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Classroom management is one of the important skills that a teacher must have to understand, analyze, make decisions, and take action to create a dynamic and conducive classroom atmosphere. Learning model planning is one of the indicators to support the success of a learning goal by analyzing student needs. For students, physics is a complicated lesson, often they avoid or fear this lesson. The Problem Based Learning (PBL) model is the most appropriate model to apply because this learning approach by implementing an authentic problem (real experience with what students often encounter or find in life) to students. This research is based on the literature review method by collecting data from various journals and previous scientific sources. The process in this method includes searching for literature relevant to the topic. The results show that physics learning using the PBL method shows very significant results, the PBL method students are able to understand concepts in depth compared to conventional learning or lectures.

This research aims to explore the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model in an effort to improve the learning outcomes of class X IPS E students at SMA Negeri 10 Medan, especially in geographic research material. The background to this research is revealed by the low learning achievement of students, where only 40% of them achieved the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). PBL was chosen as an approach because this method can encourage students to actively participate in the learning process through solving real problems, which is expected to improve their critical thinking skills and conceptual understanding. This research methodology involves systematic planning, data collection through observations and tests, and comprehensive data analysis. The research results show that the implementation of PBL significantly improves student learning outcomes. In the first cycle, there was an increase in understanding of concepts and evaluation values, which further developed in the second cycle with better results. This research concludes that PBL is effective in improving student learning outcomes in geography material and recommends teachers to apply innovative learning methods in the teaching and learning process.  

KeywoThe background to this study is based on deep knowledge about how humans understand themselves, their relationships with nature and higher entities. Human nature is often the center of attention in various scientific disciplines, including philosophy, religion, psychology, and social sciences, which examine important aspects such as rationality, freedom, morality, and spirituality. The purpose of this research is to find out more about the nature of humans in life, which includes philosophical, moral, social and spiritual backgrounds & about how humans carry out their roles as social creatures, thinking individuals, and entities that have a relationship with nature. Understanding This contributes to the development of insight into the role of humans in creating social, moral and ecological balance in life. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a literature and case study approach. Data was collected through analysis of various library sources, such as books, articles and scientific journals which discuss theories about human nature, as well as through interviews with thinkers and experts in related fields. This analysis was carried out descriptively and interpretively to gain an in-depth understanding of the concepts that emerged. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide a theoretical contribution to the development of the study of humans and life, as well as provide a practical basis for individuals in leading a balanced life between rational, moral, social and spiritual aspects.

In this article, we use a hermeneutical approach to look at the concepts of spiritual healing and identity restoration in the context of Christian life. It looks at Paul's conversion from a persecutor of the church to a servant of Christ, where he discovers his true identity in Christ through a deep spiritual encounter. these topics in the modern Christian life, where many people seek spiritual healing and identity restoration in a world that is full of pressure and confusion. Everyone who is a Christian is called to experience a transformation through repentance and receiving the Holy Spirit, which allows them to live with divine purpose and recognize who they truly are before God.

In general, in-depth study of women's fiqh is still limited to the introduction and has not been deeply conveyed in the family environment, as well as during fiqh lessons in class is still limited to the introduction, this is due to the limited time given by the school. Coupled with an environment that does not support the study of women's fiqh. The aim of this research is to find out: (1) What is the process learning of the book Uyunul Masa-il Lin Nisa at Al-Azhar Islamic Middle School, Kediri? (2) How is the evaluation of learning about the study of the book Uyunul Masa-il Lin Nisa in strengthening the religiosity of students at Al-Azhar Islamic Middle School Kediri? This research is research using a qualitative approach and descriptive research type. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques include; data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research are: (1) The process learning of the book Uyunul Masa-il Lin Nisa starting from the learning methods chosen include discussion, lecture and question and answer methods as well as the subject matter presented. (2) In evaluation, teachers use evaluation models in oral and written form. Teachers assess students' understanding of the concepts in the Uyunul Masa-il Lin Nisa book, practical assignments given by subject teachers and students' ability to apply these teachings in everyday life as well as students' skills in compiling and conveying thoughts. related to the book.

Islamic economic thought experienced significant development during the Islamic Golden Age, with Muslim scholars making major contributions to global economic knowledge. During this period, thinkers such as Al-Farabi, Ibn Khaldun, and Al-Ghazali introduced concepts focused on justice, social welfare, and a balance between material and spiritual needs. Through the translation of scholarly works, many Islamic economic concepts were transmitted to Europe, which was experiencing intellectual stagnation during the Dark Ages. This influence helped revive interest in economic thought in the West, particularly during the Renaissance. However, following the Islamic Golden Age, a substantial gap emerged in economic thought development between the Islamic world and the West. As the West progressed through the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism, Islamic economic thought faced a period of stagnation. This article examines the historical development of Islamic economic thought, the impact of knowledge transmission from the Islamic world to the West, and the relevance of Islamic economics in addressing modern economic challenges such as social inequality, financial crises, and the need for a more ethical and sustainable economic system.

This study aims to analyze the concepts of solidarity and social justice from the perspective of the Catholic Church as taught in the Octogesima Adveniens. The Church's social teachings, especially those related to solidarity and social justice, have an important role in encouraging the formation of a more just and humane society. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method to analyze the main texts in Octogesima Adveniens as well as other relevant documents of the Church's social teachings. Content analysis was conducted to explore the concepts of solidarity and social justice contained in the encyclical, as well as its relation to the social, economic and political challenges of the time. The results show that the teachings in Octogesima Adveniens are still very relevant to be applied in dealing with the problem of social inequality in the modern world, with an emphasis on the importance of active participation of the faithful in changing unjust social structures. Solidarity and social justice, according to the Church, are not just a matter of theory, but also require real action to realize more just social change. The study concludes that the Church has an important role in guiding Catholics to realize a more inclusive and just society, and provides recommendations for the application of the principles of the Church's social teachings in today's socio-political context.

This article aims to provide theoretical and practical insights into conflict management to support leaders and managers in managing conflict effectively in various contexts and provide a comprehensive understanding of conflict management through a literature review of the sources, symptoms, and causes of conflict. Conflict that occurs in an organization can hinder the achievement of desired goals, therefore conflict needs to be managed properly so that its impact can be minimized, organizational conflict can also be interpreted as a conflict that arises when the goal-oriented behavior of one group conflicts with or is threatened by the goals of another group. This study uses a literature study method to analyze various concepts of conflict management that have been put forward by experts. The results of the study show that conflict, whether in a positive, negative, or neutral sense, is an unavoidable phenomenon. The source of conflict can come from various factors that trigger differences and clashes between individuals, groups, or organizations. Conflict also occurs due to misunderstandings or incompatibilities between individuals or groups in an effort to achieve their goals, this is often referred to as a causal factor. The impact of conflict actually depends on its nature. On the one hand, well-managed conflict can improve the quality of decisions, encourage active involvement in discussions, and strengthen group cohesion. However, on the other hand, conflict can also drain members' energy, disrupt productivity, and cause hostility that hinders collaboration. Abstract and Keywords must be written in English, in italic style, and contain a brief description of the research background, objectives, methods, findings, and implications. The abstract is written in one paragraph with a single space (maximum 200 words), without any reference or formula.

Mastering technology is essential in the digital age, particularly for building programming skills. However, a lack of access to good learning materials and adaptable learning systems remains a major challenge. This research intends to create a digital-based coding course platform that effectively and efficiently supports technical learning. To provide the best learning experience, the platform includes different features such as organized learning materials, hands-on exercises, and automated evaluations. The development methods used include analyzing user needs and implementing modern web technologies. Testing results indicate that the platform can enhance users' grasp of coding concepts and encourage them to keep learning. The platform is anticipated to offer innovative solutions for technology education for various groups, from students to professionals.

Leadership in the context of education plays a crucial role in determining the direction and quality of decision-making in the school environment. This study aims to describe the concepts of educational leadership and authority, and analyse the dynamics of power in school decision-making. Using a literature review approach, this research identifies various factors that influence decision-making by school leaders, such as sources of authority and power dynamics. The results show that effective leadership in education depends not only on formal authority, but also on the ability to manage power wisely. The implications of this study provide recommendations for school leaders in improving the quality of leadership and decision-making and offer important insights for the development of better education policies in the future.

This article discusses Human Rights (HAM) as a Foundation for Peace according to Pacem in Terris, an encyclical made by Pope John XXIII. This encyclical emphasizes that real peace can only be achieved through respect for human dignity and rights, which is the main basis for building a just social order. This study applies qualitative methods with a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the concepts of human rights and peace in both global and local contexts, especially in Indonesia. The main source of this research is the text Pacem in Terris, which is analyzed to understand the relationship between human rights and peace, as well as its relevance in facing modern challenges such as social injustice and conflict. In addition, this study also involves interviews with religious figures, human rights activists and academics to deepen understanding of the implementation of Pacem in Terris principles in diverse societies. The findings of this research confirm that respect for human rights, as described in Pacem in Terris, plays a crucial role in realizing sustainable peace. This article also offers suggestions to the government, Church and society to be more proactive in prioritizing human rights as a foundation for peace, both at the domestic and global levels.

This study explores the relationship between financial literacy, consumer communication, and financial decision-making among English Literature students at Universitas Negeri Medan. Using surveys with 40 participants aged 20-24, the research assesses students’ financial literacy levels, preferences for communication formats, and their impact on financial behaviors. Rsults indicate that while most students have a basic understanding of financial concepts, gaps exist in budgeting, selecting financial products, and seeking assistance. Visual formats like videos and infographics are the preferred communication channels, while social media, though widely accessed, often lacks clarity. Only a portion of students applies financial literacy effectively in decision-making, such as evaluating financial products critically or avoiding unnecessary spending.  The findings emphasize the importance of integrating tailored financial education programs with effective communication strategies. Enhancing financial literacy through practical and accessible learning methods can empower students to make informed and strategic financial decisions.

Internalization is the process by which individuals adopt, comprehend, and integrate specific values, norms, or concepts into their personality structure, making them an integral part of their consciousness and daily behavior. This process plays a crucial role in shaping individual identity and fostering social cohesion within society. Internalization typically occurs through    various mechanisms, such as formal education, family socialization, social interactions, and personal experiences. This study aims to explore the dynamics of internalization in the contexts of education, culture, and organizations, focusing on factors influencing the success of the internalization process. The findings reveal that effective communication, a supportive environment, and active individual engagement are key elements in achieving successful internalization. These results hold.

Turunan parsial is one of the fundamental concepts in multivariate calculus that has many applications, such as optimization, data analysis, and mathematical modeling. Understanding theory is often difficult, especially when there is no visual aid. This article discusses the use of MATLAB as a powerful tool for parsial analysis and visualization. Through the use of 3D charting and symbolic computing features, MATLAB facilitates multivariate function analysis. Research on the function f(x,y)=x^2+y^2+xy shows how parsial turunan is observed and visualized in an interactive manner. This article's goal is to encourage the use of MATLAB in long-term math education and research.

This study investigates the application of David B. Resnik's ethical principles—honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, and openness—in academic writing and research among students. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, surveys and student paper analyses were conducted to measure awareness, adherence, and challenges. The results indicate that 95% of students are aware of general ethical principles in academic writing, yet only 70% are familiar with Resnik’s specific framework, leaving 30% unaware of these detailed concepts. Regarding practice, 100% of respondents consistently cited sources correctly, but 66% admitted to paraphrasing without proper attribution, showing gaps between ethical knowledge and application. Challenges identified include maintaining honesty (51%), avoiding plagiarism (29%), ensuring openness (11%), and minimizing bias (9%), often influenced by external pressures and resource limitations. To address these issues, students suggested practical solutions such as workshops, seminars, and digital guides to enhance understanding and compliance with ethical standards. This study emphasizes the importance of ethics education, institutional policy enhancements, and accessible resources to strengthen the implementation of academic integrity, bridging the gap between awareness and consistent ethical practice.

he ability of young children to understand beginning mathematics is still relatively low. This is because the learning process in early childhood is not carried out in accordance with the child's age development. The aim of this research is to describe the use of flashcard media in introducing early mathematics concepts to early childhood. The research method used in this research is using literature study techniques by reviewing several pieces of literature from various existing sources which are adapted to the research topic. The data analysis technique used in this research consists of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and verification or drawing conclusions. The research results obtained in this study are that the use of flashcard media can help children understand initial mathematical concepts such as the concepts of numbers and geometry. This is because the flashcard media displays images, basic geometric shapes which have quantities corresponding to the number symbols 1-10, so that children can easily understand the meaning of the numbers 1-10 based on the quantity of the images of the basic geometric shapes displayed in the flashcard media.

The mandate of the introduction of human rights and freedom as a human being has been stated in the opening of the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) with 4 (four) paragraphs that lead humans and their nation to humanity, a justice that is independent, united, sovereign, just and prosperous and is based on the development of the nation's ideals in the crystallization of Pancasila. The constitution is like the 'Spirit of the state' that lives to grow, develop, and direct the 'Physical state' towards the paradigm, understanding and actualization of axiology in everyday life. The reason is, the state is said to be perfect if its physicality is filled with spirit in the rules of harmony, harmony and balance. Thus, all of this is needed to be a name "State of Law". The state of law gives birth to basic concepts, namely the supremacy of law that is just, limitations of power, and guarantees of universal empowerment of human rights (HAM). The rule of law upholds the supremacy of the welfare concept of the rule of law that all people have the same position in the eyes of the law (equality before the law), so equality and social balance in fulfilling universal and fundamental rights in the case of people with disabilities must be positioned in a position, role and potential that legitimizes, justifies and confirms their condition as humans (living of human), not as objects or objects (inanimate).

Legal politics is one of the central concepts in the legal system which is closely related to state policy in the formation, application and change of law. This article examines the role of legal politics in legal reform in Indonesia post-1998 reform, with a focus on the challenges faced in implementing legal policies as well as evaluating the effectiveness of the changes that have been made. This research uses a qualitative approach with analytical descriptive methods, which aims to describe how legal politics can be an instrument that determines the direction and substance of legal reform in Indonesia. The results of this research show that although there has been progress in legal reform, major challenges still exist, especially related to the implementation of legal policies which are influenced by political dynamics which do not always support the creation of an effective and just legal system.

The focus of sharia monetary economics is to apply Islamic rules in financial management to improve welfare and reduce poverty. The system emphasizes the concepts of justice and equity and avoids elements such as usury, uncertainty, and excessive speculation. The sharia monetary economy aims to increase income equality by using instruments such as zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf. This study shows how sharia monetary economics can help overcome poverty in Indonesia, especially through sharia financial instruments such as microfinance institutions and yield principles. Studies show that Islamic finance improves economic stability and helps people achieve sustainable prosperity.

Surfaces in three-dimensional space can be represented through explicit, parametric and implicit equations, which describe the relationship between the variables x, y and z. Graphs of linear equations produce flat planes, while quadratic equations form objects such as spheres or ellipsoids. In this research, a theoretical approach is combined with interactive visualization to analyze various surface shapes. Through the use of GeoGebra software, this analysis makes it easier to understand surface orientation and shape, such as normal vectors and curvature, as well as applications in vector fields. This research also investigates the concepts of Cartesian coordinates in three-dimensional space, by depicting surfaces in the form of graphs of functions of two variables. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide deeper insight into the geometric properties of surfaces and how to visualize them effectively in mathematics and physics applications.