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This study aims to describe and analyze the strengthening of eight basic teaching skills in prospective Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers at the University of Qur'anic Sciences (UNSIQ) through the Micro Teaching course. The eight skills include questioning, reinforcement, variation, explaining, opening and closing lessons, guiding small group discussions, class management, and small group/individual teaching. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected over one month through participatory observation in the Micro Teaching Laboratory, documentation, and in-depth interviews with 12 informants consisting of 2 lecturers and 10 PAI students. The results showed that Micro Teaching learning significantly increased students' self-confidence and pedagogical competence. Specific findings indicate the integration of Qur'anic values in teaching practices, such as the use of kalimah thayyibah as a form of verbal reinforcement skills. Nevertheless, classroom management remains the most challenging aspect for students. This study concludes that intensive simulation and continuous feedback are the main keys to producing professional PAI teacher candidates with Qur'anic character.

Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah mendorong transformasi pelayanan kesehatan, termasuk di bidang kefarmasian. Salah satu inovasi yang berkembang adalah telefarmasi, yaitu pelayanan kefarmasian jarak jauh yang memanfaatkan teknologi digital untuk menjembatani interaksi antara apoteker dan pasien. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persepsi apoteker terhadap implementasi telefarmasi melalui pendekatan tinjauan literatur. Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan literatur sistematis terhadap 10 artikel yang diperoleh dari basis data ilmiah seperti PubMed, Google Scholar, dan ScienceDirect dalam lima tahun terakhir. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas apoteker memiliki persepsi positif terhadap telefarmasi, terutama dalam aspek efisiensi waktu dan biaya, peningkatan akses dan kepatuhan pasien, serta solusi atas kekurangan tenaga apoteker. Namun, ditemukan pula persepsi negatif seperti beban kerja yang meningkat, risiko kesalahan akibat keterbatasan kontak fisik, dan kendala teknis. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya dukungan infrastruktur, pelatihan tenaga kesehatan, serta literasi digital pasien untuk memastikan keberhasilan implementasi telefarmasi secara berkelanjutan.

The 50 meter freestyle is a sprint event that requires explosive strength, efficient technique, and optimal body stability. Arm muscle strength contributes directly to propulsion, while core muscle strength supports stability and force transfer. This study aimed to analyze the influence of arm and abdominal muscle strength on 50-meter freestyle swimming performance among athletes of the Science Swimming Team (SST) Sidoarjo. A quantitative correlational design was employed with a sample of 10 athletes aged 10–12 years (5 males, 5 females). Arm muscle strength was measured using the pull-up test, abdominal strength with a 30-second sit-up test, and swimming performance with the best time in a 50-meter freestyle trial. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression with a 0.05 significance level. Results indicated a significant correlation between arm strength and swimming performance (r = 0.773; p = 0.009), while abdominal strength showed a positive but non-significant correlation (r = 0.609; p = 0.062). Regression analysis revealed that both variables together explained 57.7% of the variance in swimming speed. It is concluded that arm muscle strength has a dominant influence on freestyle sprint performance, whereas core muscles serve as supporting factors for stability and efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of integrated training programs combining arm and core strengthening to optimize sprint performance in young swimmers.

This study aims to analyze the collective kiai leadership policies in enhancing the quality of madrasah education at Bahrul Ulum Islamic Boarding School, Tambakberas, Jombang. Using a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, the study collects data through in-depth interviews, structured observation, and documentation. The data analysis process involves three stages: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The study reveals that the formulation of collective leadership policies is based on the need to achieve religious goals, legal foundations, and community needs. These policies are oriented toward problem-solving and continuity, formulated through deliberation and consensus involving all kiai leaders of both formal and non-formal educational institutions within the pesantren. The implementation of these policies emphasizes scholarly sanad and intellectual tradition across all educational institutions. Key aspects include educational administration, human resource development, strengthening formal education based on national accreditation standards, providing entrepreneurship education, and participating in faith-based as well as science and technology competitions at national and international levels. The evaluation of these policies is carried out collectively by all caretakers and leaders in alignment with established policies to ensure quality improvement across the pesantren’s formal and non-formal educational institutions.

Natural Science (IPA) learning in elementary schools requires the use of learning media that is able to increase students' interest in learning, learning outcomes, and critical thinking skills. However, science learning is still often done conventionally, causing students to be less active and easily bored. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate learning media that is interactive and in accordance with technological developments. One of the digital learning media that can be used is the Quizlet application. This study aims to examine the application of digital flashcards and interactive quizzes using Quizlet learning media in learning the properties and changes of the form of objects in elementary schools. The research method used is a literature study by examining various relevant sources in the form of scientific journals, research articles, and supporting references related to the use of Quizlet in learning. The results of the study show that the use of Quizlet has a positive impact on the learning process, especially in increasing students' interest, activeness, and feelings of happiness during learning. Quizlet's flashcard and test features help students understand the material through engaging visual and audio-visual displays and varied practice questions. In addition, the use of Quizlet has also been proven to be able to improve students' critical thinking skills through question-answering activities, analyzing material, and providing opinions. Student learning outcomes showed an increase with an average score above the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). Thus, Quizlet can be concluded as an effective, engaging, and relevant digital learning medium to support science learning in elementary schools.  

Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that utilizes insects and other arthropods as biological indicators in death investigations. This discipline plays a crucial role, particularly in cases of advanced decomposition, where conventional forensic methods often face limitations. One of the key contributions of forensic entomology is estimating the post-mortem interval (IPM), or time since death, which can assist investigators in reconstructing the chronology of events. Furthermore, entomological analysis can provide information regarding the location of death, possible movement of the body, and environmental conditions surrounding the crime scene. Common approaches include analyzing insect succession patterns that appear according to the stages of decomposition of the body and determining the age of larvae based on their developmental stage and growth rate. Environmental factors, particularly temperature, humidity, and microhabitat conditions, significantly influence insect development and therefore must be carefully considered in the analysis. This literature review aims to discuss the basic concepts, functions, and role of forensic entomology in law enforcement. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the importance of accurate insect species identification to improve the validity and reliability of the resulting time-of-death estimates.

This study examines the philosophy of Islamic education in the thought of Imam Al-Ghazali, focusing on educational objectives, philosophical foundations, curriculum, educational methods, and their relevance to contemporary education. Al-Ghazali views education as an integral process that is not merely oriented toward intellectual development, but also toward moral formation and the purification of the soul in order to attain true happiness (Sa‘adah) in both worldly life and the hereafter. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach through library research by analyzing Al-Ghazali’s major works, such as Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din, Ayyuha al-Walad, and Mizan al-‘Amal, as well as relevant supporting literature. The findings indicate that Al-Ghazali rejects the dichotomy between religious and worldly sciences, as reflected in his concept of fard ‘ain and fard kifayah, which are complementary and interconnected. His educational curriculum is integrative and oriented toward public benefit, while his educational methods emphasize habituation, exemplary conduct of educators, and the process of Tazkiyat Al-Nafs (self-purification). Al-Ghazali’s educational philosophy remains relevant in addressing contemporary moral crises by offering a philosophical foundation for forming the insan kamil a complete human being who is intellectually knowledgeable, morally upright, and spiritually grounded.

This study aims to describe the implementation of learning methods, assessment systems, and learning evaluation in the Philosophy of Science course at STAI Al-Andina Sukabumi, particularly for first-semester students. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the course lecturer to explore the rationale for selecting the lecture method, assessment practices, and evaluation strategies applied in the learning process. The findings indicate that the lecture method combined with guided discussion was chosen as an adaptive strategy to help students develop a conceptual foundation for abstract and theoretical material. The assessment system places greater emphasis on student attendance and participation as a form of process-oriented assessment that encourages active engagement. Learning evaluation is conducted continuously through technology-based quizzes to monitor students’ understanding progressively. These results suggest that the Philosophy of Science learning process at STAI Al-Andina has adopted a contextual and formative pedagogical approach; however, further development of more varied assessment and evaluation methods is still needed to accommodate students’ diverse abilities.

According to Al-Ghazali, Islamic education is education that strives to form a perfect human being, both in this world and in the hereafter. According to Al Ghazali, humans can achieve perfection if they are willing to strive to seek knowledge and then practice fadhilah through the knowledge they have learned. According to Al Ghazali, the main goal of Islamic education is to obey Allah the Creator, and the most perfect human being in his view is a human being who always draws closer to Allah. This goal seems to have religious and moral nuances, without ignoring worldly problems. The method used to classify al-Ghazali into two parts: First, the special method of Religious education, this special method of religious education has an orientation towards knowledge of faith because religious education in reality is more difficult than other education, because religious education involves intuitive problems and focuses more on the formation of students' personalities. Second, the special method of moral education, Al-Ghazali said: "Just as a doctor, if he gives his patients only one kind of medicine, will surely kill most of the sick people, so too a teacher, if he shows his students the way with only one kind of practice, will surely destroy their hearts.

The Cultural Advancement Facilitation through Pinhole Photography as an Educational Medium for Children program aims to enhance cultural literacy, creativity, and awareness among young generations regarding the preservation of Malay Deli cultural heritage. This initiative is motivated by the declining interest of children in local history and culture amid rapid modernization, particularly in coastal areas with limited access to educational resources. Pinhole photography is employed as an educational approach due to its simplicity and reflective nature, fostering patience, accuracy, and a fundamental understanding of the interconnection between art, science, and culture. The program was conducted over three days through a series of activities, including workshops on constructing pinhole cameras, field exploration and photography at Malay Deli heritage sites namely Maimun Palace, Al- Mashun Grand Mosque, Al-Osmani Grand Mosque, and Sri Deli Park and photo developing and curation sessions. The activities actively involved children from the Rumah Edukasi Anak Pesisir community as primary participants in the visual documentation of cultural heritage. The results indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding of Malay Deli historical and cultural values, the development of creative and reflective thinking skills, and the production of children’s photographic works with potential use as educational and cultural promotion media. Overall, this program contributes to participatory-based cultural advancement and strengthens sustainable cultural tourism through an educational, creative, and sustainable approach.

Antibiotics are one of the main pillars in the treatment of bacterial infections and have contributed significantly to increasing human life expectancy. However, long-term use of antibiotics has serious consequences for the balance of the body's microbiome, especially the gut microbiome which plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and protection against pathogens. This literature review aims to comprehensively analyze the impact of long-term antibiotic use on the structure, diversity, and function of the human microbiome. The scientific articles reviewed were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, including empirical research, systematic review, and meta-analysis published in the last ten years. The results showed that prolonged exposure to antibiotics consistently decreased microbiota diversity, altered the composition of bacterial communities, and triggered dysbiosis, which is often persistent even when therapy is stopped. Dysbiosis is associated with impaired immune system function, increased systemic inflammation, risk of allergic and metabolic diseases, and potential disorders on the intestinal-brain axis. This impact is more pronounced in vulnerable groups such as neonates and children, especially when exposure occurs during a critical period of development. In conclusion, long-term antibiotic use has broad systemic implications, so a more rational, prudent, and sustainable use strategy is needed to maintain the health of the human microbiome.

Learning is an activity to educate students at school which aims to make science acceptable and well understood. Through the learning process, students are expected to experience positive changes, both in terms of knowledge, attitudes, and skills. One of the learning processes that has a great influence on the lives of students is learning Indonesian. Learning Indonesian is very important because it functions as the main means of communication in daily life, both orally and in writing. With good Indonesian language skills, students will find it easier to express ideas, understand information, and interact effectively with the surrounding environment. Therefore, Indonesian learning in elementary schools must be designed in a systematic, interesting, and in accordance with the characteristics of students. In addition to clear goals, appropriate strategies and solutions are also needed to overcome various difficulties that arise, such as low interest in learning, limited vocabulary, and lack of reading and writing comprehension. These efforts are expected to be able to improve the quality of Indonesian learning optimally.

Students have a strategic role as agents of change that requires adequate leadership and managerial skills. Formal learning in the classroom has not been able to fully develop these practical skills. This community service activity aims to improve the basic management skills of students at the Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro through Basic Student Management Skills Training (LKMM TD) with the theme Sailing Beyond Limits. The implementation method uses a Participatory Learning Action approach that includes problem identification, strategic planning, activity implementation, and joint evaluation. The activity was attended by 193 students from student organizations and general students. The learning process was carried out through lectures, case studies, discussions, group work, and pre- and post-tests. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in participant capacity, marked by an increase in the average score from 68.21 percent in the pre-test to 91.69 percent. LKMM TD activities effectively equip students with managerial, leadership, communication, and motivational control skills as provisions for carrying out the role of student agents of change.

The policy to implement the deep learning approach in Indonesian schools starting from the 2025/2026 academic year requires teachers to be well prepared to design and conduct meaningful and in-depth learning. This community service program aimed to enhance the understanding and pedagogical competence of senior high school and madrasah economics teachers in Tasikmalaya City in implementing the deep learning approach comprehensively. The program employed a community-based science and technology application scheme through training and mentoring activities conducted in face-to-face, online, and hybrid modes, consisting of planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The training materials covered the concept and implementation of deep learning, lesson planning, instructional design and models, learning evaluation, development of innovative technology-based learning media, and reinforcement of microeconomic and macroeconomic content. A total of 78 economics teachers participating in the MGMP of Tasikmalaya City were involved in the program. The results indicate that the training improved teachers’ understanding of deep learning, lesson planning, and assessment strategies that support meaningful learning. Participants’ reflections revealed high motivation and strong relevance of the training materials to their professional duties. This program contributes to strengthening teachers’ readiness to implement deep learning sustainably and supports the improvement of economics learning quality in schools.

The Islamic conception of science views knowledge as a unity originating from Allah SWT and directed towards realizing human welfare. Islamic science does not separate the rational, empirical, and spiritual dimensions, but rather integrates revelation, reason, and sensory experience in obtaining truth. Science from an Islamic perspective is understood as a human effort to read and understand the verses of kauniyah as a manifestation of God's power in the universe. This study aims to analyze the Islamic conception of science and its relationship with science, and examine the urgency of integrating the two in facing the challenges of modern science. The research method applied in this study is a literature study with a qualitative approach, through descriptive and interpretive analysis of various relevant literature sources. The research findings indicate that the integration between Islamic science and science plays a strategic role in overcoming the scientific dichotomy, strengthening the ethical foundation of science, and building a scientific paradigm oriented towards the values ​​of monotheism and humanity. Thus, the Islamic conception of science and science offers an alternative, holistic and sustainable scientific framework.

Mu'tazilah is an ancient Islamic theological school of thought that has had a significant influence on the growth of rational and scholarly Islamic thought. This paper aims to examine the historical journey of Mu'tazilah since its emergence after the Tahkim incident following the Battle of Siffin. It explores the dynamics of cross-debate that accompanied it and its contribution to the advancement of science during the Abbasid dynasty, especially during the reigns of Caliphs al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim. Using a descriptive historical approach and conceptual analysis, this study proves that the main concepts of Mu'tazilah, such as al manzilah bayna al manzilatayn and the focus on rationality, not only sparked theological debates but also stimulated the modernization of academic traditions through translation movements and the solidification of educational institutions such as Bait al Hikmah. Although the authoritarian implementation of Mu'tazilah teachings through mihnah regulations led to public resistance and contributed to its downfall, the intellectual legacy of Mu'tazilah is still relevant in the contemporary context. The rational ideas of Mu'tazilah are embodied in the concept of modern Islamic reform, including the views of Harun Nasution in Indonesia and the works of theological figures such as al Jahiz, who made significant contributions to the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. This study confirms that the rational and critical methods of Mu'tazilah still have important value in the development of Islamic theology that is interactive, adaptive, and sensitive to the challenges of the modern era.

The global energy crisis and climate change are driving the development of biodiesel as a renewable energy source. Graphite as an additive shows significant potential in improving the efficiency and reducing emissions of biodiesel. This study maps graphite-biodiesel research in Southeast Asia using a meta analysis of systematic reviews of 68 publications from Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect from 2015-2024. The results show that Malaysia leads in publication contributions (32%), followed by Thailand (28%) and Indonesia (18%). The optimal graphite concentration of 50 ppm increases brake thermal efficiency by 8.3% and reduces CO (15.7%), HC (12.4%), and smoke (18.9%) emissions, although there is an increase in NOx (6.8%). Palm oil methyl ester dominated the research (56%). Indonesia has strategic opportunities with abundant feedstock and graphite deposits, but faces challenges in research infrastructure, limited international collaboration, and the absence of an integrated national roadmap. Infrastructure investment, human resource strengthening, and industry academia collaboration are needed to accelerate national biodiesel research.

The economic valuation of natural resources (NR) is an important instrument in supporting evidence-based decision-making, particularly in sustainable environmental management. Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) serves as a primary approach to assess the economic feasibility of programs or policies by integrating all benefits and costs, including non-market values. This article presents a systematic literature review of studies employing CBA for NR valuation during the period 2010–2024, based on searches in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar, using stringent selection criteria. The review findings indicate that CBA has been widely applied in forest management, biodiversity conservation, land rehabilitation, water and air pollution control, and ecotourism development, providing a quantitative depiction of economic feasibility through indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Key challenges were identified in non-market valuation, long-term uncertainty, data limitations, and sensitivity to discount rate assumptions. These findings underscore the importance of integrating environmental valuation methods, conducting comprehensive sensitivity analyses, and adopting multidisciplinary approaches to strengthen the application of CBA in sustainable NR management, while also offering strategic recommendations and directions for future research for policymakers and environmental economics scholars.

This research is motivated by the use of conventional learning models that still dominate Indonesian language learning at the high school level, causing learning to become monotonous and less actively involving students. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of implementing the Quizizz-based Game Based Learning (GBL) model in improving learning outcomes, motivation, and participation of grade XII Social Science students at SMA BIMA Ambulu. The research method used is quantitative experimental with a one-group design (one-group pretest-posttest design). Research subjects consisted of 70 students divided into two classes, namely XII IPS 2 and XII IPS 5, with 35 students each. Data were collected through tests (pretest and posttest), learning motivation questionnaires using a 5-level Likert scale, student activity observation sheets, and documentation of learning activities. Research instruments have been tested for validity using Pearson Product Moment correlation and reliability using Cronbach's Alpha. Data analysis included validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, and hypothesis testing using Independent Sample t-Test. The research results show that all test items are declared valid (r calculated > r table 0.334) and the instrument is reliable with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.812. The average N-Gain for class XII IPS 2 is 0.668 and class XII IPS 5 is 0.679, both in the medium-high category indicating the effectiveness of the GBL model. The t-test results show no significant difference between the two classes (mean difference 0.011), indicating consistency in the effectiveness of the GBL model in both groups. This study concludes that the Quizizz-based Game Based Learning model is proven effective in improving Indonesian language learning outcomes for grade XII Social Science students at SMA BIMA Ambulu. The implementation of GBL creates more interactive, enjoyable, healthy competitive learning, and is able to increase motivation and active student participation in learning.

This study discusses the opportunities for the development of Islamic education from the perspective of solutions offered by the philosophy of science in the era of technological advancement. Islamic educational institutions are confronted with complex problems that cannot always be resolved independently. The philosophy of science offers several solutions on how to address the challenges commonly faced by educational institutions. Often, educational institutions focus excessively on analyzing the challenges or problems they encounter, whereas there are other aspects that can be utilized as supporting factors for the development of Islamic education, namely by examining existing opportunities and implementing them effectively. This research employs a literature review method with a qualitative approach, complemented by case study analysis across various educational institutions. Many Islamic educational institutions, both formal and non-formal, have utilized opportunities as a primary strategy for developing Islamic education. Various solutions are proposed, including curriculum integration, strengthening institutional organizational structures, improving human resources as well as facilities and infrastructure, and presenting innovative ideas implemented by institutions in developing Islamic education.