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The purpose of this study is to investigate in depth the mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the relationship between organizational commitment and work motivation on teacher performance at Saraswati Elementary School, Denpasar. This research is motivated by the crucial role of teachers as the spearhead of educational success, making understanding the factors influencing teacher performance highly relevant. The study population comprised 175 teachers, with a sample size of 85 respondents determined using the Hair formula. Data collection involved a combination of structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and supporting document analysis to strengthen the findings. Path analysis was used to examine direct and indirect relationships between variables. The results indicate that organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on OCB, indicating that the higher a teacher's commitment to the school, the greater their tendency to exhibit extra-role behavior. Similar findings were also evident for work motivation, where high motivation significantly increased OCB. Furthermore, organizational commitment was shown to have a direct, positive, and significant relationship with teacher performance, and work motivation also plays a significant role in improving performance. OCB itself also has a significant influence on strengthening teacher performance.  This study specifically confirms that OCB acts as a mediator in the relationship between organizational commitment and work motivation on teacher performance. Thus, the results of this study underscore the crucial role of OCB as a bridge connecting internal factors such as commitment and motivation with optimal work results. The practical implication of this research is the need for schools to strengthen organizational commitment and motivate teachers to develop citizenship behaviors that ultimately drive sustainable performance improvement.

Education plays a vital role in improving human resource quality, making it essential for addressing challenges in developing countries, such as inequality, poverty, and cultural instability. Teachers, as key facilitators in the learning process, are central to achieving educational goals, with performance influenced by internal factors like self-efficacy and external factors like organizational climate and leadership style. This study examines the influence of organizational climate and transformational leadership on teacher performance at SMK 3 Sukawati, with self-efficacy as a mediating variable. The population and sample include all 55 teachers, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using path analysis. Results show that organizational climate and transformational leadership positively and significantly affect both teacher performance and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy also positively and significantly influences performance. Additionally, organizational climate and transformational leadership indirectly impact teacher performance through self-efficacy.

This study is motivated by the difficulty students face in understanding the concept of food chains, which is attributed to the conventional teaching methods still in use. Therefore, the researcher believes that the application of a new teaching model is expected to enhance student engagement in the teaching and learning process, ultimately improving learning outcomes. Natural Science is often considered difficult because of its many theories and the lack of variation in teaching methods, leading to poor student performance. Given these issues, an innovative teaching model is necessary. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' knowledge in the Natural Science subject. The research method used is an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design. The study population consists of 50 fifth-grade students, with 25 students in the experimental group and 25 students in the control group. The hypothesis tested is that there is an effect of the Problem-Based Learning model on Natural Science learning outcomes. The results of the study show that the Problem-Based Learning model has a significant effect on students' knowledge. This is evidenced by the t-test results, which show a t-value of 12.400, greater than the t-table value of 2.01. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Problem-Based Learning model positively affects the understanding of food chain concepts in fifth-grade students. The findings of this study are expected to be beneficial for teachers in improving the quality of their teaching, for students to better understand the material through more engaging methods, and for the school environment in developing innovative and effective teaching practices.

This study aims to explore the relationship between work motivation and discipline on the performance achievement of Catholic Religious Education (PAK) teachers in the Semarang region. The research uses a quantitative survey approach, collecting data from 15 PAK teachers through a validated questionnaire. The instruments used to measure work motivation are based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for the motivational aspect, while discipline is measured using indicators developed by Rivai, and performance achievement is evaluated based on parameters defined by Robbins. The findings show that motivational drive contributes 50.5% to performance achievement (R² = 0.505, p = 0.003). This indicates that work motivation has a significant impact on performance, although its contribution is lower compared to discipline. In contrast, discipline contributes more significantly to performance achievement, accounting for 66.2% (R² = 0.662, p = 0.000). This suggests that discipline is a more dominant factor in improving the performance of Catholic Religious Education teachers, as discipline is critical in achieving optimal performance. Simultaneous analysis reveals that the combination of motivation and discipline explains 72.6% of the variation in performance achievement (R² = 0.726, F = 13.893, p = 0.000). This result indicates that both variables are significantly related to performance achievement when considered together. However, partial tests show that only discipline has a significant independent impact on teacher performance, with p = 0.121, while motivation does not have a significant effect when considered separately. This study concludes that discipline functions as the main mediator in the relationship between work motivation and performance achievement. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen discipline in efforts to improve teacher performance, particularly in the context of Catholic Religious Education.

This study is a qualitative research employing a case study approach to explore the leadership management of a madrasah principal in improving teacher performance. The data analysis technique used consists of four main steps: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, source triangulation was applied. The research findings reveal that the madrasah principal plays a multifunctional role encompassing that of a manager, supervisor, and motivator, all of which are central to the effective management of the institution. The principal’s leadership is characterized by a strong orientation toward the achievement of the institutional vision, optimal resource management, and the establishment of a conducive and productive learning environment. Several strategic efforts have been implemented to enhance teacher performance, including the enforcement of work discipline, organizing continuous professional development through teacher training, offering rewards and incentives for achievements, cultivating positive attitudes and mental resilience among staff, and providing financial support to facilitate teaching activities. These strategies reflect a proactive and visionary leadership model that emphasizes communication, motivation, and collaboration. The effectiveness of this leadership approach is evidenced by the significant improvement in teacher performance, contributing to the overall enhancement of educational quality within the madrasah. This study concludes that leadership which is visionary, communicative, and supportive is essential in fostering an environment that promotes teacher development and institutional progress. The results of this research provide valuable insights for education stakeholders, particularly in Islamic educational institutions, on how strategic leadership practices can drive meaningful change and improve educational outcomes. This study also highlights the importance of ongoing support, recognition, and empowerment of teachers as key elements in building a high-performing and motivated teaching workforce.

This study investigates the influence of job satisfaction on teacher performance at Omba Tana Rara Public School, a rural educational institution located in a geographically remote area with distinct contextual challenges. Despite the crucial role of teachers in shaping educational outcomes, limited research has explored how job satisfaction contributes to teacher performance in such isolated settings. Employing a quantitative approach, the research surveyed 32 teachers using a validated Likert-scale questionnaire designed to measure key dimensions of job satisfaction, including recognition, professional development, remuneration, interpersonal relationships, and work environment. Data analysis was conducted using simple linear regression to determine the statistical relationship between job satisfaction and teacher performance. The results revealed that job satisfaction has a significant and positive impact on teacher performance (β = 0.67; p < 0.01), indicating that increases in satisfaction levels are associated with higher levels of effectiveness and engagement among teachers. Among the satisfaction factors examined, recognition from leadership, opportunities for professional growth, and supportive working conditions were identified as dominant contributors to improved performance. The findings of this study contribute to filling the research gap concerning human resource issues in remote schools and offer practical insights for stakeholders in education. In particular, the study emphasizes the importance of designing context-specific strategies that prioritize teacher welfare as a means of boosting instructional quality and learning outcomes. It recommends policy interventions focused on enhancing intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction elements through improved school management practices. By highlighting the correlation between teacher satisfaction and performance, especially in rural and under-resourced areas, this research underscores the need for holistic human resource development in education. It advocates for a welfare-centered approach in managing and supporting teachers to ensure sustainable improvements in school effectiveness.

This study aims to analyze the correlation between learning models and student achievement at SMA Negeri 1 Kuala by applying the Apriori algorithm in data mining, using Rapid Miner software as the primary tool for analysis. The research is motivated by the shift in educational approaches from conventional teacher-centered methods toward more innovative strategies such as project-based learning and cooperative learning, which are expected to foster higher levels of student engagement and improve academic outcomes. In many schools, particularly at the secondary level, the choice of learning model, availability of facilities, and attendance rates are crucial factors that shape learning effectiveness and student performance. The data collected in this study include student grades, the types of learning models implemented, school facility conditions, and attendance rates for the 2023/2024 academic year, covering a total of 680 students. The Apriori algorithm was employed to discover hidden patterns and associations among these variables, enabling the identification of relationships between learning factors and academic achievement. By applying Rapid Miner software, the research systematically generated association rules that reflect meaningful correlations in the dataset. The results indicated that the use of the Indonesian language subject in combination with a cooperative learning model, adequate and complete school facilities, and good student attendance was strongly associated with the attainment of an A grade. This finding was supported by a support level of 53.33% and a confidence level of 100%, suggesting a robust and reliable relationship between these factors. The implementation of data mining techniques through Rapid Miner not only allowed for efficient data processing but also provided practical recommendations for educators and school administrators in designing effective instructional strategies.

This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in piano education through a qualitative review of six recent academic sources. AI technology has brought about significant transformations in music learning methods, particularly for the piano instrument. Various AI applications such as automated performance feedback systems, musical accompaniment generators, technical error detection devices, and adaptive learning platforms have enabled new approaches to teaching and learning. AI provides instant feedback, tailored exercises to individual abilities, and creates more interactive and flexible learning environments. These innovations are considered to support the development of students' technical skills more effectively, while increasing learning motivation through personalization and ease of access. Furthermore, this study examines the information systems that support these AI applications, including human-computer interaction, audio signal processing, and the use of machine learning models to recognize playing patterns and technical errors. While AI offers significant benefits, concerns arise regarding its limitations in understanding and responding to the emotional aspects of music. AI is not yet capable of fully supporting the development of subjective and complex musical expression. Over-reliance on this technology is also feared to undermine students' critical thinking, artistic sensitivity, and creativity. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of a balanced integration between AI technology and human pedagogical roles, with the teacher remaining the primary facilitator in fostering expression, interpretation, and artistic values in piano learning. The study recommends further research on emotionally responsive AI, blended learning models, and long-term evaluation of AI's impact on students' artistic and musical development.  

The purpose of this study is to examine how human resource well-being is managed at Kuttab Fatih Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, the research employed in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis to gain comprehensive insights. Findings indicate that the well-being program implemented at Kuttab Fatih encompasses psychological, social, spiritual, and financial dimensions. The policies introduced within this framework seek to establish balance between professional responsibilities, personal life, religious guidance, and economic support. Such integration demonstrates the program’s ability to enhance teacher motivation, strengthen loyalty, and improve overall productivity, thereby reflecting its effectiveness. The evidence underscores the critical role of human resource well-being in advancing both staff performance and teacher commitment. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Kuttab Fatih continue to refine its well-being management strategies, particularly by acknowledging external factors that may influence financial sustainability and by ensuring alignment with well-being models rooted in Islamic principles. Moreover, the study suggests that other Islamic-based educational institutions could adopt this approach as a reference when formulating comprehensive and culturally appropriate well-being policies designed to foster motivation, engagement, and professional growth among educators and staff members. Other Islamic educational institutions should refer to this study as a guide while creating thorough well-being policies.

In addition to the main aspects of teacher competency, the study also emphasizes the importance of leadership and institutional support in the effective implementation of policies. The school leadership plays a crucial role in creating a conducive environment for professional development, fostering a culture of collaboration among teachers, and ensuring the implementation of competency-based assessments. It was found that the active involvement of the principal in monitoring and providing feedback to teachers significantly contributes to the continuous improvement of teaching practices. The study also highlights the importance of aligning teacher competency development with the school's educational goals and objectives. While some teachers have demonstrated significant improvement in their teaching methods and student engagement, others still require more support to fully integrate the competencies into their daily practices. The continuous professional development of teachers is therefore vital to ensure that the competencies are not only understood but also consistently applied in the classroom. Moreover, the study recognizes the critical role of community and parental involvement in enhancing the quality of education. Collaboration between the school, parents, and the local community can create a more supportive learning environment, ensuring that students receive the necessary resources and encouragement both at school and at home. In conclusion, the research suggests that while the implementation of teacher competency policies at SDN 2 Lubuk Seberuk has shown positive results, the process should be supported with more training opportunities, resource allocation, and consistent monitoring to overcome existing challenges.

This qualitative descriptive research explores the principal’s efforts to enhance teacher performance through the implementation of educational supervision at SDI Puudhombo, East Nusa Tenggara. The study aims to understand the strategies, processes, and impacts of educational supervision in improving teaching quality. Purposive sampling was used to select three informants consisting of one school principal and two classroom teachers. Data were gathered through structured interviews, allowing for in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences and perceptions. Analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to ensure the credibility and reliability of the findings.The results reveal that educational supervision is systematically implemented twice a year, guided by a well-structured plan that outlines objectives, schedules, and targeted competencies. The principal applies a collaborative supervision approach, using classroom visitation techniques to observe teaching practices in real contexts. Post-observation, constructive feedback sessions are conducted to highlight strengths, identify areas for improvement, and provide practical recommendations for pedagogical development. Teachers demonstrate notable progress in preparing lesson plans, delivering interactive learning activities, and applying effective evaluation methods. However, certain aspects such as the integration of technology in teaching and differentiation strategies still require further enhancement. The findings indicate that educational supervision not only improves technical teaching skills but also fosters teacher professionalism, boosts work motivation, and promotes a culture of continuous improvement within the school. The study underscores the importance of consistent, supportive, and developmental supervision in elevating instructional quality. It concludes that systematic and ongoing educational supervision represents a highly effective strategy for advancing teacher performance in elementary education. This research enriches the body of literature in educational management and provides practical implications for strengthening school leadership, particularly in rural and resource-limited contexts such as East Nusa Tenggara.

This study aims to determine the extent to which mental ability influences volleyball underhand passing skills and strategies for improving them in seventh-grade students at MTs SA Atholibiyah Bumijawa. The mental abilities studied included learning motivation, concentration, and self-confidence, as all three are considered important factors in supporting sports performance. The study used an experimental survey method with a correlation approach. The sample was determined through a purposive sampling technique, meaning only students who were actively involved in volleyball learning were included as respondents. The research instruments included a questionnaire to measure students' mental ability levels and an observation sheet to assess underhand passing skill practice. Data analysis was conducted using a correlation test to identify the relationship between mental ability and underhand passing skills, and regression analysis to measure the magnitude of the effect. The results showed a significant effect of mental ability on underhand passing skills. Students with high learning motivation tend to be more enthusiastic and consistent in practicing. Good concentration enables students to control movements, maintain balance, and manage timing when passing. In addition, strong self-confidence encourages students' courage in making decisions and reduces technical errors. This results in passing skills with more accuracy, control, and optimal timing. Improving strategies that can be implemented include structured training with the use of assistive devices to enhance technique, providing motivation and positive feedback from teachers to maintain enthusiasm, and focused training such as game simulations to strengthen concentration. The findings of this study confirm that mental development plays a crucial role in learning sports skills, particularly volleyball, thereby improving both the quality of learning and student achievement.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the extent to which leg power training through the box jump method influences the increase in volleyball smash jump height in extracurricular participants at SMK Negeri 1 Kuningan. Volleyball requires good physical abilities, especially explosive leg muscle power, because this skill plays a very important role in performing the smash movement as the main form of attack. One form of training that is believed to be able to increase explosive power is box jump training, which is a type of plyometric training that emphasizes repeated jumping movements with high intensity. The research method used was an experiment with a one group pretest-posttest design. The study involved a sample group consisting of 15 students, taken using a total sampling technique from all volleyball extracurricular members. The data collection instrument used the vertical jump smash test according to Ali Maksum. The test was conducted in two stages, namely before treatment (pretest) and after treatment (posttest). The results of data analysis showed a significant increase after being given treatment in the form of box jump training. This is evidenced by a significance value (p) of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a real difference between the pretest and posttest results. In other words, box jump training has been shown to be effective in increasing smash height. These findings indicate that training programs designed to incorporate plyometric elements, particularly box jumps, can optimally develop leg muscle explosive power. Therefore, this study recommends that coaches and sports teachers incorporate box jumps as a primary training component in volleyball skills development programs, significantly improving players' offensive performance.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the school environment and family environment on the learning interest of 8th-grade students at SMPN 1 Pangkalanbaru. Learning interest plays a crucial role in shaping students' academic performance and motivation. A conducive environment, both at school and at home, is believed to significantly contribute to the development of students' enthusiasm for learning. This research employed a quantitative method with a descriptive approach and utilized multiple regression analysis techniques to test the hypotheses. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 149 students from the 8th grade. The findings indicate that both the school and family environments have a positive and significant impact on students' interest in learning. The school environment's influence was confirmed by a simple linear regression coefficient of 0.229, while the family environment showed a stronger effect with a regression coefficient of 0.355. When tested simultaneously, both variables contributed to a combined effect on students' learning interest, with an R² value of 0.263, indicating that 26.3% of the variance in learning interest can be explained by these two factors. The remaining 73.7% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study, such as peer influence, personal motivation, teaching methods, and access to learning resources. These results underscore the importance of providing a supportive and engaging environment at both school and home to enhance students’ academic motivation. It is recommended that schools foster a positive atmosphere through effective teacher-student interactions, while families are encouraged to actively support their children's learning routines and emotional well-being. Further research is needed to explore other contributing factors and to develop holistic strategies that promote learning interest among junior high school students.

Community-based education is an approach that positions society as an active participant in the educational process, integrating local culture, values, and social dynamics into learning. One such model that reflects these principles is the Wustho educational model, which originates from the Islamic pesantren system. This model offers a balanced integration between religious and general education, emphasizing the role of community and character development as essential elements of student success. This research aims to explore the influence of the Wustho model on students’ academic achievement at SMP PGRI 1 Ciambar, Ciambar Sub-district, Sukabumi Regency. The study involved 150 students across different grade levels, using a qualitative descriptive research approach. Data collection techniques included participatory observation, in-depth interviews with teachers, school leaders, and parents, as well as document analysis of academic performance records.The findings indicate that the implementation of the Wustho model has a positive impact on student achievement, both in academic and behavioral aspects. Students showed improvement in learning motivation, discipline, and active engagement in religious and community-based learning activities.¹ This model also strengthens moral values and spiritual awareness, which in turn enhances students’ holistic learning outcomes.² Moreover, collaboration between schools, families, and community figures plays a crucial role in reinforcing the effectiveness of this educational approach.³ The presence of religious instruction embedded within daily learning experiences helps students to better contextualize academic content in real-life situations.⁴In conclusion, the Wustho educational model offers a meaningful contribution to the development of community-based education practices, especially in rural or religiously active areas. Its focus on moral education, community involvement, and the integration of spiritual and secular knowledge demonstrates its relevance and effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes. It is recommended that similar models be adapted in other educational settings where community values are strongly upheld.

Volleyball underhand passing training is a process of coaching and developing volleyball players' skills through physical, technical, tactical, and mental exercises to improve performance in the game. This training can be conducted at various levels, from beginners to professionals, and covers several important aspects that support the improvement of basic skills. One of the basic techniques that must be mastered by players, especially in adolescence, is the underhand pass. This technique is the main foundation for controlling the ball and maintaining the continuity of the game. However, based on the results of initial observations on Ahmad Yani High School students, it was found that students' underhand passing ability is still relatively low. As many as 85% of students scored below average, indicating that they have difficulty mastering this basic technique. This problem presents a challenge in physical education learning, especially in volleyball. One contributing factor is the lack of variety and creativity in the teaching methods used by teachers, resulting in a lack of student motivation. This study aims to apply the VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic) method in volleyball underhand passing training. The VAK method is a learning approach that combines three main learning styles: visual (sight), auditory (hearing), and kinesthetic (movement). This approach is believed to help students understand techniques more comprehensively, tailored to their individual learning styles. Integrating the VAK method into the training process is expected to significantly improve student learning outcomes, particularly in mastering volleyball underhand passing techniques. This research also aims to provide alternative, more innovative and effective learning strategies for physical education teachers in schools.

Educational supervision serves as a key instrument in improving educational quality; however, its implementation in elementary schools often faces systemic challenges that affect teacher performance and learning quality. This study aims to analyze the implementation of educational supervision by school principals to improve the performance of Catholic Religious Education (CRE) teachers in enhancing educational quality at Inpres Natarita Elementary School. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with the school principal and CRE teacher as research subjects. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. Data analysis used the interactive model of Miles and Huberman with stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.The findings reveal significant disparities between the implementation of administrative supervision and academic supervision. Administrative supervision is consistently implemented but remains procedural-mechanistic in nature, while academic supervision experiences systematic deficits with minimal frequency (once per semester). This condition impacts the competence-performance gap phenomenon in CRE teacher performance, characterized by the dominance of lecture methods, limited learning innovation, and minimal professional initiative. Educational quality shows acceptable achievement in graduation rates but has not been optimal in potential realization and educational value-added.Educational supervision at SDI Natarita has not achieved optimal effectiveness due to a paradigm that remains compliance-oriented rather than development-oriented. A fundamental reorientation toward holistic and transformative supervision is needed to optimize teacher performance and educational quality.

Toxic professional relationships—characterized by subtle exclusion, politicized decision-making, and emotional suppression—are a prevalent yet underexamined concern in academic institutions. This research emphasizes the psychological, pedagogical, and emotional repercussions for educators in situations characterized by workplace conflict, in contrast to prior studies that primarily examine structural factors. The study seeks to examine how educators perceive, interpret, and react to toxic dynamics, especially via reflective processes. We gathered data from three years of anonymized reflective journaling employing a qualitative, narrative-reflective methodology and conducted a theme analysis. Research highlights three main themes: the emotional effort needed to maintain professionalism despite feeling excluded, changes in teaching methods as a way to resist and find meaning, and how reflective practice helps teachers stay true to their teaching values. The analysis further demonstrates how gender and early-career status exacerbate susceptibility to toxic dynamics. The study prioritizes ethical contemplation as a transforming practice and a means of action instead of providing prescriptive solutions. Institutions should implement emotional intelligence training, equitable task allocation, and peer support mechanisms to cultivate more equal academic settings. This research advocates for a work culture founded on explicit performance expectations, mutual respect, compassion, and integrity in education, facilitating a deeper comprehension of teachers' authentic experiences in challenging school environments.

The aim of this research is to determine and analyze: 1) The influence of the principal's Servant Leadership on the Performance of Public Elementary School Teachers in Gandus District. 2) The influence of teacher competency on state elementary school teachers in Gandus District. 3) The Influence of Citizenship Behavior on the Performance of Public Elementary School Teachers in Gandus District. And 4) The simultaneous influence of the Principal's Servant Leadership, Teacher Competency and Citizenship Behavior on the Performance of Public Elementary School Teachers in Gandus District, Palembang City. This research uses quantitative methods with a correlational approach. The research sample consisted of 122 teachers from state elementary schools in Gandus District. Data collection techniques use questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression using the SPSS version 26 application. The results of the research showed that there was a positive and significant influence both partially and simultaneously between the Principal's Servant Leadership, Teacher Competence and Citizenship Behavior on Teacher Performance. The magnitude of the influence of these three independent variables on teacher performance simultaneously is 78.9%, while the remaining 21.1% is influenced by other variables not examined in this research.

The increasing workload and pressure in the field of education necessitate effective Adversity Quotient (AQ) management to foster teacher resilience and uphold professionalism amid evolving challenges. This study aims to analyze how AQ management contributes to enhancing teacher performance and professionalism. In the face of continuous educational change, teachers are exposed to various pressures, including administrative burdens, curricular dynamics, and complex social expectations. AQ which consists of four core dimensions: Control, Ownership, Reach, and Endurance is considered a crucial factor influencing psychological resilience and professional consistency. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach to explore managerial strategies, teacher perceptions, and experiences in developing AQ within the school environment. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that AQ is managed through contextual and participatory approaches, supported by an open organizational culture, supportive leadership, and a psychosocially healthy work environment. Strengthening AQ has been shown to contribute to the development of adaptive, reflective, and professional educators. Therefore, integrating AQ into ongoing professional development programs is recommended as a strategic institutional response to the growing complexities of the educational landscape.