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This study investigates the implementation of history learning based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in developing students' analytical history skills. This research is motivated by the dominance of conventional teaching focused on lectures that emphasize memorization of facts rather than critical and analytical thinking. The study aims to describe how HOTS-based strategies are implemented in history classes and to analyze their impact on students' analytical skills. This research uses a qualitative descriptive methodology. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing techniques. The findings show that before the implementation of HOTS, students' responses were mostly descriptive and limited to recalling factual information. After the implementation of HOTS-based learning through the use of analytical questions, historical case studies, source analysis, and structured group discussions, students showed significant improvement in explaining cause-and-effect relationships, evaluating historical evidence, and building logical arguments. Students became more active in discussions and demonstrated a deeper conceptual understanding than mere memorization. However, several challenges were identified, including students' limited experience in critical thinking, time constraints, and the need for teachers to be better prepared in designing HOTS-oriented learning instruments. Overall, this study concludes that HOTS-based history learning effectively improves students' analytical history skills and shifts the learning orientation from lower-order thinking to higher cognitive engagement. This approach pedagogically contributes to fostering a critical, reflective, and contextual understanding of history that is relevant to the demands of 21st-century education.

Perkembangan kota-kota berkembang di Indonesia ditandai oleh dinamika pertumbuhan fisik, peningkatan mobilitas, serta intensifikasi aktivitas sosial dan ekonomi yang sering kali berdampak pada perubahan citra dan keterbacaan ruang kota. Kota Bandar Lampung, sebagai ibu kota Provinsi Lampung dan gerbang utama Pulau Sumatera, mengalami kondisi tersebut seiring pesatnya perkembangan kawasan pusat kota dan perluasan wilayah permukiman ke arah pinggiran. Ketimpangan penguatan elemen visual dan ruang publik antar kawasan berpotensi menimbulkan fragmentasi citra kota, sehingga persepsi masyarakat terhadap struktur dan identitas ruang cenderung terpusat pada area tertentu saja. Dalam konteks ini, pemahaman mengenai bagaimana pengguna kota memaknai, mengingat, dan merepresentasikan ruang perkotaan menjadi penting untuk mengungkap pembentukan citra Kota Bandar Lampung secara menyeluruh. Pendekatan cognitive mapping dipandang relevan karena mampu menangkap persepsi spasial, pengalaman visual, serta makna simbolik yang terbentuk melalui interaksisehari-hari masyarakat dengan lingkungannya. Melalui pendekatan tersebut, penelitian ini mengkaji citra Kota Bandar Lampung berdasarkan persepsi pengamat untuk mengidentifikasi elemen-elemen ruang yang dominan, sekaligus memahami hubungan antara struktur fisik kota, pengalaman sosial, dan pembentukan identitas perkotaan.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based learning media and its implications for student learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). This study uses a systematic literature review approach by examining various reputable scientific articles discussing the integration of AI in education and the dynamics of learning motivation in the context of PAI. The results of the study indicate that the use of AI through adaptive learning systems, educational chatbots, gamification, and learning analytics can increase the effectiveness, personalization, and interactivity of learning. This implementation has a positive impact on cognitive motivation through increased conceptual understanding, affective motivation through active participation and emotional engagement, and spiritual motivation through strengthening reflection and internalization of Islamic values. However, ethical challenges, the risk of depersonalization of the teacher's role, and inequality in digital access are crucial issues that require policy attention and human-centered pedagogical design. Theoretically, this study offers an integrative conceptual framework that combines technological innovation with Islamic educational epistemology. Practically, the results of this study provide recommendations for teachers, schools, and policymakers to develop AI-based PAI learning models that are adaptive, ethical, and oriented towards character building.

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of various intervention strategies, including counseling services, learning strategies, and occupational therapy in treating children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Through a qualitative method based on literature studies, this study applies systematic data processing to evaluate the impact of a holistic approach on children's behavior and concentration. Analysis is carried out through data reduction procedures, data presentation, and verification of conclusions to measure the extent to which a holistic approach influences the development of children's behavior and concentration abilities. The results of the study indicate that multimodal approaches, such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and occupational therapy, are effective in improving children's self-control, emotional regulation, and motor skills. In addition, the implementation of an Individual Learning Program (IPP) in schools and intensive collaboration with parents play a major role in creating a supportive environment for children with ADHD. This study concludes that integrated treatment between behavioral interventions and the success of optimizing children's potential depends heavily on the integration of professional behavioral treatment with active support from the family.

This study discusses the importance of family-focused Christian theology in building children's character in the digital era through the Christian Religious Education (PAK) approach. The transformation of information and communication technology has brought major changes, including in the fields of education and character formation. The digital era provides opportunities to increase knowledge and access to learning, but also raises challenges in the form of weakening moral values, integrity, and relationships within the family. The family as a divine institution has a primary role in teaching Christian values ​​through role models, communication, and direct experience. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, which reviews literature and observations of Christian education practices both in families and schools. The results show that families have an important role in developing children's faith and character, while PAK serves as a link between faith education at home and formal education at school. PAK is considered relevant because it can unite students' cognitive, affective, and conative aspects in facing the influence of digital culture. Overall, family-based Christian theology supported by PAK has great relevance in shaping a young generation with integrity, critical thinking, and character. This approach not only instills knowledge of faith but also prepares students to become responsible and wise leaders in utilizing technology in accordance with Christian values.

Unlike Indo-European languages, Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) and most other Austronesian languages lack grammatical tense marking, presenting a fundamental typological difference with significant implications for linguistic theory and second language acquisition. This study investigates how Indonesian expresses temporal reference without grammatical tense, comparing it with tensed languages, and exploring the cognitive and typological implications of tenselessness. We employed a mixed-methods approach combining: corpus analysis of 5,000 Indonesian sentences; comparative linguistic analysis with English and Mandarin Chinese; psycholinguistic experiments with 200 native Indonesian speakers; and a cross-linguistic survey of 15 Austronesian languages. Results revealed that Indonesian expresses temporality primarily through lexical temporal markers (sudah, sedang, akan) in 68.3% of contexts, temporal adverbials (82.1%), and contextual inference (34.5%). Psycholinguistic experiments showed no processing disadvantage for Indonesian speakers in temporal reasoning tasks compared to English speakers. Cross-linguistic analysis confirmed that 86.7% of surveyed Austronesian languages lack grammatical tense, suggesting tenselessness represents a stable inherited feature of the family. Indonesian's tenseless system represents not a linguistic deficit but an alternative, equally sophisticated means of temporal expression. These findings challenge universal claims about tense as a necessary grammatical category and have significant implications for linguistictypology, second language pedagogy, and theories of universal grammar.

Patient satisfaction influences their desire to return to the same place, and if they are not satisfied, they will look for another place of health, prolonged helminths will result in patients experiencing psychological disorders and will result in the decline of patients caused by the threat of death, overall economic problems and medical problems. Cognitive factors can influence the health and well-being of patients with kidney failure because patients with kidney failure can feel psychologically tired because they have to undergo hemodialysis. The aim of this research is to determine the description of patient satisfaction undergoing hemodialysis at Santa Elisabeth Hospital. The design method for clinical treatment is delscrilptilf which will analyze or observe a picture of the population of patients who underwent hemodilalization at Rulmah Hospital Santa Ellilsabelth with a sample size of 50 respondents. The total sampling technique was taken. Research Results The results of this research were to determine the description of patient satisfaction undergoing hemodialysis at Santa Elisabeth Hospital in Medan with a total of 50 respondents. Where the research uses tables and provides an explanation of the frequency distribution of characteristics based on age, gender, religion, occupation, marital status, education. And this research was obtained from primary data obtained from the respondents themselves. After the data is obtained, it is processed and the results will be analyzed using univariate analysis.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) in improving students' cognitive abilities based on nutritional status in Brangsong Village, Indonesia. The research used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative designs. Quantitative data were collected from 30 student beneficiaries via questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews with managers of the Nutrition Fulfillment Service Unit (SPPG), school authorities, students, and parents, and analyzed thematically. The results show a positive and significant relationship between nutritional status and academic achievement, but no significant relationship with students' cognitive ability. Nutrient intake, however, was positively and significantly associated with both cognitive ability and academic achievement. The strongest relationship was observed between cognitive ability and academic achievement. These findings suggest that the MBG program effectively supports academic achievement by improving nutrient intake and cognitive ability. However, its impact on students’ nutritional status has not been uniformly distributed.

The IV infusion process will cause pain that can be disturbing for children. Pain is a form of uncomfortable sensation that is felt personally by each individual. In addition, there will be changes in vital signs such as increased pulse, blood pressure, and respiration so that it will be an unpleasant experience for children. Non-pharmacological therapy as an intervention to reduce pain perception in children and increase comfort during medical procedures. One form of non-pharmacological technique is audio visual distraction using a smart book. Smart books are fun and interactive play therapy that can support cognitive, fine motor, and sensory aspects in children and to divert children's attention from pain by displaying more pleasant and interesting images and musical sounds so that it can reduce the pain scale after IV installation. The design used in the preparation of this Final Scientific Paper for Nurses is a case study with an intervention in the form of audio visual distraction using a smart book for ± 10 minutes. The number of respondents was 3 people, the intervention was carried out on September 14, October 7, and November 24, 2025, located in the Theresia Charitas Hospital Palembang room. After the smart book audio visual distraction therapy, there was a decrease in the pain scale for 3 respondents, namely in An. A from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4, An. G from a pain scale of 10 to a pain scale of 4, and An. R from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4. The application of EBP smart book audio visual distraction therapy can be used to reduce the pain scale in preschoolers after IV installation.

The low interest in reading and learning outcomes of students in Indonesia poses a significant challenge in the education sector. The Kampus Mengajar program has emerged as one of the solutions to enhance literacy and the quality of learning in schools. This article aims to analyze the impact of literacy activities initiated through the Kampus Mengajar program on student learning outcomes using a literature review approach. The research uses a qualitative method in the form of a literature review that examines various relevant sources published between 2020 and 2026. The study's findings indicate that structured literacy activities, such as reading for 15 minutes before lessons, have a significant impact on the improvement of students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills. Literacy is not limited to reading and writing skills but also serves as a crucial foundation for developing critical thinking abilities, which are directly correlated with students' academic performance. Therefore, the Kampus Mengajar program can be an important driver to enhance reading interest and the quality of learning, as well as shape a more critical and high-achieving generation in the future.

This study aims to analyze the fundamental role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in shaping the noble character of students using a qualitative approach through literature review techniques. Data were collected from various scientific sources published between 2020 and 2026 and analyzed using content analysis methods, which included stages of reduction, categorization, and conceptual synthesis. The main focus of this study is to examine how PAI teachers integrate the values of tawhid and worship into the daily behavior of students, so that religious education does not merely remain at the cognitive level but manifests in noble character. The findings indicate that PAI teachers play a strategic role as murabbi, mu’allim, and muaddib, whose success is determined by the integration of pedagogical, professional, social, personality, and spiritual competencies. Amid the dynamic challenges of the digital era, teachers are required to revitalize their roles not only as educators but also as moral exemplars (uswatun hasanah) and agents of character transformation. The synergy between teachers' competencies and consistent exemplification is the key to safeguarding the students' morality and fostering a resilient personality in the school environment.

The increasing use of facial cosmetics among adolescents and young adults is not always accompanied by adequate cosmetic literacy, potentially leading to skin health problems. Many consumers choose products based on trends without understanding their skin type, ingredients, and safety aspects, which can lead to skin barrier damage, irritation, and long-term dermatological disorders. This study aims to analyze the influence of cosmetic choices on facial skin health through a literature review. The method used was a qualitative literature study with a purposive sampling technique of scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 that were relevant to the behavior of adolescents and young adults and the impact of cosmetic ingredients on the skin. Data were analyzed using content analysis to identify the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and cosmetic choices. The results show that cosmetic knowledge tends to be high, but is not always followed by appropriate selection behavior, with varying correlation strengths. These findings confirm that cosmetic literacy contributes to the tendency to choose more appropriate products, but is not the sole determining factor. Therefore, education is needed that emphasizes cognitive aspects while fostering critical attitudes in choosing cosmetics safely and responsibly.

This study explores emotional instability and its impact on happiness, focusing on Positive Psychology, Neurobiology, and Stoicism. It aims to identify factors influencing instability of happiness, including stress, social support, and neurobiological dynamics. The research seeks to develop effective strategies to enhance emotional stability and long-term well-being, contributing to theories and practices for fostering enduring happiness in individuals and society. This study employs a qualitative approach, combining in-depth interviews and document analysis to explore emotional instability and strategies for lasting happiness. Nine participants from psychology, neurobiology, and Stoicism fields share personal experiences through narrative analysis, identifying patterns in happiness fluctuations. A comprehensive literature review enhances findings, ensuring validity, credibility, and a holistic understanding of factors influencing emotional well-being.Research reveals happiness is multifaceted, influenced by psychology, neurobiology, and philosophy. Factors like stress, personality, and social support impact emotional stability. Positive psychology emphasizes gratitude, mindfulness, and cognitive restructuring. Stoicism focuses on self-control, acceptance, and living virtuously. Neurobiology highlights the role of brain chemistry and lifestyle factors like diet and exercise. By integrating these perspectives, individuals can cultivate resilience, manage emotions, and enhance overall well-being.This research examines emotional instability and its impact on happiness, combining insights from Positive Psychology, Neurobiology, and Stoicism. Key factors include stress, neurochemical imbalances, and social support. Strategies such as emotional regulation, mindfulness, and resilience-building enhance stability. The study highlights the integration of ancient wisdom and modern science to foster enduring happiness and improve overall well-being.

The rise of reflective content on YouTube underscores the need for pragmatic research that investigates not only what is said but also the effects of speech on audiences (perlocution). This study aims to analyze the speech act forms associated with perlocutionary effects on Henny Kristianus’s YouTube channel, focusing on the theme of maturity of mind, and to map observable indicators in viewers’ responses. A qualitative descriptive approach with pragmatic content analysis was employed. Data were drawn from transcripts of two videos and corresponding audience comments. The analysis identified three dimensions: (1) types of illocutions (advice, invitation, warning, empathetic assertion), (2) rhetorical/multimodal devices (metaphor, personal narrative, reflective question, call to action), and (3) observable perlocution indicators (attitude change, behavioral intention, emotional support). The findings show that empathetic and reflective utterances most frequently produce perlocutionary effects such as cognitive clarification, behavioral intention, and social reinforcement among viewers. These results suggest that the perlocutionary strength in digital discourse is influenced by the harmony between linguistic strategy, message depth, and communicated maturity values. Theoretically, this research enriches Indonesian digital pragmatics studies. Practically, it provides educators and content creators with insights to design ethical, persuasive, and character-building educational discourse.

This study examines the role of understanding Christian theology in improving the quality of Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning. The focus of the study is how theological foundations can shape students’ character, morals, and spiritual development, as well as how teachers’ instructional strategies can support the achievement of these learning outcomes optimally and sustainably. The method used is a qualitative literature review, analyzing various relevant books and journal articles related to CRE, teaching approaches, and the integration of faith values into the educational curriculum. The findings indicate that mastery of Christian theology serves as an essential foundation in learning, as it enables students to understand their faith deeply while also internalizing Christian principles in their daily lives. In addition, interactive, contextual, and participatory learning methods have been shown to increase student engagement and motivation in the learning process. The role of the teacher as a moral and spiritual role model is also a key factor in strengthening the internalization of these values. Thus, an understanding of Christian theology not only supports cognitive aspects but also contributes to shaping students’ character and ethical behavior, making CRE learning transformational and holistic.

This study is motivated by the importance of actualizing Pancasila values in students’ lives, not only at the cognitive level but also in daily social interactions within the campus environment. Phenomena such as digital individualism, exclusivity in social relationships, and bullying practices indicate a gap between understanding and implementation of Pancasila values. This study aims to analyze the forms of Pancasila value actualization through students’ social interaction patterns and their implications for character building. The research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, with secondary data derived from scientific journals, books, and relevant academic documents. Data collection was conducted through documentation study, while data analysis used descriptive-critical content analysis. The findings show that the actualization of Pancasila values is reflected in religious tolerance, rejection of bullying, cross-cultural inclusivity, deliberative decision-making, and fairness in academic collaboration. These results indicate that students’ social interaction serves as an important indicator of successful internalization of Pancasila values. Practically, this study highlights the importance of strengthening character education based on social practices to develop ethical, inclusive, and Pancasila-oriented young generations.

The criterion for students who have been able to think critically is when they can think systematically, besides having awareness in thinking, then they can see the difference between mistakes and truths. The purpose of this research is to measure the extent of students' ability to think critically on the completion of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions, especially in the subject of mathematics and social arithmetic material for grade VII students. This research is classified as qualitative descriptive research. The subjects involved were 6 students in grade VII D SMPN 3 Ngawi. The method used is qualitative descriptive with data analysis techniques using models from Miles & Huberman. Meanwhile, at the time of data collection, the instrument was in the form of 2 HOTS questions that were in accordance with the research subject. In data collection using tests and interviews, tests are used to measure cognitive competence while interviews are used as a follow-up to explore in depth related to students' answers. Based on a series of research processes, it can be proven that the students studied are divided into 3 categories of ability, namely low, medium, and high.

Higher education management at the master's level currently faces urgent challenges, namely learning fatigue and low engagement among professional students, especially in Prior Learning Recognition (RPL) classes. Currently, lecturers still tend to apply conventional learning methods based on static presentations that fail to accommodate andragogical characteristics due to a lack of dynamic interaction. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the “Humanistic Digital Andragogy” approach through the integration of gamification (Kahoot) and visual thinking (Whimsical) in the Strategic Human Resource Management course. The researchers used a descriptive qualitative design with thematic analysis and collected data through feedback from students in the Master of Management Program (Semarang and Sorong classes). The results revealed that technology served as a double catalyst: Whimsical visualization effectively reduced the cognitive load of complex strategy material, while competition in Kahoot triggered positive adrenaline (eustress) that increased attention. These findings confirm that the success of technology is highly dependent on the role of lecturers as humanistic facilitators (high-touch). This synergy has been proven to change students' perceptions of HRM from merely administrative to strategic partners, as well as creating learning satisfaction that is relevant to the world of work.

This meta-analytic study aims to comprehensively examine the relationship between mental health, learning capacity among health education students, and competencies in nosocomial disease risk management through cross-contextual empirical synthesis. An analysis of 47 studies involving 12,847 participants from 15 countries demonstrates a strong, statistically significant association between students' mental health and competencies in nosocomial infection prevention, as reflected by a correlation coefficient of r=0.68 (p<0.001) and a 95% confidence interval of 0.61-0.74. Students with high mental health scores (M=78.4; SD=8.2) exhibited substantially superior understanding of infection prevention protocols, namely 43% higher than the control group (M=54.7; SD=12.1; t(846)=18.42; p<0.001; d=2.31). Structural equation modeling confirmed learning capacity as a significant partial mediator (β=0.52; p<0.001), with an indirect effect reaching 35.4% and a 95% CI range of 28.6-42.1%. Mindfulness-based psychoeducational interventions were shown to enhance nosocomial risk identification abilities by 38.7% (F(2,564)=42.18; p<0.001; η²=0.41) while reducing clinical anxiety by 31.2% (t(382)=9.84; p<0.001). These findings extend the frameworks proposed by Song (2024) and Schutte et al. (2025), which primarily emphasize cognitive aspects, by demonstrating that the integration of psychological dimensions yields a multidimensional predictive model explaining 64.3% of the variance in risk management competence (R²=0.643; F(5,841)=304.76; p<0.001), surpassing conventional models that account for only 38-45% of the variance.

Insomnia is a sleep disorder frequently experienced by college students and can negatively impact health and cognitive function, particularly concentration in studies. Prolonged sleep disturbances lead to fatigue, decreased attention, and decreased academic performance. Therefore, this study is important to determine the relationship between insomnia and concentration levels in college students. This type of research is descriptive quantitative using a cross-sectional approach with 100 respondents. Data collection used a questionnaire. Data analysis test used Spearman Rho. The results of univariate analysis, the most insomnia is mild insomnia as many as 53 students with a percentage (53%). The most students with a moderate level of learning concentration are 67 students with a percentage (67%). The most data respondents with female gender as many as 84 with a percentage (84%). The age of the most respondents is 20 years as many as 57 students with a percentage (57%). The results of bivariate analysis with Spearman rho obtained significant results between insomnia and the level of learning concentration of 0.000, the value is <0.005 with a moderate relationship as evidenced by the r value of 0.469. There is a relationship between insomnia and learning concentration levels.