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Plastic waste detection in indoor environments is an essential challenge in the development of intelligent cleaning systems and robotic automation. Small and medium-sized plastic debris is often difficult to identify using conventional methods due to variations in color, shape, and reflectance. This study proposes an image-processing-based approach that combines thresholding and contour detection techniques to improve the accuracy of detecting plastic objects on floor surfaces. The initial stage involves converting the image into a color space that is more stable under varying illumination, such as HSV or grayscale, to reduce the influence of lighting intensity. Subsequently, adaptive thresholding is applied to separate plastic objects from the background by using dynamic threshold values tailored to the image’s conditions. The segmentation results are refined through morphological operations such as opening and closing, enabling the removal of small noise and enhancing the clarity of object boundaries. The core stage of the system employs contour detection to extract object shapes and areas, allowing the identification of plastic waste based on size, perimeter, and specific geometric characteristics. Experiments were conducted under different lighting conditions and various floor types, and the results demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully detects plastic debris with satisfactory accuracy and relatively fast processing time. Therefore, this method is suitable for implementation in robotic cleaning systems, indoor cleanliness monitoring devices, and other computer vision applications requiring real-time and efficient object detection.

This study aims to investigate the effects of tamarind leaf extract (Tamarindus indica L.) on neuropharmacological activity in mice using calculated percentages of responses based on the parameters PSM, SSSP, DSSP, SL, RO, SM, PSL, and ANA. This research was conducted as a laboratory experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatment concentrations: 1%, 2%, and 4%. Observations were performed to assess the percentage of activity produced by each sample concentration, followed by descriptive–quantitative analysis to determine the dose–response pattern. The results showed that tamarind leaf extract produced varying responses across concentrations. The SSSP, ANA, and RO effects demonstrated increased activity at the 2% concentration, whereas other parameters (PSM, PSL, SM, SL, and DSSP) showed decreased activity. Interestingly, the SSSP parameter exhibited a positive dose–response pattern with the highest activity of 55.84% at 2%. Overall, the effectiveness of tamarind leaf extract depends on the concentration level. The 2% concentration appears to be the optimal dose for several neuropharmacological effects, while the 4% concentration was most effective only for SSSP. These findings highlight the importance of multi-concentration testing to determine effective dosing of natural products for biological applications and the need for further investigation.

Sugar consumption in Indonesia remains high, with diabetes affecting 20.4 million people. This condition has prompted the government to introduce an excise policy on Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan (MBDK) to reduce sugar intake. Social media, particularly the X platform, serves as a medium for the public to express their opinions regarding this policy. This study aims to analyze public sentiment toward the MBDK excise policy using a lexicon-based approach for data labeling and the Multinomial Naive Bayes algorithm with unigram and bigram feature extraction. The initial results show that the highest performance was achieved using 5-Fold Cross Validation, with an average accuracy of 83%, precision of 84%, recall of 75%, and an F1-Score of 77%. After applying data balancing using Stratified Cross Validation combined with Borderline-SMOTE and limiting the features to the 700 most frequent terms, the model’s performance improved. The best results were obtained with 10-Fold Cross Validation, achieving 86% accuracy, 84% precision, 83% recall, and an F1-Score of 83%. These findings indicate that the Multinomial Naive Bayes model can effectively classify public sentiment regarding the MBDK excise policy after the data balancing process.

Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO) serves as a primary communication medium for the deaf community; however, limited public understanding often creates barriers during daily interactions. This study aims to develop a real-time BISINDO word-level translation system using hand landmark extraction and temporal modeling with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The system employs MediaPipe Hands to detect 21 hand landmarks per frame, which are then processed as sequential motion patterns to classify five BISINDO words: saya, terima kasih, maaf, nama, and kamu. A total of 250 gesture samples were recorded under controlled lighting conditions as the primary dataset. The processed sequences were used to train the LSTM model, which was subsequently integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller and a DFPlayer Mini module to produce direct audio output. Experimental results show that the model achieved an average accuracy of 86%, with precision and recall values ranging from 0.81 to 0.94. The confusion matrix analysis indicates that most gestures were correctly classified, although some errors occurred in gestures with similar initial motion trajectories. Integration testing demonstrated an average system latency of 3.8 seconds and an audio output success rate of 85%. These findings indicate that the proposed system is capable of translating BISINDO word-level gestures accurately, responsively, and consistently in real-time conditions. This study provides a strong foundation for the broader development of sign language translation systems, with potential enhancements in vocabulary expansion, multi-user datasets, and hardware optimization for deployment in real-world environments.

Mochi is a cake made from glutinous rice flour with other ingredients and then steamed. White sweet potato flour is used as a substitute because it contains high levels of fiber, with the addition of elephant ginger extract, which is expected to be able to neutralize the unpleasant taste and scent of white sweet potato flour. The aim of this study was to determine the right formulation in order to obtain white sweet potato flour substitution mochi and a high concentration of elephant ginger extract. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), which consisted of two factors, namely the concentration of glutinous rice flour and white sweet potato flour (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) and the percentage of elephant ginger extract (to 100 ml of water) (1.5%, 3%, and 4.5%). The best results of the chemical analysis were white sweet potato flour 30 g and ginger extract 4.5%, with a moisture content of 23.66%, an ash content of 0.25%, a total sugar content of 7.64%, and fiber of 2.60%. Based on the results of the physical analysis, the colour L*47.62 (bright brown), a* -4.68 (slightly green), b* 12.20 (yellowish) and a hardness value of 8.90 N, gumminess of 6.27 N, chewiness of 1.73 N, cohesiveness of 0.71 N, and adhesiveness of 1.17 N. Mochi with white sweet potato flour substitution and concentration of elephant ginger extract can be a nutritions food and a source of fiber.

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the integrated technology construct connecting physical and mental health services in conflict-affected Middle Eastern regions by employing confirmatory factor analysis within a Structural Equation Modelling approach. The research is based on 1,124 documents on digital health technology implementation published between 2017 and 2024 across fourteen countries. The measurement model demonstrates strong goodness-of-fit, evidenced by chi-square/df = 1.847, CFI = 0.971, TLI = 0.965, RMSEA = 0.041, and SRMR = 0.034, thereby confirming the structural soundness of the proposed framework. The analysis identifies four core dimensions—Digital Innovation (lambda = 0.893, CR = 13.672), Infrastructure Readiness (lambda = 0.847, CR = 12.184), User Competency (lambda = 0.819, CR = 11.453), and Sustainability (lambda = 0.865, CR = 12.738)—all significant at p < 0.001. Reliability indices are robust, with Cronbach's Alpha between 0.876 and 0.934, Composite Reliability ranging from 0.891 to 0.947, and Average Variance Extracted between 0.661 and 0.798, indicating strong internal consistency. The findings expand earlier digital health frameworks proposed by Mechael (2009) and Labrique et al. (2013) by emphasizing sustainability as a key component in conflict settings marked by limited resources. In contrast to Aranda-Jan et al. (2014), which addresses general technology adoption, this study underscores specific challenges in integrating both mental and physical health services in humanitarian contexts, thereby responding to the gap highlighted by Naslund et al. (2017) regarding fragmented digital mental health initiatives in crisis environments.

Persistent elevation of blood glucose levels defines diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when insulin production is insufficient, diminished sensitivity of insulin receptors, or a combination of both factors. The medicinal properties of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) are attributed to its rich content of bioactive compounds, including gingerol and shogaol, which are considered key contributors to its various therapeutic effects. The effectiveness of red ginger extract in lowering blood glucose levels in experimental mice was evaluated in this study. A true experimental design with a quantitative approach was applied, employing a pretest–posttest control group format. The study involved twelve samples, which were randomly allocated into four separate groups. The treatment phase was conducted over a period of seven days. Findings revealed mean values of 10.4 prior to the intervention and 15.2 afterward, indicating a notable increase. A significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements in group K1 was revealed by the statistical analysis, which yielded a P-value of 0.001 (P < 0.05). It was observed that red ginger extract, given at 100 mg per kilogram of body weight, effectively reduced blood glucose levels in the mice studied..

The puring plant (Codiaeum variegatum), which has been known as an ornamental plant, apparently has significant therapeutic potential, supported by the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. Various modern studies report the biological activity of croton leaves, including anti-cholesterol, anti-hyperglycemia, antibacterial effects, and their use in biosurfactant formulations. However, studies on how varying extract concentrations influence bioactivity parameters quantitatively are still limited, especially in the context of dose-response relationships involving many biological parameters in one series of research. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate eight bioactivity parameters, namely PSM, SSSP, DSSP, SL, RO, SM, PSL, and ANA at croton leaf extract concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4%. This research uses a laboratory experimental approach by extracting croton leaves through a maceration method using ethanol, then formulated in three concentration levels. Each parameter was analyzed quantitatively to observe the pattern of changes in biological response to variations in the dose administered. The results showed that most of the PSM, SSSP, DSSP, SL, and PSL parameters showed an optimum response at a concentration of 2%, which indicates that there is a most effective dose point before a decrease in activity occurs at the highest concentration. In contrast, several parameters such as RO, SM, and ANA showed a more fluctuating response, even the ANA parameter gave the highest value at a concentration of 4%, indicating that certain activities require higher compound levels to be achieved. In general, the response pattern found was not linear, but instead formed an optimum curve typical of the bioactivity of plant extracts. These findings confirm that determining dosage is very important in the use of croton leaf extract, both for pharmacological purposes and for the formulation of natural ingredient-based products.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategic role of the Green Human Resource Information System (Green HRIS) in bridging the transformation of human resource management with the demands of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, specifically examining how Green HRIS contributes to sustainable HR practices, organizational performance, and digital HR transformation. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study identifies, evaluates, and synthesizes prior research by conducting a structured search across major academic databases—Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Elsevier, and Wiley—for publications from 2020 to 2025 that address green HRM, HR digitalization, sustainable HR practices, and ESG integration. The review process includes screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, extracting key data, and categorizing findings into environmental, social, and governance dimensions. The results demonstrate that Green HRIS strengthens ESG implementation by reducing paper usage, lowering carbon emissions, and promoting sustainable HR practices such as digital recruitment and e-learning, while also improving governance through enhanced transparency, accountability, regulatory compliance, and real-time reporting. Empirical evidence indicates that Green HRIS fosters employee engagement, organizational innovation, and the development of green competitive advantages. Practically, the study highlights how organizations, policymakers, and HR managers can utilize Green HRIS to optimize digital transformation and meet ESG requirements, thereby reinforcing legitimacy and long-term competitiveness within the green economy. This research offers originality as one of the first systematic reviews addressing Green HRIS in the ESG era, integrating theories such as the Resource-Based View, Technology Acceptance Model, and organizational sustainability theory, while also mapping trends, best practices, and gaps for future research.

Thick leaf (Glochidion superbum) is a medicinal plant traditionally utilized by the community of East Panjang Island for the treatment of wounds, pain, and ulcers. This research was conducted to isolate the major compounds present in the ethyl acetate fraction of thick leaf and to assess its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The plant leaves were first cleaned, dried, and powdered, followed by maceration extraction using methanol, which resulted in an extract yield of 16.42%. The crude extract was fractionated by column chromatography using EtOAc and MeOH eluents with ratios of 9:1 (K1), 4:1 (K2), 1:4 (K3), and 1:9 (K4). UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis showed an absorption peak at 288 nm, indicating the presence of phenolic compounds, identified as ferulic acid. Antioxidant testing using the DPPH method showed IC₅₀ values for fractions K1, K2, K3, and K4 of 12.981, 5.159, 9.658, and 10.971 µg/mL, respectively, with vitamin C as a positive control (3.563 µg/mL). Fraction K2 showed the strongest antioxidant activity. These results indicate that thick leaf contains ferulic acid with very strong antioxidant activity and has potential as a natural antioxidant source.

Hand hygiene is an essential step in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases, making the availability of safe and environmentally friendly hand soap an important necessity in daily sanitation practices. This community service activity aims to enhance students’ environmental literacy, technical skills, and ecological awareness through training on producing natural hand soap based on butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) extract, with the final product named Clitoria Nature. The program was implemented using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, which consists of four stages planning, action, observation, and reflection—through strategies including socialization, demonstration, and hands-on practice. The subjects of this activity were 32 students of Grade VIII Room 1 at MTsN 1 Palangka Raya City. The results showed an increase in students’ understanding of the benefits of natural ingredients, their ability to formulate liquid soap, and the development of behavior that favors the use of natural hygiene products. Theoretically, the anthocyanin and flavonoid content of butterfly pea flowers supports the antibacterial potential of the formulated soap. This program not only produced an environmentally friendly hand soap but also contributed to the formation of healthier and more sustainable sanitation behaviors.

Extraction is a crucial stage in obtaining bioactive compounds from natural materials that have potential as medicinal, cosmetic, or nutraceutical ingredients. Among the various extraction methods available, maceration remains one of the most widely used techniques due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to maintain the stability of active compounds. The maceration process involves soaking powdered plant material in a suitable solvent at room temperature for a certain period, accompanied by periodic stirring to facilitate the diffusion of active compounds into the solvent. This method is particularly effective for extracting polar and semi-polar compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and essential oils that are sensitive to heat. The review shows that the effectiveness of maceration is influenced by several key factors, including the type and concentration of solvent, particle size of the material, duration of soaking, and stirring frequency. The use of ethanol with higher concentrations generally yields greater extract recovery and higher levels of active compounds. In addition, maceration is considered environmentally friendly because it requires no excessive heating and can employ safe, natural solvents. Therefore, despite the development of advanced extraction technologies, maceration remains a relevant, practical, and efficient method for phytochemical extraction, especially in laboratory research and small-scale herbal industries.          

Nata de corn is nata made from corn. Corn contains the element carbon which can fulfill the needs of Acetobacter xylinum in the formation of nata. This study used corn extract to replace coconut water and used natural nitrogen sources from mung bean sprout extract, soybean sprout extract and cowpea sprout extract. The aimed study to determine characteristics of nata  which the thickest and highest fiber. This study used factorial RAL, with 2 factors, namely factor 1 was the percentage of corn extract (10%; 20% and 30%) and factor 2 was the variation of nitrogen sources (mung bean sprout extract, soybean sprout extract and cowpea sprout extract). The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of Nata de corn and determine the best formulation for Nata de corn. The results of the best treatment formulation in the manufacture of Nata de corn were 30% corn seed extract formulation with 7.5 ml soybean sprout extract, 2.05% crude fiber chemical characteristic test, 0.15% total sugar and 0.97% water content. The resulting nata de corn has organoleptic characteristics of a yellowish-white color with a value of 1.95; less elastic with an elasticity value of 2.06 and slightly springy with a value of 2.72. The results of physical observations with a thickness of 0.72 cm, a weight of 599.8 grams and a volume of 4 ml of fermented residual liquid. Nata de corn has the potential to be a source of food fiber.

Pediculus humanus capitis, according to the WHO, is classified as a skin disease and ectoparasite in the list of neglected tropical diseases. The cause can infect the scalp, leading to many children suffering from iron deficiency and anemia. Its spread occurs through shared items. Therefore, traditional insecticides such as srikaya seeds and kemiri seeds, which contain saponins and flavonoids capable of killing head lice, are required. The obective of this study is to determine the most effective concentration, compare their efficacy, and determine the killing time of both extracts. The experimental research method involved treatments at concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60% with four repetitions. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of srikaya seed extract with kemiri seeds in terms of concentration and time on lice mortality, as shown by a two-way ANOVA test with a p-value of 0.000 (P<0.05). In the Tukey test, the average mortality rate for srikaya seeds was 4, and the average mortality rate for kemiri seeds was 3. The concentration of srikaya seed extract killed 50% of head lice LC50 at a dose of 0,14%, while the concentration of kemiri seed extract killed 50% of head lice at a dose of 0,28% with contact times of 30 and 60 minutes. This demonstrates that srikaya seed extract at a dose of 0,14% is effective in causing mortality in head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) extract is known to contain potent antioxidant compounds such as lycopene, vitamin C, and flavonoids that can protect reproductive cells from oxidative stress. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of tomato extract in improving the quality of spermatozoa in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke, which is a major source of free radicals. The research applied a literature review approach by identifying, selecting, and analyzing related studies published between 2013 and 2023 from the Google Scholar and Academia.edu databases. Ten eligible studies were included for synthesis. The results show that the administration of tomato extract at doses ranging from 20 to 60 mg/kgBW/day significantly increased sperm motility, morphology, and viability in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The improvement was associated with the antioxidant effect of lycopene, which protects Leydig cells and maintains testosterone production. These findings suggest that tomato extract has significant potential as a natural antioxidant therapy to prevent oxidative damage and reproductive disorders caused by cigarette smoke exposure.

The root of Mimosa pudica L. contains mimosine, a toxic alkaloid, as well as tannins that exhibit toxic properties, potentially disrupting pancreatic function. Exposure to sufficiently high concentrations of toxic compounds can impair cellular metabolism, leading to irreversible damage. One of the cellular changes induced by cytotoxic compounds is the reduction in the size of pancreatic Langerhans islets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica roots on the diameter of Langerhans islets and β-cell damage in the pancreas of mice. Twelve mice were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of three animals. Group I served as a control and did not receive the extract, whereas Groups II, III, and IV were administered root extract at doses of 10 mg/g BW, 100 mg/g BW, and 1000 mg/g BW, respectively, for 14 consecutive days. The results demonstrated that administration of ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica roots reduced the diameter of pancreatic Langerhans islets in a dose-dependent manner, with higher doses causing more severe β-cell damage. These findings highlight the need for caution in the use of Mimosa pudica roots as traditional medicine or dietary supplements.

The wild ginger leaves (Costus speciosus) is used by the community as a traditional medicine, with its rhizome being utilized as an antipyretic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. This plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, quinones, tannins and saponins. This research aims to identify saponin compounds and characterize the moisture content and ash content in the ethanol extract of the white costus (Costus speciosus) leaves. The white costus leaves sample was extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The extraction yielded a rendemen value of 13.3%. Non-specific characterization tests included moisture content and ash content. The results for the moisture content of the white costus leaf simplicia were 3.3%, which meets the quality requirement of not more than 10% according to Regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Number 32 of 2019. The ash content test result for the simplicia was 0.97%, which also meets the standard requirement of the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, which is less than 10.7%. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the types of compounds contained in the extract. Based on the phytochemical screening results, the 96% ethanol extract of white costus leaves positively contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids.

Pacing tawar is one of many plants used in alternative medicine. Pacing tawar is often used as an ingredient in herbal remedies for various ailments. Pacing leaves are effective as a remedy for itching, insect bites, and hair growth. This study aims to identify the presence and class of secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of pacing tawar leaves to find bioactive compounds that have the potential to have pharmacological and therapeutic activities. Extraction was carried out by the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent until a thick extract was obtained. Next, phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The test results showed that the extract of pacing tawar leaves was positive for alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, and negative for flavonoids. The alkaloid test showed a dark pink color change, the saponin test produced a 2 cm high foam for 30 seconds, the tannin test produced a dark green color, and the steroid test showed a faint red ring. Based on these results, it can be concluded that freshwater pacing leaves contain various bioactive compounds that have the potential to be developed as natural medicinal ingredients.

The growing demand for natural, sustainable personal care products has driven interest in perfumes formulated with plant-based essential oils and natural fixatives. This study aims to develop and evaluate base-note perfumes using essential oils extracted from three Indonesian aromatic leaves—lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix)—combined with jasmine (Jasminum sambac) oil as a fixative. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and three formulations were prepared, each containing a 30:70 blend of essential oil to ethanol. The perfumes underwent organoleptic testing by 15 trained panelists, along with evaluations of fragrance longevity (over 12 hours) and stain effects on paper substrates. Among the formulations, the blend of kaffir lime and jasmine (Formula 2) exhibited the highest average scores across sensory parameters, including fragrance intensity and freshness. It also retained a perceptible aroma for more than 12 hours and showed minimal staining. The results indicate that natural perfumes made with local essential oils and jasmine fixatives can meet consumer expectations for quality and performance. This study highlights the potential of Indonesian aromatic plants in sustainable perfumery and suggests avenues for future innovation in natural fragrance design.

This study aims to analyze the errors made by eleventh-grade students of SMA Swasta Eria in solving word problems related to quadratic equations and quadratic function graphs using Newman’s error taxonomy. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method involving 25 students who were given essay-type tests to measure both conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. Data were collected from students’ written answers and analyzed according to Newman’s stages, which include reading, comprehension, transformation, process skills, and encoding. The findings reveal that errors occurred across all stages, with transformation errors and encoding errors being the most dominant. These mistakes generally stemmed from students’ inability to extract key information into correct mathematical models, inaccuracies in arithmetic operations, and insufficient understanding of fundamental quadratic concepts and their graphical representations. The results highlight the importance of instructional approaches that emphasize conceptual understanding, varied practice problems, and proper mathematical notation. Regular application of Newman’s error analysis is expected to help teachers provide more targeted feedback and improve students’ problem-solving abilities.