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The development of digital technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the paradigm of urban development towards the concept of a smart city based on data and connectivity. This study analyzes the nature of smart cities through three dimensions of the philosophy of science: ontology, epistemology, and axiology. From an ontological perspective, a smart city is understood as a complex entity consisting of physical, digital, social, and ecological systems that interact with each other to create efficient and adaptive urban governance. Epistemologically, knowledge in a smart city is obtained through the process of collecting, processing, and analyzing data from various IoT devices, sensors, and citizen participation, thereby producing new insights that support evidence-based decision-making (data-driven governance). From an axiological perspective, a smart city has ethical values and goals to improve the quality of life of its citizens, strengthen government transparency, maintain environmental sustainability, and promote inclusive social participation. Thus, this study asserts that the development of a smart city is not only technological but also has a philosophical foundation oriented towards a balance between efficiency, humanity, and sustainability.

The downstreaming of natural resources has emerged as a strategic policy implemented by the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs to strengthen Indonesia’s economic independence and reduce reliance on raw commodity exports. Grounded in the philosophical foundation of Pancasila, this policy emphasizes the principles of economic equality, national sovereignty, and sustainability, in line with the overarching goals of national development. This study aims to analyze the role of industrial downstreaming policies in enhancing national economic self-reliance through the integration of Pancasila values. Substantively, downstreaming increases value-added production, boosts domestic investment, and facilitates job creation, particularly in the mineral processing and agro-industrial sectors. Moreover, the policy contributes to reducing economic vulnerability to global market fluctuations and aligns with the Pancasila principles of social justice and collective welfare. However, several challenges remain, including infrastructure readiness, environmental sustainability, and inclusive participation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The research indicates that the industrial downstream sector, as regulated by the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, plays a crucial role in realizing national economic autonomy, requiring its implementation to be aligned with Pancasila principles in order to balance economic progress with equity and sustainability.

This study discusses Ahmad Muhammad Mustain Nasoha’s perspective on Human Rights (HAM) and the Democratic Rule of Law, emphasizing the relationship between national law and Islamic law in ensuring human dignity and justice. Using a qualitative method and literature study approach, this research analyzes the interaction between citizenship, human rights, and democracy within Indonesia’s legal framework. The study reveals that both national and Islamic law aim to protect individual rights and maintain justice, though they differ in philosophical foundations and application. National law defines citizenship and human rights through constitutional and legal frameworks, while Islamic law bases them on divine principles emphasizing moral and social responsibility. The integration of these two legal systems is essential to realize a democratic state that upholds human values, social justice, and equality. The study concludes that harmonizing Islamic law with Indonesia’s national law strengthens the implementation of human rights and supports the development of a just and democratic legal state.

as a process of managing all components of education so that they run in a directed, orderly, and coordinated manner. However, what often occurs in the field, educational administration does not always run in accordance with the principles of efficiency, justice, and transparency. Several forms of damage or problems often arise due to weak management, a lack of understanding of the philosophical values ​​​​of education, and low integrity in the management of educational institutions, which also have a direct impact on the decline in the quality of education and the failure to achieve national education goals. Philosophy plays a major role in educational administration, serving as a foundation for thought, ethical guidelines, and determinants of direction at every stage of educational management. Philosophy helps educational managers to think rationally, critically, and reflectively in facing various problems, so that decisions taken are not merely technical, but also based on considerations of values ​​​​and justice. This study aims to understand the relationship between philosophical administration values ​​​and educational practices in the context of decision-making. This study uses a qualitative approach, where data collection is carried out through a literature review derived from scientific articles relevant to the research topic. The study has shown that philosophical values ​​play a significant role in shaping ethical principles in educational administration. The conclusion that can be given is that the integration between philosophy and educational administration can strengthen the moral basis and direction of the goals of educational institutions.

This study aims to analyze the semantic shift in language within digital culture through the perspectives of linguistics and the philosophy of language. The focus of the study is directed toward the phenomenon of memes, emojis, abbreviations, and popular expressions that have rapidly developed on social media platforms and often deviate from their standard meanings. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method using content analysis combined with a philosophical literature review. Data were obtained from various digital platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter/X, as well as relevant academic sources. The results indicate that semantic shifts in digital language occur through patterns of meaning expansion, metaphorization, polysemy, and linguistic innovation. From the standpoint of the philosophy of language, these findings align with Wittgenstein's meaning is use theory and Austin's speech act theory, both of which emphasize that meaning is determined by the practical use of language and speech acts within social contexts. Thus, the changes in meaning in digital culture are not merely linguistic but also reflect the social, cultural, and technological dynamics that shape modern communication patterns.

This study discusses the basis of Indonesian society’s obligation to comply with the Marriage Law (UUP) as a manifestation of obedience to both state law and religious teachings. The study arises from the reality that, despite the UUP and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) serving as the legal foundation for marriage in Indonesia, many still violate its provisions, such as through unregistered (siri) marriages. Using a normative juridical approach and qualitative descriptive analysis, this research examines the juridical, philosophical, and sociological foundations of legal obedience to the UUP and its implications for family and social life. The findings show that juridically, obedience to the UUP is grounded in the principle of legality and state sovereignty; philosophically, it reflects the values of Divinity and Humanity embodied in Pancasila; and sociologically, it functions as social engineering to protect women and children while ensuring social order. Compliance with the UUP therefore holds not only legal but also moral and spiritual significance, serving as a means to achieve harmonious families, social order, and a just nation.

This study explores the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI), agriculture, and decolonial philosophy, emphasizing the role of local knowledge as the foundation for sustainable agricultural technology in Indonesia. The research investigates how AI can be developed not as a tool of technological domination but as a dialogical partner that recognizes the epistemic value of indigenous wisdom. Using a mixed-method approach, the study combines algorithmic experiments applying lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Explainable AI (XAI) methods such as SHAP and LIME with participatory interviews involving farmers in Bima District. Empirical findings show that models integrated with localized visualization and community-based interpretability improved user trust by 84% and reduced computational energy by 28% without compromising accuracy. More importantly, the interaction between AI and farmers revealed a form of epistemic integration where algorithmic logic aligns with traditional indicators, such as soil texture, humidity, and seasonal signs known to local farmers. Philosophically, this research asserts that sustainable AI should emerge from ecological and cultural contexts rather than imposing external frameworks. In the decolonial sense, it positions local farmers not as passive users but as active epistemic agents shaping the meaning of technology. Thus, AI becomes not only a technical instrument but a site of ethical and epistemic liberation that reaffirms human responsibility toward knowledge, culture, and the earth.

Indonesia’s diversity in ethnicity, culture, religion, and language demands an approach that can simultaneously address intellectual, spiritual, and national dimensions. The integration of philosophy, Pancasila, and theology becomes essential in responding to this complex reality. Philosophy strengthens critical and reflective thinking, helping individuals interpret differences with awareness and avoid hasty judgments, which is crucial in reducing social tension and fostering dialogue. Pancasila, as the nation’s ideological foundation, provides an ethical-political framework that guarantees unity, freedom, and justice for all citizens regardless of background. Theology complements these foundations by offering transcendental ethics and spiritual guidance that shape compassionate attitudes toward others and the environment. A contextual and inclusive theological perspective supports religion’s role as a source of enlightenment and encourages interfaith solidarity in a pluralistic society. When these three elements are integrated into education, public policy, and social culture, they help form a society that is intellectually critical, socially inclusive, and spiritually resilient. Core values such as empathy, justice, equality, and shared responsibility can develop more strongly in daily interactions. Although challenges such as identity crises, misinformation, and online intolerance remain, collaboration between the state and civil society is needed to maintain an inclusive public sphere. Through strengthening philosophical education, deepening appreciation of Pancasila, and advancing contextual theology, Indonesia can build a just and harmonious society.

This study examines a critical perspective on the concept of rationality, which has long been regarded as the primary foundation of logical and objective decision-making. Using a qualitative approach through a literature study method, this research explores the integration of psychological, philosophical, and socio-cultural dimensions in understanding the limitations and complexities of human rationality. The findings reveal that rationality is not entirely neutral or free from bias. The psychological perspective highlights the influence of cognitive biases such as confirmation bias and anchoring effect, which often turn rationality into a justification for emotionally driven decisions. From a philosophical standpoint, David Hume’s argument that “reason is the slave of the passions” emphasizes the subordination of reason to emotion, while Horkheimer and Adorno reveal how modern rationality has evolved into an instrument of domination through ideologies of efficiency and control. In the socio-cultural dimension, rationality is shown to be non-universal, shaped by specific cultural and historical contexts, as exemplified by Max Weber’s concept of the “iron cage,” describing how individuals become trapped within bureaucratic systems of rationalization. The study concludes that classical rationality, characterized by its deterministic and calculative nature, is inherently bounded and insufficient to address the uncertainty and complexity of the modern world. Therefore, a new paradigm of rationality is needed—one that is integrative, reflective, and humanistic, combining logic with emotional, ethical, and social dimensions to produce decisions that are not only rational but also just and humane.

Education is fundamentally a process of developing the whole person, not simply the transfer of knowledge. This research aims to examine the essence of education as an effort to humanize humans through a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature study method. This concept emphasizes that education plays a central role in developing students' potential, awareness, and human values. This study explores the thoughts of figures such as Paulo Freire, Ki Hajar Dewantara, and John Dewey, who positioned education as a path to liberation and humanity. The analysis shows that true education must be oriented toward developing human values, morals, and character to avoid becoming trapped in the process of dehumanization amidst technological developments and modernization. Through literature review and thematic analysis, this research found that humanistic education must integrate rationality, morality, and spirituality to form complete human beings. Thus, education must be understood as a continuous process of humanization to build a civilized, ethical, and just society.

The Basiacuong tradition is one of the oral cultural heritages of the Kampar (Ocu) people in Riau, which is rich in philosophical, ethical, and religious values. This study aims to analyze the expressions in the Ocu language that appear in Basiacuong practices using an ethnolinguistic approach. The research data were obtained through audiovisual observations of Basiacuong videos published in digital media, then transcribed and translated into Indonesian. The analysis was carried out using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman (1994) through three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate the existence of eight main utterances that include proverbs, traditional pantun, advice, religious expressions, and social and philosophical expressions. These utterances function to instill moral values, strengthen social ethics, entertain, and legitimize customs through Islamic teachings. This study confirms that the Basiacuong tradition is not merely an oral performance, but a means of inheriting cultural identity and an educational medium that remains relevant in maintaining social harmony in the Kampar community.

Modern education often falls short in nurturing character, as it tends to prioritize cognitive achievement over holistic development producing students who excel academically but lack independence, creativity, and moral strength. This study seeks to explore the concept of Tarbiyah Based on Khudi (Ego/Selfhood) inspired by Muhammad Iqbal, positioning it as a philosophical and pedagogical framework to address the current character crisis and cultivate Independent and Creative individuals toward the realization of Insan Kamil (the Perfect Human). Employing a qualitative method through a library research approach, this study conceptually examines the three fundamental pillars of Khudi development: Obedience (Ita’at)/Discipline, Self-Mastery (Dabt-i-Zabt)/Self-Control, and Vicegerency (Niyabat-i-Ilahiyyah)/Creativity. The findings indicate that Khudi-based Tarbiyah serves as an effective integrative framework. Genuine independence arises from self-control, fostering responsible freedom and autonomy, while creativity embodies the essence of vicegerency through a continuous spirit of Ijtihad that drives social innovation and civilizational progress. Ultimately, Khudi ensures spiritual independence and moral vitality. The study recommends adopting progressive and dynamic learning models such as project-based learning aligned with the Khudi philosophy to integrate affective and psychomotor dimensions into Indonesia’s character education.

Poverty is a multidimensional issue that not only involves economic limitations but also reflects violations of fundamental human rights such as the right to food, health, education, decent employment, and socio-political participation. This study aims to analyze the legal innovations implemented by the Tegal Regency Government in formulating poverty alleviation policies based on budget efficiency. Using an empirical and philosophical approach, this research views law not only as an ideal set of norms but also as a dynamic social phenomenon within society. The findings reveal that legal innovation is manifested through the strengthening of juridical aspects in regional policies, the integration and synergy of four flagship poverty alleviation programs, and the implementation of the initiative “One Regional Apparatus, One Assisted Village,” which involves all elements of local government. In addition, active community participation and the utilization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds from regional and state-owned enterprises serve as crucial supporting factors in enhancing the sustainability and effectiveness of poverty alleviation programs in Tegal Regency.

This study explores the epistemological foundation of Islamic education in the context of the Merdeka Curriculum implementation in Indonesia. The research aims to analyze how Islamic epistemology—which integrates revelation, reason, and experience—can be harmonized with the principles of independent learning that emphasize flexibility, contextual understanding, and character development. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study collects data through literature review and content analysis of relevant academic works and policy documents. The findings show that the integration of Islamic epistemology provides a philosophical framework that strengthens the spiritual and moral dimensions of education while maintaining academic autonomy. The implications highlight the importance of teachers’ capacity, curriculum adaptation, and policy support to ensure that the Merdeka Curriculum remains grounded in Islamic educational values. This study contributes to the discourse on contemporary Islamic education by proposing an integrative model that aligns faith-based knowledge with modern educational paradigms.  

The dynamics of the positions of DPR members cannot be separated from the political activities of lame ducks. However, the lame duck era became problematic because the DPR's legislative activity suddenly increased rapidly towards the end of its term. This increase was accompanied by the controversial passing of a number of bills. This study will examine the urgency of the need for change and the formation of new laws during the lame duck era and the dynamics of the legislative process during the lame duck era of political leadership in Indonesia, using doctrinal research with a legislative and conceptual approach. Based on the research results, it is known that changes and the formation of new laws during the lame duck era lack urgency but will have a negative impact on the quality of legislation and public trust in the government. The dynamics of the legislative process during the lame duck era of political leadership in Indonesia can be reflected in the formation of the fourth revision of the Constitutional Court Bill and the Law on State Ministries. Furthermore, since the first level of deliberation, the process has been closed and rushed without significant public participation. Moreover, Indonesia is currently in a transitional position towards a new government. Therefore, no new regulations should be enacted during this transitional period, as the drafting of the Constitutional Court Bill fails to meet the philosophical, sociological, and legal requirements. Furthermore, the enactment of the State Ministry Law has also sparked controversy, ranging from its substance to its procedural basis.

The digital transformation of education in Indonesia presents both strategic opportunities and significant ethical challenges. On the one hand, technological innovation expands access, effectiveness, and quality of learning; on the other hand, it risks creating social disparities, the commercialization of education, and the reduction of human values. In this context, Pancasila is considered relevant as an ethical paradigm that guides the direction of digital transformation to remain grounded in humanity, social justice, and sustainability. This study aims to analyze Pancasila as an ethical framework for directing the development of educational technology in Indonesia. The method employed is a literature review with a qualitative-descriptive approach, drawing on philosophical sources, educational policy documents, and practices of digital technology implementation at various educational levels. The analysis reveals that the values of Pancasila, particularly the second and fifth principles, can serve as normative foundations for shaping policies, design, and practices of educational technology that are humanistic, inclusive, and equitable. The study concludes that integrating the Pancasila paradigm is not only ideologically essential but also strategically significant in ensuring that the digital transformation of education in Indonesia aligns with national objectives and human dignity.

This article offers a philosophical exploration of two classical concepts of self-control: zuhud in Islamic intellectual tradition and apatheia in Stoic philosophy, within the framework of modern character education. Using a qualitative library research approach, this study employs content analysis and philosophical hermeneutics to examine the works of key thinkers such as Al-Ghazali, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetus. The findings indicate that zuhud emphasizes detachment from material desires through spiritual awareness and prioritization of divine values, while apatheia focuses on achieving inner peace and moral clarity by rationally managing emotions and eliminating unnecessary passions. Although rooted in different theological worldviews, both concepts converge in promoting a form of self-control that enhances inner freedom, ethical behavior, and self-discipline. This study argues that the integration of zuhud and apatheia can enrich contemporary character education by balancing rational moral reasoning with spiritual consciousness. The educational model proposed in this research emphasizes the importance of teaching students to reflect critically, regulate their emotions, and cultivate inner balance rooted in universal ethical values. Thus, the synthesis of both traditions contributes to the advancement of character education that is holistic, contemplative, and morally grounded.

This study aims to analyze and compare the poems Anant Prem by Rabindranath Tagore and Tentu, Kau Boleh by Sapardi Djoko Damono. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach focusing on several literary aspects, namely the central theme, tone and atmosphere, diction, characterization, conceptual meaning of love, and philosophical perspective. The findings indicate that both poems share similarities in presenting love as a profound emotional experience, expressed through intimate and reflective nuances. Each poem portrays emotionally intertwined characters whose inner experiences revolve around the presence of love as a central force. Despite these similarities, the two poems differ significantly in how they interpret and narrate love. In Anant Prem, Tagore frames love as eternal and transcendent, surpassing the confines of time and space. This creates a contemplative and spiritual tone supported by metaphorical and symbolic diction. Meanwhile, Tentu, Kau Boleh portrays love as an immediate and personal experience rooted in everyday human interactions. Sapardi expresses love through calm, straightforward language that reflects simplicity and emotional closeness. Philosophically, Tagore positions love as part of cosmic existence, whereas Sapardi views it as a presence embodied in the warmth and intimacy of daily human life. These distinctions highlight how cultural background, worldview, and poetic tradition influence the depiction of love in both works.

This study is motivated by the increasing complexity of ethical challenges in public healthcare services in the modern era, characterized by rapid technological advancement, professional pressures, and shifting moral values. Within this context, Christian healthcare professionals face significant dilemmas in maintaining their faith-based ethical principles amid pragmatic service demands. This research aims to construct a Christian ethical framework on human dignity as a normative foundation for public healthcare practice. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method using a literature review approach, analyzing theological, philosophical, and social sources related to ethics, human dignity, and public service. The findings reveal that Christian ethics is rooted in the concept of Imago Dei, affirming that every human being possesses intrinsic dignity as created in the image of God. The principles of love (agape), justice, and moral responsibility serve as the core foundation for ethical healthcare practice. The implications of this study emphasize that healthcare services should not be merely technical but must also embody spiritual and humanistic values. Therefore, Christian healthcare professionals are called to act as moral agents who promote compassionate, dignified, and holistic care within the public healthcare system.

The formation of regional regulations (Perda) is a constitutional derivative of the implementation of regional autonomy within the framework of the Indonesian legal system. Substantively, Perda function as regulatory instruments aimed at accommodating the specific interests of local communities, in line with fundamental values, contextual needs, and the hierarchy of applicable laws and regulations. However, the high frequency of annulment or cancellation of Perda indicates dissonance or non-compliance with the principles of sound legislative formation. This phenomenon raises the urgency to review the extent to which philosophical, sociological, and legal foundations have been internalized and comprehensively implemented in the regional legislative process. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the relevance of these three fundamental foundations to the quality and legitimacy of regional legal products. This study adopts a normative-juridical legal research method, involving descriptive analysis of the corpus of laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and the empirical practice of Perda formation. The results highlight that: the philosophical foundation provides a normative orientation in the form of ethical-teleological values ​​and goals; the sociological foundation reflects the actual needs and social realities of the communities subject to regulation; Meanwhile, the legal basis guarantees formal legality and vertical and horizontal consistency with the national legal system. Key findings indicate that these three foundations are inherently relevant and complementary in determining the quality of regional regulations. Synergy and harmonious integration between them are essential prerequisites for producing regional legal products that have legal validity, are capable of upholding substantive justice, and are responsive to the dynamics of public needs.