in Indonesia. Such negligence can occur at various stages of pharmaceutical services, including prescribing, dispensing, storage, and administration of medication to patients. The causes of negligence are diverse, encompassing excessive workload, inadequate understanding and application of professional ethical codes, ineffective communication between pharmacists and other healthcare professionals, and suboptimal supervisory and audit systems. This study aims to analyze the ethical and professional implications of negligence in pharmaceutical services and to identify preventive efforts that can improve the quality of pharmaceutical services. This study employs a library research method with a qualitative descriptive approach, thoroughly reviewing scientific literature indexed in Sinta and other reputable academic sources to analyze the ethical and professional implications of negligence in pharmaceutical services. Findings reveal that negligence not only violates core professional ethical principles such as beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice but also exposes pharmacists to serious legal and disciplinary sanctions. Furthermore, negligence leads to long-term negative consequences, including diminished public trust in pharmaceutical services and the broader healthcare system, ultimately hindering national efforts to improve healthcare quality. Therefore, this study recommends continuous professional ethics training, strengthening of both internal and external supervisory mechanisms, and the innovative use of information technology to minimize negligence risks in pharmaceutical practice. The implementation of these measures is expected to enhance pharmaceutical service quality, uphold the integrity and dignity of the pharmacist profession, and provide optimal patient protection in Indonesia.

The concept of ‘abandoned land’ in the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960 faces interpretation challenges that impact the effectiveness of the management of unproductive Cultivation Rights (HGU). This research aims to analyse the reconstruction of the concept of abandoned land in UUPA and its implications for the management of unproductive HGU to support the optimisation of agricultural land use. This research is conducted through normative juridical with qualitative descriptive analysis of laws and regulations, court decisions, and related literature. The research findings show that the concept of abandoned land in the UUPA is still multi-interpretive, especially regarding the criteria of ‘not being cultivated according to the circumstances or nature and purpose of the right’. This has led to inconsistencies in the application of sanctions against HGU holders who leave their land unproductive. Concept reconstruction is needed by clarifying the objective parameters of productivity, the period of neglect, and law enforcement mechanisms. The implications of this research indicate the need for regulatory revisions to strengthen legal certainty in HGU management, as well as the development of more effective policy instruments to prevent abandonment of agricultural land to support national food security and social justice in agrarian reform.

The inconsistency in case rulings and its impact on the principles of separation of powers and the quality of democracy in Indonesia. The case challenges the age limit for presidential and vice-presidential candidates, with the Constitutional Court acknowledging the legal standing of the petitioner despite discrepancies in the outcomes of similar cases. The implications of adding norms in such rulings also raise questions about the legitimacy of Constitutional Court decisions in the political context. This study employs qualitative methods, leading to the conclusion that the decision results in controversy among the public, causing them to lose trust in the constitutional court due to autocratic rulings benefiting political elite. Keywords: Constitutional Court, Democracy.

This article explores the theme of faithfullness in the book of Hosea throught a theological lens and examines its relevanse for the contemporary church. The book of the Hosea presents a powerfull potrayal of God’s unwafering faithfullnes toward his people despite their reapeted unfaithfullnes. Using the metaphor of Hosea’s marriage to Gomer, God communicates a message off steadfast love, forgiveness, and restoration. This study highlights the theological significance of divine faithfullness and its role as the foundation for relational  etichs within the community of faith. The implication for the church today include a calling to live faithfully before God, to embody restorative love in community life, and to strengh then commitmen to the covenant of faith. Faithfullnes is presented not merely as a moral virtue but as a spiritual identity to be lived out in ecclesial practice. Through exegetical analysis and contextual reflection, this articel invites the church the respond to the call of faithfullness mid the chalanges of the modern era.

The general election as a pillar of democracy faces new challenges with the rapid development of information technology, one of which is the practice of doxing—disseminating personal data without consent to harm individuals. In the context of Indonesia’s 2024 General Election, doxing cases have increased, targeting political figures and ordinary citizens, potentially undermining political participation and violating the right to privacy. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing doxing based on Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law), as well as to examine the form of criminal liability for perpetrators of doxing in the context of the 2024 election. This normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that although not explicitly regulated, doxing can be classified as a legal violation under the two laws. However, law enforcement still faces technical and normative obstacles, such as difficulty in identifying perpetrators and proving intent. Strengthening legal provisions and the capacity of law enforcement officers is essential to ensure accountability without compromising democratic principles.

Populism, which often puts forward anti-ite rhetoric and claims as a representation of the people's voice, can have a significant impact on the state administration system. This article aims to understand the extent to which populism can change the structure of state administration and test the resilience of the Indonesian democratic system and constitution in facing the challenges of populism. The method used in the preparation of this article is qualitative methodology with a literature review approach from various academic sources such as books, journals, relevant scientific papers. The results of the study show that populism gives challenges and threats to the state system and has a negative impact on democracy and implications for the constitution. Populism is a challenge for the Indonesian constitutional democratic system by damaging the checks and balances mechanisms, politicizing the law and state institutions, and the risk of eroding the supremacy of the constitution.

Citizens' rights and obligations are the main pillars in building a balanced and just national and state life. In the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, rights and obligations are strictly regulated to ensure the creation of order, welfare, and active participation of citizens in national development. However, in its implementation, there are still inequalities, especially the lack of public awareness of the implementation of obligations, such as obedience to the law, defending the country, and respecting the rights of others. This study aims to examine how the implementation of citizens' rights and obligations takes place and their impact on community, national, and state life. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that there is a need to strengthen civic education, increase exemplary behavior from the government, and enforce fair law in order to create a balance between rights and obligations according to the mandate of the 1945 Constitution. Collective awareness between the government and citizens is very necessary in order to achieve a democratic and civilized life order. 

This study investigates the geopolitical shifts that have occurred between Iran and the United States over Iran’s nuclear program and how they have impacted the stability of the Middle East region. The background of this study is the long-standing tensions caused by the United States’ suspicions about Iran’s nuclear ambitions. These suspicions triggered the JCPOA agreement in 2015 and worsened after the United States withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018. This study aims to gain an understanding of the ways in which strategic geography, threat perceptions, and foreign policy contribute to instability in the region. This study was conducted qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical approach and secondary data obtained from journals, policy reports, and international institutions. The results show that Iran uses its geographic position and support for non-state actors as strategic tools. While the United States pressures Iran through sanctions and military alliances, it also uses its geographic position. These tensions endanger security and destabilize the region. These results are important because they demonstrate the impact of regional nuclear conflicts around the world and suggest that inclusive multilateral diplomacy is needed to resolve conflicts.

Peace agreements serve as an alternative solution for resolving debts between debtors and creditors, aiming to enable debtors to restructure their debts and maintain business continuity. The peace agreement process is governed by strict procedures, including the submission of a peace plan by the debtor, approval by concurrent creditors through voting, and ratification by the Commercial Court through a homologation hearing. A ratified peace agreement is binding on all concurrent creditors but can be annulled if the debtor fails to fulfill their obligations, as illustrated in the case of PT Perindustrian Njonja Meneer. This study employs a normative legal method with a statutory approach and qualitative data analysis. The findings indicate that the success of a peace agreement depends on the debtor’s compliance and the creditors’ approval.  

This study aims to examine the theological concept of Imago Dei (Image of God) and its implications for the lives of believers. The formulation of the problem includes three aspects: general understanding of Imago Dei, theological review of the concept, and its application in the context of contemporary Christianity. Using qualitative methods and descriptive analysis approaches, data were collected through a literature study of relevant theological sources. The results of the study indicate that humans, as creatures created in the image and likeness of God, have intrinsic value, dignity, and responsibility as representations of God in the world. Although this image has been damaged by sin, through the redemptive work of Christ as the perfect Imago Dei, the image can be restored. This restoration occurs gradually through the process of justification, sanctification, and glorification, which leads believers towards Christlikeness. This study emphasizes the importance of a theological understanding of Imago Dei as the basis for ethics, spirituality, and identity of Christians in a complex and pluralistic world.

As a democratic legal state, Indonesia is obligated to guarantee press freedom as an information source for the community and as a social watchdog. The ITE Law, a response to technological developments, affects the existence of press media, which now present information digitally. This research focuses on two main issues: First, it examines the implications of the ITE Law on press freedom using Lawrence M. Friedman's theory. Second, it explores how to ideally guarantee press freedom through the legal protection of journalists. This study aims to examine the extent to which the ITE Law restricts press freedom. This study employs a normative juridical approach with a literature review and case analysis of the criminalization of journalists in Indonesia. The results show that the ITE Law creates legal ambiguity, thus triggering the abuse of vague articles, particularly Article 26, paragraph 3, which contradicts press freedom as protected by the 1945 Constitution. The study concludes that there is a need for a fundamental revision of the ITE Law to create a balance between individual rights and public interests. Alternative solutions include synchronizing the law with the press law and strengthening the role of the Press Council.

Press criminal law has significant implications in the case of sending a pig's head to the editorial office of Tempo, an event that has drawn attention regarding press freedom and the limits of expression. This research aims to analyze how the provisions of press criminal law can be applied in the context of acts of intimidation against the media as occurred in this case. Employing a normative juridical study method with a case approach, this research will examine potential criminal violations and the relevance of the Press Law in providing protection for press freedom. The main focus of the analysis is to understand the limitations that can be imposed on expression, especially when such actions have the potential to threaten or create fear among journalists. This case is important to evaluate in order to maintain the dignity of the press as a free and independent pillar of democracy. Furthermore, this research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of how the legal system responds to actions that can undermine press freedom in Indonesia, as well as provide recommendations for more effective law enforcement in protecting press freedom without neglecting the principles of justice.

The use of social media as a means of the press has various legal implications amidst the rapid development of information technology. Social media makes it easy to disseminate information quickly and widely, but on the other hand, the absence of clear regulations in categorizing it as part of the formal press raises legal problems, especially related to responsibility for content, protection of individual rights, and freedom of expression. This study aims to examine the position of social media in the legal framework of the press in Indonesia, and to analyze its legal consequences for users who act as conveyors of public information. Using the normative juridical method, it was found that social media has not received explicit recognition as a press entity in the Press Law, thus creating legal loopholes in terms of accountability and legal protection. Regulatory updates are needed to ensure legal certainty and maintain a balance between freedom of expression and legal responsibility in the digital era.

Organizational culture is a collection of values, rules, and beliefs held by members of an organization, influencing the way they think and act in achieving goals. This study aims to describe the basic concepts, roles, impacts, and challenges in implementing organizational culture in educational institutions. The type of research is a literature study. Data were collected from accredited national books and journals using Google Scholar and PoP, with an analysis of 15 articles filtered into 5 main articles. The results of this study (1) Organizational culture in educational institutions contributes to creating a conducive work environment, increasing the professionalism of educators, and strengthening work discipline, (2) A strong culture can improve performance, collaboration, and adaptability, while a culture that is not in line with the vision and mission can cause disorientation and (3) Challenges in implementing organizational culture include resistance to change, understanding organizational values, differences in understanding between members and technological adaptability.

Identity politics in Southeast Asia has had a significant impact on the legal and state planning system. The study analyzes how exploitation of religious, ethnic, and ideological identity in politics affects various aspects, including elections, public policies, and law enforcement. The impact includes social and political polarizations, the weakening of the rule of law, discriminatory policies towards minorities, and conflicts between identity politics and human rights international standards. The response in these regions is diverse, ranging from an inclusive approach that emphasizes pluralism to a repressive approach that limits civil liberties. The study highlights the challenges in balancing group interests with the national interests, as well as the need for legal reform and political education to address political threats on stability, justice and democracy in Southeast Asia. This research also recommends harmonizing regulations, strengthening yudiative institutions, and democratic and human rights education as a solution to overcome these problems.      

Within the framework of the legal norm system of the Republic of Indonesia, Pancasila occupies a position as the fundamental norm and the highest legal norm. The hierarchy below it is occupied by the 1945 Constitution. As the basic norm of the state, the discourse on the potential for constitutional amendments, especially related to the 1945 Constitution, is an issue that often arises in public discourse. Constitutional amendment is a process of changing the constitution of a country. This process can have significant implications for state institutions, including the structure and function of state institutions, for example in Indonesia. The results of the analysis show that constitutional amendments can have positive and even negative implications for state institutions. In the reform era, amendments to the 1945 Constitution have resulted in significant changes in the structure of the country's higher institutions.