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Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that focuses on the nature, sources, methods, and limits of human knowledge. This article aims to examine the concept of epistemology within the context of the philosophy of science, its scope, and its relevance to the development of modern scientific thought. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review method thatdraws upon both classical and contemporary sources in the field of the philosophy of science. The findings indicate that epistemology encompasses four main domains: the sources of knowledge, the methods of acquiring knowledge, the validity and truth of knowledge, and the limits of human understanding. In the modern context, epistemology faces new challenges such as technological advancement, scientific interdisciplinarity, and the relationship between local and global knowledge systems. The practical implications of epistemology are also evident in education through constructivism, inquiry-based learning, and epistemological literacy. Therefore, a sound understanding of epistemology serves as a crucial foundation for developing an educational and scientific system that is critical, reflective, and contextually relevant.

Penelitian ini menganalisis faktor penentu likuiditas pada bank digital di Indonesia dengan menguji pengaruh kinerja keuangan (Return on Assets/ROA, Non-Performing Loans/NPL, Capital Adequacy Ratio/CAR) dan inflasi. Data diambil dari laporan keuangan lima bank digital terkemuka (Bank Jago, AlloBank, Blu BCA, Neo Commerce, dan Seabank) periode 2020–2023, dianalisis menggunakan regresi linear berganda. Hasil menunjukkan ROA berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap likuiditas, bertentangan dengan studi konvensional, yang dijelaskan oleh prioritas bank digital pada efisiensi operasional ketimbang cadangan likuiditas. Sementara itu, NPL, CAR, dan inflasi tidak signifikan, mengindikasikan kemampuan mitigasi risiko unik melalui teknologi dan struktur biaya rendah. Temuan ini memperkaya literatur likuiditas perbankan digital di pasar berkembang, menekankan perlunya pendekatan regulasi dan manajemen risiko yang sesuai dengan karakteristik digital. Implikasinya mencakup rekomendasi bagi regulator untuk merancang stress test spesifik dan bagi bank digital untuk menyeimbangkan profitabilitas dengan stabilitas likuiditas.    

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Personal Branding, Media Sosial, dan Kepercayaan Konsumen terhadap Keputusan Pembelian, dengan Kepuasan Konsumen sebagai variabel mediasi, pada pengguna layanan treatment di Klinik Eva Mulia Cabang Galaxy, Kota Bekasi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis model persamaan struktural (SEM) berbasis Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil pengujian model struktural (inner model) menunjukkan bahwa nilai R Square pada variabel Kepuasan Konsumen sebesar 0,515 dan Keputusan Pembelian sebesar 0,519, yang berarti model mampu menjelaskan sekitar 51% variasi pada masing-masing variabel dependen. Pengujian path coefficients menunjukkan bahwa variabel Kepercayaan Konsumen berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian (T = 7,263; p < 0,05) dan Kepuasan Konsumen (T = 5,591; p < 0,05). Sementara itu, Media Sosial juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen (T = 6,244; p < 0,05), namun tidak signifikan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian secara langsung (T = 1,814; p = 0,070). Variabel Personal Branding tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan baik terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen maupun Keputusan Pembelian secara langsung. Uji pengaruh tidak langsung menunjukkan bahwa Kepuasan Konsumen memediasi secara signifikan hubungan antara Kepercayaan Konsumen dan Keputusan Pembelian, serta antara Media Sosial dan Keputusan Pembelian. Namun, tidak ditemukan efek mediasi signifikan antara Personal Branding dan Keputusan Pembelian. Hasil ini menekankan pentingnya peran Kepercayaan Konsumen dan Media Sosial dalam membentuk Kepuasan Konsumen yang pada akhirnya meningkatkan Keputusan Pembelian, sementara Personal Branding tidak memiliki peran yang kuat dalam model ini. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi strategis dalam pengelolaan pemasaran dan layanan konsumen di industri klinik kecantikan.

This study explores the implications of the 1983 Code of Canon Law (CIC) on mixed marriages within the Catholic Church, focusing on its legal, pastoral, and social dimensions in the context of religious pluralism. Mixed marriages, involving a Catholic an a non-Catholic partner, pose unique spiritual and legal challenges due to differing faith backgrounds, the research aims to analyze how the CIC, alongsid Church documents such as Muto Proprio Matrimonia Mixta, Familiaris Consortio, and Amoris Laetitia, addresses these challenges while upholding the sacramental nature of marriage. A qualitative descretive method was employed, utilizing critical textual analysis of relevant literature, including books, journals, and Church documents, the findings highlight that Canons 1124-1126 og the CIC provide a robust legal framework requiring episcopal dispensation, commitment to Catholic faith preservation, and respect for the non-Catholic partner’s beliefs. these Canons balance the protection of Catholic identity with openness to interfainth dialogue. Additionally, Church documents emphasize pastoral accompaniment, compassion, and doalogue to foster family unity and fainth education for children. The study concludes that the CIC, enriched by pastoral approaches in the referenced documents, offers a framework that not only regulates mixed marriages but also transforms them into opportunities for spiritual growth and interreligious harmony, particularly in diverse societies like Indonesia. This integrated approach ensures the mixed mariages can be a source of blessing rather than conflict, promoting stability ant mutual respect in families.  

Marriage is a physical and emotional bond between a man and a woman recognized by law and religion. In practice, issues often arise regarding the status of joint property acquired during marriage, especially in the event of divorce. To anticipate such disputes, a prenuptial agreement serves as a legal instrument that provides certainty and legal protection for both husband and wife in managing and dividing joint assets, either during the marriage or after divorce. This study aims to analyze the urgency of drafting a prenuptial agreement, identify the legal aspects that need to be included in the deed, and examine its juridical implications. This research employs a normative legal method with a conceptual and statutory approach, using descriptive-analytical techniques, secondary data sources, and qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that a prenuptial agreement has significant urgency in protecting the rights of both spouses in case of divorce. Furthermore, it holds binding legal force and creates juridical implications by clarifying the separation between personal and joint property, thereby ensuring legal certainty for both parties.  

This paper aims to explore the hermeneutics proposed by Fatima Mernissi in reading a hadith, especially those related to the hadith of female leadership. In this case, the hadith narrated by Abu Bakrah's companion stated that "a people who entrust their affairs to women will not be successful." This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive analytical nature, which focuses on analyzing the sanad and matan and revealing how the socio-historical context of a hadith is narrated. The results of this study indicate that the hermeneutic concept proposed by Fatima Mernissi is able to identify bias in the narration of a hadith. In this case, the hadith narrated by Abu Bakra is considered weak for several reasons, such as the incompleteness of Abu Bakra's genealogy, the influence of the social conditions of the hadith, and the lack of credibility of the narrator. Therefore, the hermeneutic approach proposed by Fatima Mernissi provides a reinterpretation of the hadiths so that they are in line with the principle of justice.

Rice production remains a strategic component in supporting local food security, yet its performance is strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of farmers' characteristics. This study aims to describe the characteristics of rice farmers in Tonra District and analyze their implications for the formulation of agricultural extension programs. Using a descriptive quantitative approach with 100 respondents selected proportionally from eleven villages, the research examines key variables including land size, seed use, fertilizer application, age, education level, and farming experience. The findings reveal clear variations in productivity among farmers, where higher production is generally associated with larger landholding, optimal input use, productive age groups, higher educational attainment, and moderate farming experience. These patterns highlight how farmers' demographic and agronomic characteristics shape their management capacity and adoption of recommended practices. The study emphasizes that extension programs must be designed based on farmers’ actual profiles to enhance relevance and effectiveness. Tailored strategies—such as visual communication for low-education groups, mechanization support for senior farmers, and input-use optimization training—are necessary to improve productivity outcomes. The results provide an important basis for developing more targeted, responsive, and sustainable agricultural extension programming at the district level.

This study investigates the role of fintech and digital finance as intermediary variables in the influence of sharia financial literacy on increasing sharia financial inclusion in Aceh Province. This study examined 308 respondents spread across various regions of Aceh Province and analyzed using SEM AMOS and a purposive sampling technique. After conducting various tests, this study demonstrated that sharia financial literacy, fintech, digital finance, and sharia financial inclusion have been well-functioning. Sharia financial literacy has been proven to enhance fintech, digital finance, and sharia financial inclusion in Aceh. Correspondingly, fintech and digital finance also have a positive and significant impact on sharia financial inclusion. Furthermore, fintech and digital finance have also been shown to partially mediate the relationship between sharia financial literacy and sharia financial inclusion

With the rise in human migration across national boundaries in the age of globalization, the issue of dual citizenship has become more and more important. Dual citizenship brings up a number of issues in the context of international law about legal status, diplomatic protection, and allegiance to both the nation of origin and the nation of residence. Increased cross-border social interactions that push people to hold several citizenships, technological improvements, and increased global economic integration have all complicated this dynamic. As a nation that upholds the idea of a single citizenship, Indonesia has trouble aligning its national laws with the shifting global legal framework, which governs things like dual citizenship, migration, and statelessness. is often more accepting of the practice of dual citizenship. From an international law standpoint, this research seeks to examine the subject of dual citizenship and its consequences for Indonesia's citizenship legislation and legal system. With a juridical-comparative examination of international legal instruments, scholarly publications, and applicable national legislation, the study uses a normative methodology. The results show that Indonesia's single citizenship concept conflicts with the worldwide trend that prioritizes human rights, diverse identities, and diaspora protection. Indonesia, according to the research, should think about changing its citizenship laws to take into account global concerns while still protecting its sovereignty, national stability, and core national values.

The contemporary digital era has triggered the normalization of pornography and promiscuous sexual behavior, which significantly threatens the theological understanding and sacramental practice of Catholic marriage among young adults. This article aims to examine, from a theological-juridical perspective, how canons 1055–1101 of the Code of Canon Law (CIC) serve as the authoritative foundation for the Church in safeguarding the dignity and validity of the sacrament of marriage. The method employed is a comprehensive literature study of the CIC, relevant magisterial documents of the Church, and contemporary scholarly works on the dynamics of young adult relationships. The concise findings indicate that exposure to and normalization of pornography directly weaken three fundamental aspects of Catholic marriage, namely the capacity to give free consent, the intention to practice permanent fidelity, and the correct understanding of the body’s meaning as a total self-gift. Nevertheless, the Church possesses solid canonical and pastoral instruments to address these challenges and facilitate restoration. In conclusion, a synergistic integration of canonical approaches, moral teachings, and pastoral guidance is required to assist young adult couples so that they may realize marriages that are not only canonically valid but also psychologically mature and sacramentally holy.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh etos kerja, motivasi intrinsik, dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan di perusahaan-perusahaan yang beroperasi di Kota Cirebon. Kinerja karyawan menjadi salah satu indikator penting dalam menjamin keberlangsungan dan daya saing perusahaan. Namun, ketidaksesuaian antara potensi sumber daya manusia dan hasil aktual di lapangan masih sering terjadi, ditandai dengan rendahnya produktivitas, tingginya turnover, serta loyalitas karyawan yang lemah. Penelitian ini menawarkan kebaruan dengan menguji ketiga variabel psikologis internal secara simultan dalam satu model penelitian, berbeda dari studi sebelumnya yang menguji secara parsial. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan desain kausal asosiatif. Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner skala Likert yang disebarkan kepada 50 responden menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan regresi linier berganda dengan bantuan SPSS versi 25 untuk mengukur pengaruh masing-masing variabel bebas terhadap variabel dependen, baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa etos kerja, motivasi intrinsik, dan kepuasan kerja secara signifikan memengaruhi kinerja karyawan. Etos kerja memiliki hubungan positif, motivasi intrinsik menunjukkan pengaruh negatif jika tidak selaras dengan dukungan organisasi, dan kepuasan kerja berkontribusi dalam menciptakan kenyamanan dan loyalitas. Secara simultan, ketiga variabel tersebut menjelaskan proporsi signifikan terhadap variasi kinerja. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa perusahaan perlu menyusun strategi pengelolaan SDM yang tidak hanya berfokus pada aspek teknis, tetapi juga pada penguatan faktor psikologis karyawan secara menyeluruh.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi promosi penjualan yang diterapkan oleh BMA (Baju Murah Anak) pada marketplace Shopee. Meskipun telah melakukan berbagai upaya promosi, penjualan BMA cenderung fluktuatif dan belum mencapai target yang diharapkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian terfokus pada empat strategi promosi utama yaitu pemberian, paket harga, pengembalian dana, dan premi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sampel kepada afiliasi efektif meningkatkan eksposur merek namun berdampak terbatas pada penjualan langsung. Strategi paket harga dan premi mampu mendorong pembelian dalam jumlah lebih besar serta meningkatkan loyalitas konsumen. Sementara itu, strategi pengembalian dana memberikan rasa aman bagi pelanggan namun menahan tantangan dalam kecepatan pelayanan. Keseluruhan strategi yang diterapkan memberikan dampak positif terhadap citra merek, namun perlu dilakukan evaluasi berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas promosi. Implikasi penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi praktis bagi pelaku UMKM dalam merancang strategi promosi yang adaptif terhadap dinamika pasar digital, khususnya di platform e-commerce seperti Shopee

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji pengaruh kompensasi finansial, kepuasan kerja, dan work-life balance terhadap loyalitas karyawan yang berasal dari Generasi Z. Latar belakang dari penelitian ini didasari oleh meningkatnya tingkat mobilitas kerja pada kelompok Generasi Z, yang menciptakan tatantangan sendiri bagi perusahaan dalam mempertahankan tenaga kerja muda yang memiliki potensi tinggi. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode survei yang melibatkan 80 responden dari kalangan Generasi Z yang bekerja di sektor manufaktur. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan bantuan SPSS versi 22, dengan menggunakan sejumlah tahapan pengujian yang mencakup pengujian validitas dan reliabilitas, pengujian asumsi klasik, serta analisis regresi linier berganda. Analisis yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa ketiga variabel independen, yaitu kompensasi finansial, kepuasan kerja, dan work-life balance secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap loyalitas karyawan, baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa upaya untuk menciptakan keseimbangan yang optimal antara kehidupan profesional dan personal berperan sebagai aspek strategis yang berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan loyalitas karywan di lingkungan kerja.  Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa perusahaan perlu lebih memperhatikan aspek work life balance dalam strategi manajemen sumber daya manusia untuk mendorong retensi dan komitmen karyawan.  

Integrated Quality Management (IQM) or Total Quality Management (TQM) has become a strategic issue in the field of education because it is directly related to improving the quality of learning, school management, and the achievement of sustainable competency standards. In the context of Islamic education and integrated schools, the implementation of IQM is not only oriented toward managerial efficiency but also toward the integration of religious values and the development of students’ character. Therefore, this literature review is essential to understand the development, trends, and challenges of IQM implementation in education. The purpose of this literature review is to examine how IQM is applied in various educational institutions and to identify its theoretical and practical contributions. The research questions proposed are: (1) How are the concepts and principles of IQM developed in education? (2) What are the main impacts and challenges of its implementation? The study employed a literature search through repositories, e-journals, and online publications using the keywords “integrated quality management,” “TQM,” and “education.” Out of 20 initial articles, only 5 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in depth. The analysis results revealed three main themes: strengthening the fundamental concepts of IQM, the role of key figures and TQM principles in education, and the implementation impacts on academic and non-academic quality. In conclusion, IQM has proven to be relevant as a strategy for improving educational quality, although challenges such as limited resources and internal resistance still need to be addressed. Future research should explore adaptive IQM strategies tailored to the local school context.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has given birth to deepfake technology which has the potential to be misused to damage a person's digital identity. This research aims to analyze the mode of misuse of deepfake technology in Indonesia, examine its legal implications based on applicable laws and regulations, and examine the urgency of special regulation of deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. Applicable, as well as examining the urgency of special arrangements against deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, and data collection is carried out through literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials tertiary. The results show that deepfake abuse can take the form of spreading fake videos, face forgery and digital identity-based fraud that harms victims socially, legally and psychologically. Although several articles in the ITE Law, Personal Data Protection Law, and Criminal Code can be used to charge perpetrators, these regulations have not specifically and explicitly regulated the characteristics and technical aspects of deepfake-based crimes. This creates obstacles in law enforcement and victim protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special regulations or amend existing laws so that the legal system in Indonesia is able to answer the challenges of deepfake technology appropriately, fairly, and effectively.

This study explores the function of the scientific approach and learning assessment as elements that strengthen the quality of education through a structured literature review. The review of various sources shows that the continuous application of the scientific method has a positive effect on improving students’ critical thinking, creativity, learning independence, and character development. Findings from several studies over the past decade support the effectiveness of implementing the scientific method at various educational levels, despite challenges such as limited time and learning resources. In addition, comprehensive learning evaluation not only measures final outcomes but also considers context, input, and process (CIPP model), thereby enhancing the relevance of learning objectives and student motivation. The literature review also highlights the importance of guidance and counseling (GC) as an integrative component that supports students’ academic, social, personal, and character development at both primary and secondary education levels. However, some studies identify challenges in implementation, such as students’ low reading interest and the dominant role of teachers, which can be addressed through STEM-based and blended learning models. Overall, the integration of GC with learning evaluation has the potential to realize holistic education that balances intellectual, emotional, social, moral, and spiritual intelligence, while preparing students to contribute effectively to society and the future workforce. These findings encourage the development of educational policies and learning practices that are more process-oriented, context-based, and focused on the holistic development of student competencies.

This research seeks to examine how changes in citizenship influence the legal validity of marriage, emphasizing both juridical aspects and practical implications. In an era of globalization and increased international mobility, the phenomenon of changing or losing citizenship has become more frequent. The legal consequences of such changes for marital validity represent a crucial area that demands comprehensive analysis, particularly in relation to national and international marriage laws. The study combines an international literature review with empirical data and legal analysis derived from the works of Mr. Mustain, a lecturer at UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta. Findings reveal that a shift in citizenship can alter the legal standing of a marriage, generate legal ambiguities, and influence family rights such as child custody and inheritance. To address these issues, regulatory harmonization, the proactive engagement of religious authorities, and legal reform at the national level are essential to ensure adequate legal protection for couples undergoing citizenship transitions. Employing a library research method with a qualitative-normative approach, this study analyzes statutory provisions, judicial rulings, and relevant scholarly sources. The findings underscore that citizenship alteration may impact the legality of marriage, particularly when legal systems differ between the country of origin and the newly acquired nationality. In summary, citizenship changes can lead to legal uncertainty regarding marital validity, underscoring the need for legal harmonization and clear protective frameworks for affected couples. This research thus contributes significantly to the discourse on marriage law and citizenship policy development.

The research titled “Legal Implications of Mixed Marriages between Indonesian Citizens and Foreign Nationals on the Citizenship Status of Minors” discusses the legal consequences arising from marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and foreign nationals (WNA), particularly regarding the determination of the citizenship status of minors. Mixed marriages often create legal complexities due to differences in citizenship systems between countries, which affect the rights and legal standing of children. The research problems focus on two main issues: how Indonesian positive law regulates the citizenship status of children born from mixed marriages, and how the state provides legal protection for such children. This study employs a normative legal research method with a statutory approach, analyzing relevant laws, doctrines, and court decisions. The results show that although Law Number 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship has improved the previous system by recognizing limited dual citizenship for children, its implementation still faces several obstacles. Complicated bureaucracy, a lack of understanding among officials, and persistent discriminatory practices remain major challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the legal framework and administrative system of citizenship management to ensure that the principles of non-discrimination and the best interests of the child are effectively and fairly realized.

Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh nilai tukar dan suku bunga terhadap return saham perusahaan sektor pertambangan yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2022-2024. Sektor pertambangan merupakan salah satu sektor yang paling terdampak oleh fluktuasi ekonomi global, terutama perubahan nilai tukar dan suku bunga. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan regresi linier berganda, serta memanfaatkan data sekunder dari Bank Indonesia dan Bursa Efek Indonesia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai tukar berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap return saham, yang berarti depresiasi rupiah cenderung menurunkan kinerja saham perusahaan pertambangan. Sebaliknya, suku bunga tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan. Temuan ini memberikan implikasi penting bagi investor, analis keuangan, dan pembuat kebijakan dalam memahami risiko makroekonomi dan merumuskan strategi investasi di sektor pertambangan.

Early marriage remains an issue with negative impacts on the health and quality of the younger generation, particularly through the risk of stunting in children. This article discusses the results of a counseling session titled "Marriage is Not Just Legal: Legal Education on Marriage Dispensation and Its Implications for Preventing Stunting Among Students" conducted at SMA Negeri 3 Parepare. The counseling aimed to raise students' awareness about the relationship between the marriage age limit, marriage dispensation, and the health impact on children, specifically the risk of stunting. The methods used include deconstruction, brainstorming, material delivery, reconstruction, and evaluation through pre-tests and post-tests. The results show a significant improvement in students' understanding from both medical and legal perspectives. The discussion focuses on analyzing the contradictions in legal norms regarding the marriage age limit and marriage dispensation, which often cause implementation issues. This counseling emphasizes the importance of integrating legal education and reproductive health as a preventive strategy to reduce early marriage and prevent stunting. Thus, this program contributes to shaping a healthy, legally aware younger generation capable of making mature and responsible marriage decisions.