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Intelligence is closely related to the state, because intelligence functions as an important tool and instrument to maintain the security and sovereignty of the state. Intelligence helps the state in identifying, analyzing, and overcoming threats, both from within and outside the country, and supports the formulation of effective security and defense policies so that appropriate steps can be taken to protect national interests. This writing uses a normative legal research method, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data, also called doctrinal research, where law is often conceptualized as what is written in laws and regulations (law in books) or conceptualized as rules or norms that are benchmarks for human behavior. Intelligence at the practical level plays a role as the vanguard in the national security system. The provisions of Law Number 17 of 2011 concerning State Intelligence. which is the legal umbrella for intelligence organizers in carrying out intelligence duties and functions, where the essence of state intelligence is the first line in the national security system. Forms of legal protection for Intelligence Agency agents guaranteed by the state include personal protection, family protection, security protection, welfare protection and supervision.

Human rights must be weighed against the state's interests, especially in a multicultural society. The concept of multicultural citizenship often conflicts with state policy priorities they defense of personal liberties. The state must recognize and protect cultural, religious, and ethnic diversity. Inversely proportional, social stability and national integration are top priorities. This study examines different theories of citizenship, the fundamentals of the rule of law, as well as the  problem of managing diversity in a democratic legal system. A descriptive qualitative approach is used in this study to examine policies and regulations related to multicultural citizenship in Indonesia and how they impact human rights and national interests. The results show that despite regulations that assist inclusion, the application of  anti-discrimination and the use of  policies is still difficult. Therefore, to accept diversity without sacrificing human rights or national interests, more equitable, inclusive, and flexible policies are needed.

Islamic family law is one of the crucial fields within Islamic law in the lives of Muslims, as it regulates family relationships, such as marriage, divorce, maintenance, child custody, inheritance, and guardianship. In the dynamics of Muslim life, family law is not only about matters of worship and social ethics but also related to justice and the protection of individual rights within the family sphere. Thus, a comprehensive approach is needed in the study of Islamic family law that is not only based on textual evidence but also on fiqh principles that can serve as a foundation in establishing Islamic law. The purpose of this research is to examine the specific fiqh principles in the field of Islamic family law, which include concepts, application examples, and the role of these fiqh principles in the context of Islamic family law. This research uses normative legal methods in qualitative form, with data obtained through library studies followed by content analysis to draw research conclusions. The research findings indicate that specific fiqh principles in the field of Islamic family law play an important role in establishing laws and resolving various issues within the family context.

Online loan-based financing services are increasingly attracting public interest because of the simplicity and rapidity of the procedure. However, in practice there are often violations of consumer rights, especially in the collection process by debt collectors who use violence and misuse personal information. This research seeks to assess the legal safeguards provided to consumers who use the Rupiah Plus application against such practices. By using a juridical-normative approach by examining applicable laws, regulations, and relevant case studies, this research reveals that although legal protection exists in a normative sense, its enforcement remains inadequate. Protective measures may be taken both preventively and repressively, while conflict resolution can be approached through judicial proceedings or alternative non-litigation methods.

Forced marriage of child victims of rape is a phenomenon that places children in a position of double victimization, both as victims of sexual crimes and as subjects who lose their human rights to determine their future freely and with dignity. This research aims to examine forced marriage in the framework of sexual violence against children from the perspective of criminal law and human rights. In its approach, this research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach, conceptual approach, comparative approach, and case approach. The results show that forced marriage not only violates children's rights to protection from sexual violence as stipulated in Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence, but also violates the principles of non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, and the right to physical and psychological integrity as guaranteed in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and other international human rights instruments. This research emphasizes the importance of legal recognition of forced marriage as a form of sexual violence and the need for a comprehensive policy in the handling and recovery of child victims.

The purpose of this study is to examine the sociological conditions of the HGU conflict, and to analyze the need for the establishment of an Agrarian Court from a legal and social aspect. The method used in this study is the Sociolegal method, which combines law with social reality. Primary data was taken from interviews with farmers, residents affected by HGU, BPN officials, Secondary data was obtained from laws and regulations, court decisions, NGO reports, land documents. Mesuji Regency is an area in Lampung Province which is known as one of the chronic agrarian conflict areas in Indonesia, especially those involving the Right to Cultivate (HGU) by large plantation companies including PT Barat Selatan Makmur Investindo (BSMI) and PT Silva Inhutani. This conflict involves local communities and companies holding HGU. The root of the problem is the community's claim to customary land, cultivated land, or inherited land. Allegations of HGU expansion that exceed the permit limit. The conclusion of this study is that the resolution process is often ineffective, unfair, and slow. HGU conflicts are generally structural in nature, because they involve inequality between local communities and large corporations that receive legal legitimacy through the granting of HGU. The establishment of an Agrarian Court has the potential to be a more just, effective, and contextual solution to resolving plantation HGU conflicts.

Relational databases, an essential component in modern information systems, are vulnerable to various security threats, both internal such as abuse of access rights, and external such as SQL injection, malware, and hacking. Given these conditions, how can relevant mitigation strategies be implemented to protect data security in relational databases? This article aims to identify the main threats to relational database security and map out relevant mitigation strategies. The method used is a literature review of various recent scientific journals that discuss aspects of data security in the context of relational databases. The results of the review indicate that threats such as SQL injection can be overcome by strict input validation, abuse of access rights can be prevented through role-based access control (RBAC), malware attacks can be detected using an intrusion detection system (IDS), and hacking actions can be minimized through the implementation of data encryption. This study is expected to be a reference in designing effective security strategies to protect data in relational databases.

The practice of leaking customer data by banks to third parties, such as Mata elang, raises serious problems in the context of personal data protection in Indonesia. This action not only threatens the individual's right to privacy but also has the potential to violate the legal provisions stipulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. This article aims to analyze the legal basis violated by this practice and provide a legal solution in an effort to protect customer rights. The formulation of the problem in this study is what form of legal violation of data leaks by banks to Mata elang and what is the legal enforcement mechanism. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. Data were obtained through a literature study of relevant regulations and supporting scientific literature. The results of the analysis show that leaking customer data to third parties without valid consent is a violation of the principles of data processing in the PDP Law, especially regarding legality, transparency, and protection of data subjects. Banks as data controllers are responsible for the leak and can be subject to administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions. In closing, this study recommends strengthening internal bank regulations, strict supervision by regulatory authorities, and increasing legal awareness for customers. This effort is important to ensure the security of personal data and uphold the right to privacy in the banking system.

The crime of obscenity is still a problem that is very difficult to eliminate. The main target of criminal acts of molestation often occurs in minors. Criminal acts of abuse that occur can have long-term impacts on children as victims both physically, psychologically, and socially. The research method used by the author is normative legal research, by reviewing or examining laws and regulations and court decisions related to the legal issues at hand. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials which are then analyzed qualitatively descriptively. The results of this study show that: (1) The basis for the consideration of the Panel of Judges in imposing a sentence on the perpetrator of the crime of child abuse in the case of Decision Number 69/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Bajawa is to consider its juridical and non-juridical aspects. (2) Regarding the legal consequences if the Restitution is unable to be paid by the Defendant so far has not been specifically regulated either in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection and Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Are Victims of Criminal Acts. If there is no provision that specifically regulates the penalty in lieu of restitution, there will be a small possibility for the Victim's Child to receive his rights.

The education system in Indonesia comprises a series of interconnected components and educational activities aimed at achieving national education goals. With the growing demands for educational reform, policies related to education have undergone several modifications. Every individual in the country has the right and obligation to attain a decent life; however, in reality, many are still unable to experience genuine well-being. This situation arises because the government and leaders tend to prioritize rights over fulfilling their responsibilities. The methodology employed is qualitative, The research findings indicate that the education policies implemented have not yet fully reached all segments of society, particularly vulnerable groups, despite the presence of public participation in forums such as Musrenbang. Moreover, the success of implementation largely depends on effective coordination between central and regional governments, as well as adequate socio-political support.

The land sale and purchase agreement with everything above and in it has been implemented and proven by full payment by the buyer so that Article 571 of the Civil Code applies to the buyer. The research method used by the author is Empirical Jurisprudence with a qualitative approach, the data collection for this research is Interview research and Literature Study. the data is then analyzed using qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that Legal protection for land buyers in the case of transfer of ownership of teak trees by land sellers to third parties reviewed from the Civil Code guarantees the buyer's rights to the object that has been purchased, namely land and everything attached to the land. based on the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) legal protection for land buyers in the case of transfer of ownership of teak trees by land sellers to third parties is very weak. the settlement was carried out through mediation and the seller provided compensation in the form of another teak tree, but this shows that the implementation of the seller's responsibility is not entirely ideal from a formal legal perspective. the seller was proven to have fulfilled the four elements of an unlawful act.

This study aims to analyze the use of the representative documentary Jalanan produced in 2013 as a learning medium in Pancasila education subject through the Piloting a Constructive Feedback (PCF) approach for tenth-grade students at SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Paciran. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, with data collected through observation, closed and open questionnaires, and informal interviews. The results indicate that the documentary effectively facilitates students’ understanding of Pancasila values, particularly social justice, humanity, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens. The implementation of the PCF model encourages active student engagement in providing feedback, critical thinking, and reflecting on the meaning of the film both personally and socially. Student responses revealed an increase in empathy and awareness of social issues that were previously underappreciated. This study confirms that social-reality-based documentary media can serve as a contextual learning alternative relevant to the characteristics of Generation Z and Alpha, and is effective in strengthening value-based learning in Pancasila Education.

The democratic journey of the Indonesian nation has always experienced quite brilliant ups and downs and is not in accordance with the norms of good civility. By disobeying various things that always prioritize various principles of democracy and social life for society. The Constitutional Court (MK) as an institution that safeguards the constitution and protects the supremacy of law in Indonesia plays an important role in ensuring the sustainability of democratic principles and the protection of human rights. However, in recent years, the dignity of the Constitutional Court has often been questioned due to various controversies surrounding the integrity, independence and legitimacy of this institution. This article aims to analyze the causes and impacts of the collapse of the MK's dignity on legal governance and democratic stability in Indonesia. Using a normative-empirical approach, this article discusses the challenges faced by the Constitutional Court, including political interference, external pressure, and internal problems related to the code of ethics and professionalism of judges. This study found that the legitimacy crisis experienced by the Constitutional Court not only damaged the credibility of the institution but also threatened the stability of the law and constitutional order in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the regulations and legal protections for Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) who enter and exit through the Riau Islands, one of the main transit points for labor migration in Indonesia. Although the Indonesian government has enacted Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, its implementation continues to face numerous challenges, including weak supervision, lack of public education for prospective migrants, and the widespread practice of non-procedural placements through unlicensed brokers and rogue agents. Using a qualitative descriptive method with interviews, literature review, and documentation techniques, this research reveals that inefficiencies in the legal system and poor inter-agency coordination have created legal loopholes that compromise the safety and rights of migrant workers. Additionally, domestic economic hardship drives many individuals to pursue informal migration routes despite the high risks. This study highlights the urgency of strengthening legal protection mechanisms, simplifying legal migration processes, and improving public awareness to reduce illegal departures and enhance the protection of Indonesian migrant workers abroad.

The implementation of police discretion in the process of investigating criminal defamation cases shows that discretion is an important instrument for police officers in assessing, determining, and following up on a criminal report based on urgency, public interest, and the principles of proportionality and professionalism. In cases of defamation, which are often subjective and private, discretion allows investigators to consider various factors such as motive, impact, and the possibility of resolution outside the criminal path. Factors Affecting the Implementation of Police Discretion in the Process of Investigating Criminal Defamation Cases show that discretion is not carried out absolutely, but is influenced by various internal and external factors, namely: Legal and Regulatory Aspects, Case Characteristics, Professionalism and Ethics of Investigators, Social and Environmental Pressure, Facilities and Resources. Police Discretion should be regulated more clearly in positive law other than Law Number 2 of 2002 and the Criminal Procedure Code so that the principles of Legal Certainty and Respect for Human Rights are more apparent. Police offices need to provide special facilities such as mediation rooms that are neutral, comfortable, and support the creation of a dialogical atmosphere between the disputing parties. Increasing the number of investigators and managing a more balanced workload will provide space for investigators to consider the discretionary path more seriously without sacrificing work efficiency. The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for discretion at the Polres level needs to be adjusted to local socio-cultural characteristics. In Gorontalo, for example, a legal approach that is sensitive to family values and customs must be officially accommodated in work procedures.

This research discusses consumer rights in the case of Pertamax adulteration by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga, which involved mixing fuel with substances of lower quality than promised. This case not only economically harms consumers but also endangers user safety and undermines public trust in the products sold by the state-owned company. The research methodology employed is normative legal research with a descriptive-analytical approach, examining the legal aspects related to consumer rights violations and the effectiveness of the implementation of the Consumer Protection Law in resolving disputes. The findings indicate that weak supervision and law enforcement allowed the adulteration practices to occur. Therefore, this research suggests the need for improved oversight by the government and BPH Migas, stricter law enforcement, and consumer education to protect their rights. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of consumer protection in Indonesia.

The principle of legality is a legal principle that states that every act may only be subject to sanctions if it has been stipulated in the legislation before the criminal act is committed. The research aims to analyze the necessity of a law before a criminal event occurs; analyze the assessment of an act that is not analogous; analyze the need for the principle of legality to protect individuals from arbitrary actions by judicial officers. The research method is the normative legal method, by adopting conventions, legislation, law books, journals, articles, the internet. Furthermore, comprehensively reviewing the literature so that maximum results are obtained. The results of the research, law enforcement that is fair, pure and consistent is still difficult to achieve considering that many officers still do not fully understand the meaning of the principle of legality so that they often make mistakes in considering imposing criminal sanctions, and often their decisions exceed their authority. Human rights are inherent rights in individuals, so individuals should get their rights. Protection of individual rights is mandated in the 1945 Constitution Article 28G paragraph (1) Article 28H paragraph (1). Legal certainty is a vital element in building an honest and fair legal strategy. It is expected that when laws are created, they should be in accordance with a systematic, democratic mechanism based on empirical observation results, so that errors in the application of the law can be minimized. Thus, all people get legal certainty where their rights are protected and maintained, on the other hand, each individual is aware not to do prohibited acts because every action has logical and firm consequences.  

This research examines the criminal liability of debt collectors involved in forcibly seizing motorized vehicles from consumers. Such actions, often conducted by third parties representing finance companies, frequently occur without proper legal procedures and involve violence, coercion, or violations of consumer rights. The study responds to ongoing incidents where debt collectors act with force, while legal enforcement remains insufficient. Utilizing an empirical normative legal approach, the study combines a review of relevant laws—such as the Criminal Code (KUHP), Consumer Protection Law, and Financial Services Authority regulations with field research, including interviews with victims and observations in Kayubulan Village, Limboto Subdistrict, Gorontalo Regency. The findings reveal that debt collectors who repossess vehicles without official documentation, prior notification, or through intimidation may be committing criminal acts under Article 368 of the KUHP (extortion) and Article 335 (unpleasant acts). These actions clearly conflict with legal norms and consumer protection principles. The study recommends that finance institutions strengthen oversight of third-party collectors and ensure all collection activities comply with legal and ethical standards. Additionally, raising public legal awareness is essential, particularly regarding consumer rights and available legal remedies against coercion or unlawful conduct during debt collection. This dual strategy enhancing institutional accountability and empowering consumers aims to bridge the gap between law and practice, ensuring justice and legal protection in financial transactions.

This Community Service Activity aims to integrate cultural values ​​such as gamelan and keroncong into film works. In addition, to introduce cultural heritage to the younger generation. Activities include training and film screenings. Activities are carried out together with students, divided into several divisions with implementation stages including pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation. Evaluation of the activity showed an increase in information or insight of 34 points related to script writing, as well as 15 and 13 points of understanding of material related to camera operation and editing. In this activity, the team also made a company profile video that already has Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) at the Directorate General of Intellectual Property. In the future, there needs to be other art and cultural productions through films. Then from the films that have been produced are promoted or introduced more widely using social media.

This study examines the universal concept of human rights as fundamental to all individuals. Human rights reflect dignity, equality, autonomy, and legal protection, and must be ensured by the state. Although broadly accepted, continuous education and public awareness—especially for marginalized groups—remain essential. In Gorontalo Province, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights’ Regional Office plays a pivotal role in responding to alleged human rights violations through its Community Communication Services Program, as regulated by Ministerial Regulation No. 23 of 2022. Using an empirical legal approach, the study gathers data through literature reviews, legal documents, and interviews with relevant stakeholders. Findings show that the Regional Office serves as a key constitutional institution promoting access to justice and upholding legal protections. Its activities include handling public complaints, forming investigative teams, and coordinating with law enforcement and legal aid bodies. Legal aid—both state-sponsored (pro deo) and volunteer-based (pro bono)—emerges as a crucial tool for promoting justice, especially for the underprivileged. The structured complaint mechanism under Ministerial Regulation No. 23 of 2022 strengthens the state’s role in ensuring equality before the law and fulfilling its constitutional obligations to protect human dignity and human rights.