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The paragraph discusses consumptive behavior, defined as the tendency to exceed basic needs and financial capabilities in consuming goods and services. Many undisciplined students face challenges in managing their finances due to this behavior. The research aims to examine the influence of Financial Literacy, Financial Behavior, and Financial Attitude on Consumptive Behavior, with Financial Discipline as a moderating variable. The study involves 200 respondents, including international students from various universities. Results reveal that financial literacy and financial behavior significantly impact consumer behavior, while financial attitudes do not. Additionally, the moderating role of financial discipline does not affect the relationship between these factors and consumer behavior.

This literature study examines the construction of cultural identity through socio-economic practices in plantation ecosystems among the Acehnese, Malay, and Chinese communities in Indonesia. Using a systematic literature review of 42 selected sources (1990-2023), the research reveals that plantations function as sites of identity negotiation—dynamic arenas of cultural adaptation and resistance. In Aceh, the integration of Islamic values (zakat [alms] from plantations, meunasah education) and local wisdom (peusijuek rituals) mediates post-conflict reconciliation and identity transformation from "combatants" to "farmers" (Muchlis et al., 2023; Aulia et al., 2024). For the Malay community, the customary-territorial concept of bela kampung (communal defense) underpins resistance to authority fragmentation through gotong royong (mutual cooperation) and communal land allocation (Yunanda et al., 2024; Nasution et al., 2024). Meanwhile, the Chinese community develops invisibility strategies (e.g., land acquisition via family foundations, citizenship aliases) to convert legal marginalization into clan-based social capital (Irawan, 2016; Thung, 2018). Key findings highlight divergent identity sources: religiosity (Aceh), customary-territoriality (Malay), and clan social capital (Chinese). The study recommends integrating local wisdom into inclusive plantation policies and employing ethnographic approaches to examine identity intersectionality complexity.

This study aims to analyze price elasticity and income elasticity of products by integrating perspectives from conventional economics and Islamic microeconomics. In conventional economics, price and income elasticity are used to understand consumer demand sensitivity to changes in price and income. Meanwhile, Islamic microeconomics adds an ethical dimension, such as the prohibition of israf (wastefulness) and the importance of balanced consumption. The findings indicate that elasticity analysis is crucial not only for business strategies and economic policies but also must incorporate Islamic economic principles to promote sustainable and ethical consumption. This study suggests that integrating Islamic microeconomic values in elasticity analysis can enrich the understanding of consumer behavior and foster more inclusive economic policies.

This study examines the cultural diversity of the Batak people in North Sumatra through a systematic literature review of three core pillars: language, traditions, and social systems. Findings reveal significant inter-sub-ethnic variations (e.g., Toba, Karo, Simalungun), including linguistic diversity (V-S-O structures in Toba vs. complex affixation in Karo), distinct rituals (such as Saur Matua and Manulangi Natuatua), and kinship systems rooted in the Dalihan Na Tolu philosophy. Amid positive dynamics like digitalization of traditional arts (Tortor Martonun) and gender transformations, Batak culture faces critical threats: symbolic desacralization (commodification of ulos textiles), kinship disintegration (atomization of Dalihan Na Tolu due to urbanization), and erosion of transcendental knowledge (extinction of Hata Andung rituals). The study recommends a community-based participatory research (CBPR) preservation model, integrating local content curricula and geographical indication certification. A key limitation is the literature bias toward the Toba sub-group, necessitating urgent comparative studies across sub-ethnicities and analysis of digital media’s impact on cultural transmission.

This paper aimed to research about Badi‟ style in al-Qur‟an‟s passages. This research used one aspects of Balaghah, tauriyah, and spoke about alQur‟an‟s passages which contains tauriyah style dan the secret behind its using. The objects of this research come from al-Qur‟an‟s passages using style of language/balaghah analysis, especially Ilmu Badi‟ which concentrated to beauty of meaning (muhassinaat ma’nawiyyah)  and importance of understanding tauriyah for another studies focused their object based on al-Qur‟an, directly or not. This paper find that there are at least 10 passages which contains tauriyah in al-Qur‟an, they are al-Baqarah: 143, al-An‟am: 60, at-Taubah: 21, Yunus: 92, Yusuf: 42, Yusuf: 96, Thaha: 5, adz-Dzariyat: 47, ar-Rahman: 6 and  al-Ghasiyah: 8.  This number of passages erase the old paradigm that recognite only 3 passages in alAn‟am: 60, Thaha: 5 and adz-Dzariyat: 47. Understanding tauriyah became important in Tafsir studiy and isthinbatu’l ahkaam in Ushu‟l Fiqh field, even became one of obligatory requirements for mujtahid.   

All humans have human rights not because of gifts given to them by society or based on applicable positive law, but because they are human beings. Human rights violations if committed by anyone will be reciprocated by anyone whose rights are taken. As is happening now, human rights violations committed by the state of Israel against Palestine are a form of taking away other people’s rights, especially the right to life and live in safety. Actions such as blockades, evictions, restrictions on mobility, and armed attacks have raised serious concerns from the international community regarding violations of international humanitarian law. This study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to evaluate the extent to which these security policies exceed the principles of civilian protection. It obtains a conclusion that security concepts is often used in defense of act that are against international norms and agreements after analyzing government reports, data from human rights organizations, and UN resolutions. These findings point the value of achieving a balance between state objectives and human rights protection as part of a sustainable security policy in the context of strategic security studies.

Education is one of the fields that continuously evolves alongside the rapid  advancement  of technology. One effort to enhance the quality of education is by implementing a scientific approach in the learning process. This research aims to analyze the contribution of the scientific learning approach to the development of students' self-directed learning at SDN Semper Barat 11, especially in class V. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that lesson planning with a scientific approach is well executed, covering the setting of learning objectives, selection of learning models, strategies, learning media, and evaluation. The implementation of learning with a scientific approach in class V is carried out through activities such as observing, questioning, gathering information, reasoning, and communicating. The research also indicates that students experience an improvement in self-directed learning, characterized by active engagement in learning, high motivation, initiative-driven learning, and self-control. Thus, the scientific learning approach significantly contributes to the development of students' self-directed learning at SDN Semper Barat 11. This research provides valuable insights for educational practitioners in designing more effective learning strategies and offers empirical groundwork for enhancing learning methods oriented towards developing students' self-directed learning.

This study aims to provide an overview of the consumption patterns of Generation Z and how they relate to inflation from an Islamic economics perspective. A library research strategy is used in this investigation. Information was gathered from a number of sources, such as books, journals, and other problem-related scientific resources. The results indicate that Gen Z's consumption habits could lead to demand-pull inflation, or an increase in inflation. Prices rise when the supply cannot keep up with the substantial increase in demand for products and services brought on by consumer behavior. When Gen Z consumes technology, fashion, entertainment, and food items all of which are frequently popular and seasonal this issue becomes more noticeable. Consumption is controlled in Islamic economics to avoid becoming wasteful (tabzir) or excessive (israf). Needs (maslahah), not only wants or carnal emotions, must be the basis for consumption. The primary remedy, according to Islamic economics, is to emphasize beneficial consumption, Islamic-based money management, and bolstering social and spiritual values in order to curb consumption and prevent detrimental effects on people or the economy.  

The development of digital technology has revolutionized consumption patterns among consumers, including Muslim consumers. Digitalization has not only brought convenience and efficiency, but also created new challenges in the application of Islamic consumption values. Consumption, which is viewed as part of worship in Islamic economics, requires adherence to the principles of halal, thayyib, justice, prohibition of israf and gharar, and social responsibility. This study aims to conceptually examine how consumers play a role in strengthening the Islamic economy in the digital age, as well as how Sharia consumption principles can be ethically implemented in a dynamic digital environment. The method used is a literature review, examining various academic literature, scientific journals, and documents related to Islamic economics and the digitalization of consumption. The findings indicate that Muslim consumers hold a strategic position in shaping value-based markets, driving the growth of the halal sector, and supporting the sharia-compliant SME ecosystem. On the other hand, low sharia-based digital literacy and the dominance of digital consumerist culture pose challenges that must be anticipated. Strengthening literacy, adaptive regulations, and collective awareness transformation are needed to create a digital consumption pattern that is blessed, fair, and sustainable in accordance with the objectives of Islamic law.

Birrul Walidain is a concept in Islam that emphasizes the importance of filial piety and treating parents well. This term comes from the words "birr" which means goodness and "walidain" which means parents. This concept is an integral part of Islamic teachings and has broad implications in everyday life. In the Al-Qur'an, Allah SWT commands Muslims to be filial to their parents, as stated in Surah Al-Isra' verses 23-24. This verse emphasizes the importance of treating parents well, not disobeying them, and always praying for them. In everyday life, Birrul Walidain can be realized by obeying parents' orders, treating them with courtesy and respect, and always praying for them. In this way, Muslims can gain the approval of Allah SWT and strengthen their relationship with their parents.

Evaluation plays a crucial role in supporting the science learning process (IPA) in schools. Through evaluation, educators can assess the level of success achieved during the teaching and learning process. Although the implementation of science learning evaluations varies between schools, this diversity results in a range of evaluation outcomes. This study aims to provide an overview of the evaluation patterns used in science education at the school level. It employs a qualitative approach through a literature review (library research), utilizing techniques such as reading, note-taking, and analyzing relevant sources. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that greater attention needs to be given to the evaluation process in science learning. A well-structured and properly implemented evaluation can enhance the effectiveness of learning while encouraging teachers to continually improve the quality of their instruction. Moreover, evaluation serves to foster student motivation and engagement in learning. Therefore, considering the significant benefits of evaluation in science education, teachers are advised to optimize each stage of the evaluation process in a comprehensive and continuous manner.

Learning evaluation is an important component in the educational process that aims to determine the extent to which the success of the learning process has been achieved. In the context of Islamic Religious Education (Islamic education), evaluation not only assesses cognitive aspects, but also affective and psychomotor. This article discusses the basic concept of evaluation and its implications in evaluating Islamic education learning in schools. Through a literature review, this paper emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive understanding of evaluation to produce an effective Islamic education learning process.

The ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict has provoked widespread global reactions, particularly in the form of economic resistance through consumer boycotts. These boycotts target Israeli-affiliated brands and multinational corporations perceived to be complicit in the occupation and oppression of Palestinians. The core issue lies in the ethical concerns of corporate involvement in human rights violations and the extent to which consumers can influence political dynamics through economic actions. This study aims to explore the global boycott movement as a form of nonviolent resistance, with a specific focus on the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) campaign. Utilizing a library research methodology, this paper draws upon academic literature, news reports, campaign materials, and corporate statements to analyze the motivations, strategies, and impacts of boycott actions worldwide. It investigates how consumer behavior intersects with political activism, and how the digital age amplifies such movements. The research finds that boycotts serve not only as an expression of solidarity with oppressed populations but also as a tool to pressure companies and governments to reevaluate their stances and affiliations. Although the economic impact varies, the symbolic power of collective consumer action contributes significantly to shaping public discourse on global justice. This study highlights the growing importance of ethical consumerism in international relations and recommends further investigation into the legal, economic, and diplomatic consequences of sustained boycott movements.

This study aims to analyze the determination of selling prices and enthusiasts by traders and their relationship with demand fluctuations in the traditional market of MMTC Medan. The method used is a qualitative descriptive analysis method with a survey approach, involving three traders, namely rice, onion, and cabbage traders, data collected through direct interviews. The results of the study show that the setting of selling prices by traders has an effect on market enthusiasts as well as fluctuations in demand. Merchants set prices based on a combination of cost of goods sold, competitor prices, and estimated consumer purchasing power. Significant price fluctuations tend to lower the volume of demand, especially in non-primary products, and also poor quality of goods. Thus, this study concludes that understanding demand patterns and price adaptability are the main key factors in maintaining the business continuity of traders in the traditional market of MMTC Medan.

This article aims to discuss the life of faith of the Israelites as God's chosen people, whether they were loyal to God or to Baal, especially on the journey to the promised land. The Israelites undertook a long and challenging journey. They were ordered by the prophet Moses to be free from Egypt and after Moses' death he was replaced by Joshua, the Israelis lived their lives in the desert for about 40 years, finally reaching the promised land promised by God. For 40 years in the desert, they got food in the form of manna and quail. They also experienced various tests and trials including rebellion and disbelief in God's guiding hand. The Israelites were known as an impatient nation. For example, when Moses was on Mount Sinai when God gave His law to Moses and Moses took too long to come down from the mountain. The Israelites there could not wait patiently because they were afraid of death and starvation because there was no one to lead. They talked to Harun to make a golden calf statue, which was considered to have power and was believed to be a substitute for God to continue their journey. They made a statue of a golden calf because Moses had not come down from Mount Sinai and was thought to be dead. The impatient attitude of the Israelites finally took a shortcut by making a golden calf that was considered to be able to replace God's position. Of course this made God angry because it had violated the 2nd commandment, namely "do not make for yourself any idol".

This interpretation discusses Zephaniah 2:1-3 with the aim of revealing the main message of the passage and how its meaning can be applied to contemporary life. This verse contains God's invitation to His people to immediately gather and repent before His wrath comes. The method used in this interpretation is a historical and contextual approach, by tracing the background of Zephaniah's time, the meaning of key words in the text, and their relationship to modern life. The results of the interpretation show that Zephaniah invites the people to seek God, live a life of justice, and be humble. This is not only a call for the Israelites at that time, but also a warning for modern humans who live in a situation of moral crisis, disaster, and social chaos. This verse invites everyone not to delay repentance, live righteously before God, and maintain good relations with others. The message is very relevant to modern life which often forgets spiritual values ​​and social justice.

This article examines the exemplary life of Moses as the key to the success of teaching the word of God and its relevance for Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers today. Moses is not only known as a prophet and leader of the Israelites, but also as a teacher with high integrity, who relies on God in every aspect of his ministry. Character values ​​such as gentleness, loyalty, dependence on God, and humility are the main attributes that make Moses a figure worthy of emulation. Using a descriptive qualitative method through literature study, this article highlights the importance of a teacher's spiritual life in supporting the effectiveness of teaching the Christian faith. PAK teachers are not enough to just master the cognitive and pedagogical aspects, but need to be living representatives of the teachings they convey. By emulating Moses, PAK teachers are expected to be able to build teaching that is not only informative, but also transformative and inspiring in forming a faithful and responsible generation.

Stuxnet is one of the first politically motivated cyberattacks in history. This attack targeted Iran's nuclear facility in Natanz, causing significant setbacks in the country's nuclear program. Iran accused the West, particularly NATO, of orchestrating the attack. Many believe that the United States and Israel were behind it. This paper aims to analyze how Stuxnet impacted Iran and the international community, as well as how cyber warfare has emerged as a new domain of conflict. The method used in this paper is qualitative descriptive through library research. The data used in this study are sourced from books, journals, news articles, and credible, relevant websites. The findings indicate that Stuxnet had a severe impact on Iran and the geopolitical situation at the time. It also highlighted the vulnerabilities of the digital world and their real-world consequences. Furthermore, Stuxnet demonstrated how cyber warfare has emerged as a new domain in modern conflict.

Dispensational theology is a system of biblical interpretation that views the history of salvation as a series of periods or dispensations in which God interacts with humanity in different ways, each with distinct rules and responsibilities. This writing aims to understand the development of the concept of dispensationalism, its literal method of interpretation, and the differing perspectives between Israel and the Church in God's plan. The method used is a literature review, analyzing various scholarly works and theological sources. The study's findings indicate that dispensationalism emphasizes a literal interpretation of the Bible, makes a clear distinction between Israel and the Church, and understands God’s promises as being fulfilled literally in the future. This system continues to develop and remains relevant in contemporary Christian theological discourse, including in Indonesia.

 Organizational commitment is a key factor influencing a company's effectiveness and sustainability. PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Pacitan is a company engaged in power generation, transmission, and distribution. This study aims to explore the effect of workload and work discipline on organizational commitment, with job satisfaction as a mediating variable among employees of PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Pacitan. This research employs a quantitative method using a questionnaire for data collection. The study population consists of 247 employees, with a sample of 90 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis is conducted using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. The results indicate that workload has a positive but insignificant effect on organizational commitment, while work discipline has a significant positive effect on organizational commitment. Furthermore, workload significantly influences organizational commitment through job satisfaction, and work discipline also significantly affects organizational commitment through job satisfaction.