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Education plays an important role in shaping students' character and competence. One of the challenges faced by the world of education is how to build students' understanding of subject matter that is relevant to the context of their daily lives. In this case, ethnomathematics is a very potential approach to be applied in mathematics learning. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of ethnomatics-based mathematics learning to strengthen cultural values. This study uses a Qualitative research method with a case study approach. This approach allows researchers to explore the experiences, perceptions, and impacts of ethnomathematics learning on students and teachers. The research subjects consisted of: students, teachers and parents. The results of this study indicate that ethnomathematics can improve students' mathematics learning achievement, especially in terms of identifying, translating, understanding the meaning of symbols, understanding and applying mathematical ideas, and making an exploration (estimate) related to mathematical concepts that is better than conventional learning.

This study aims to increase motivation to learn mathematics by using  the Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) approach assisted  by Quizizz Paper Mode on class X exponential material at SMAN 21 Surabaya. Learning motivation is one of the important factors in achieving students' academic success. The low motivation of students to learn in mathematics subjects is the background of this research. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out during 2 learning cycles. The data collection techniques used are observation and questionnaires. The results of the study show that the application of  the Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) approach assisted by Quizizz Paper Mode can increase students' motivation to learn mathematics. The increase can be seen from the increase in the percentage of students' learning motivation in the first cycle of 80.9% with a high category and the percentage of students' learning motivation in the second cycle of 90.93% with a very high category. The result of the increase in learning motivation from cycle I to cycle II was 10.03%.

This research aims to increase interest in learning and critical thinking of class The background to this research is because students' low interest in learning, especially in learning mathematics. In the learning process, a student's interest in learning plays an important role in the teaching and learning process, because if students have low interest in learning, it will be difficult for them to receive knowledge from the teacher, so that learning outcomes will be less effective. This research uses the Classroom Action research method (PTK) which consists of two cycles. The techniques used for data collection are: planning, implementing actions, observing and evaluating and reflecting. Before that, initial observations were carried out in order to find out information or characteristics of students. The results of the research show that the PBL type cooperative learning model was applied to matrix material for class XI students at SMA Negeri 21 Surabaya. This can be seen from the increase in implementation results, observation and reflection.  Students' learning activities experienced a significant increase in cycle two compared to cycle one. By learning using the PBL method, it is possible for students to more easily understand the material because it relates to problems around them and with discussions students can work together and help each other if they experience problems. Apart from that, this method can also help develop their critical thinking and communication skills.  

Numerical literacy is a vital skill in daily life and plays an important role in students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. This study aims to develop an assessment instrument that can measure the numeracy literacy of grade V elementary school students in understanding and applying the concept of comparative scale. This study uses a development method using a 4D development model for the stages of define, design, develop, disseminate The assessment instrument developed consists of various questions designed to test students' understanding of the comparative scale. The trial was carried out on a sample of grade V elementary school students to validate this assessment instrument. The results of the trial show that this assessment instrument has good validity and reliability in measuring students' numeracy literacy skills. This research is expected to contribute to improving mathematics learning in

The problems in this study are the lack of students' ability to understand the lessons given, the results of the Mathematics learning exam that have not reached the KKM, and the teacher has not applied various innovative media. This study aims to determine the effect of learning outcomes of class V students of SDN 101746 Klumpang Kebun in learning Mathematics on flat shape material using Geoboard learning media, which consists of two classes. The researcher took class V A and class V B to be used as samples totaling 24 people as the experimental class and 22 people as the control class. The type of research used in this study is quantitative quasi-experimental (Quasi Experimental Design). The design in this study is Nonequivalent Control Group Design, this design the experimental group and the control group are not selected randomly. Data collection techniques with observation, testing and documentation. After the pretest ability is obtained, the next step is to conduct learning with Geoboard learning media for class V. So that the posttest ability is obtained in the experimental class students with an average learning outcome of 88 and the control class 74. It is clear that the increase in the experimental post-test score is on average higher than the control class. After the pre-test and post-test values ​​are known, a hypothesis test is carried out using the t-test. The basis for taking the independent t-test at the sig level (2-tailed) of 0.01 <0.05, which means that the hypothesis is accepted, namely that there is an influence of the use of Geoboard learning media on the learning outcomes of mathematics on flat building material for grade V students of SDN 101746 Klumpang Kebun.

This research was carried out with the aim of finding out the learning obstacles experienced by students, especially class V students at SD Negeri 3 Air Kumbang, using rank number material. Learning Obstacles are divided into three types, namely ontogenic obstacles, epistemological obstacles, and didactical obstacles. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method using several instruments including the results of learning obstacle diagnostic tests, material analysis, interviews, lesson plan analysis, and analysis of textbooks used during the learning process. 20 fifth grade students at SD Negeri 3 Air Kumbang were the subjects of this research. In this research, learning obstacles were found which were divided into three categories, namely ontogenic obstacles, epistemological obstacles and didactical obstacles. Ontogenic obstacles can be seen from students' lack of enthusiasm for learning and readiness to learn. Epistemological obstacles can be seen from students' lack of understanding of a concept related to mathematics due to the limited context that students know, as well as didactical obstacles obtained from the learning tools used which can create learning obstacles during the learning process.

This article explores the contributions of Muslim scholars to the development of number theory and their impact on global mathematics. Through a qualitative research method with a library research approach, the study examines the works of notable figures such as Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Kindi, Omar Khayyam, and Al-Karaji, highlighting their roles in refining and advancing mathematical concepts. It also discusses the philosophical and theological influences that shaped their approaches to numbers and mathematics. The article further analyzes the transmission of these ideas to the Western world and their subsequent influence on Western mathematical traditions. The findings suggest that Muslim scholars played a pivotal role in the evolution of number theory by integrating knowledge from various civilizations and introducing innovative mathematical frameworks. Despite certain limitations regarding source accessibility and reliance on historical interpretations, the research underscores the enduring impact of these contributions on the development of modern mathematics.

Learning outcomes are a series of skills, knowledge, attitudes and values ​​obtained by students in their thinking process during learning activities. This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of class X-4 students on opportunity material by applying the problem based learning model assisted by wordwall media. To see an increase in learning outcomes, classroom action research was carried out for two cycles using the method of observation and analysis of test results with research instruments in the form of pretest posttest questions in the 2023/2024 academic year. The subjects of this classroom action research were 34 students from class X-4 at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya. The research results showed a consistent increase in learning outcomes over two cycles in the opportunity material. Before the action was taken there were 18 students who had not reached the KKM and only 16 students had completed it so the percentage of completion was 47.05% with an average learning outcome of 67.76. In the first cycle, the number of students who completed their learning outcomes reaching the KKM increased to 28 with a completion percentage of 82.35% and an average learning outcome of 78.23. In cycle II, the number of students whose learning outcomes achieved the KKM consistently increased so that there were 31 with a completion percentage of 91.17% and an average learning outcome of 89.54.

This study began with the problem of low Mathematics learning outcomes of class X-5 students of SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya, which were below the Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM) of 75. This study aims to improve the Mathematics learning outcomes of class X-5 students of SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya. This study is a classroom action research (PTK) conducted in two cycles in the 2023/2024 academic year with 37 students. The data collection method in this study used observation techniques. The instruments used were pretest and posttest questions. The results of the analysis showed that the application of the problem based learning (PBL) learning model succeeded in improving students' Mathematics learning outcomes in statistics material. Student learning outcomes increased from the pre-cycle to cycle I and to cycle II. Before the action, only 10 students achieved KKM with a classical completion percentage of 27.02%. In cycle I, the number of students achieving KKM increased to 26 with a classical completion percentage of 70.27%. In cycle II, the number of students achieving KKM increased again to 31 with a classical completion percentage of 88.57%.  

The success of the learning process is highly desired in school education. One of the key factors in achieving success is the teacher's selection of appropriate methods for delivering the lesson material in class, which contributes to students' learning outcomes. In mathematics instruction, particularly on the topic of Statistics in class X-7 at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya, the results have been unsatisfactory, with an average score of 59 for the 2023/2024 academic year. Therefore, improvement is needed through the implementation of the Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) cooperative learning model. The subjects of this study are students of class X-7 at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya for the 2023/2024 academic year, consisting of 36 students. This study involves a mathematics teacher and an observer. The data collection tools used include formative tests, observation sheets for the teacher, students, and group discussion activities, as well as reflection questionnaires on the learning process. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the application of the TAI cooperative learning model can improve the learning outcomes of class X-7 students at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya on the topic of Statistics. This study is expected to encourage teachers to implement the TAI cooperative learning model in Statistics to enhance students' learning outcomes in Mathematics.

This study was conducted by looking at the low learning outcomes of class X-2 students at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya in the previous material, namely SPLTV. This study was conducted with the aim of improving students' mathematics learning outcomes in the quadratic equation material by implementing a cooperative learning model of the team games tournament (TGT) type using the help of wordwall. This study is included in classroom action research which is carried out in two cycles. The subjects of the study used were 36 class X-2 students at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya. The research data were obtained through pretest, observation, and posttest. The analysis data from the pretest and posttest results were in the form of quantitative data which would be used to determine the increase in student learning outcomes. While the analysis data from the observation results in the form of qualitative data were used as a guideline to improve and perfect learning activities from cycle I to cycle II. Based on the results of the study that has been carried out, it shows that implementing a cooperative learning model of the team games tournament (TGT) type using the help of wordwall on the quadratic equation material can improve the learning outcomes of class X-2 students at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya. The classical completeness of the pretest cycle I was 44.4%. After the implementation of the TGT type cooperative learning model, there was an increase to 77.8% in the posttest of cycle I. In cycle II, it increased again to 94.6% with a classical completion target of 85%.

This study aimed to enhance the mathematics learning interest of 10th-grade students at SMA Negeri 21 Surabaya through the implementation of peer tutoring with a Problem-Based Learning model in statistics. The background of this research is the low learning interest of students, particularly in mathematics. This study employs a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method, consisting of two cycles. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and tests. The results of the study showed that the application of peer tutoring in the Problem-Based Learning model can improve the learning interest and critical thinking skills of 10th-grade students at SMA Negeri 21 Surabaya in statistics. This can be seen from the improvement in observation results, interviews, and test scores. Students' learning activities and critical thinking skills increased with a higher average percentage in the second cycle compared to the first cycle. The peer tutoring method with the Problem-Based Learning model enables students to learn from and help each other, thus increasing their motivation and engagement in learning. Additionally, this method helps students develop their interpersonal and communication skills.

This research aims to describe the improvement in learning outcomes in spatial volume material using the TARL approach for class IV students at SDN 01 Kanigoro. This research was carried out using a type of Classroom Action Research (PTK) which was carried out in 2 cycles which aimed to determine the increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes through the TARL learning approach. The research subjects were 12 class IV students at SDN 01 Kanigoro. The research results show an increase in student learning outcomes in mathematics subjects using the TARL approach at SDN 01 Kanigoro. Based on the results of pre-cycle action activities, there were 3 students who completed and 9 students who did not complete. In the first cycle, there were 7 students who completed and 5 students who did not complete. while in the second cycle there were 11 students who completed it and 1 student who did not complete it. In conclusion, by using the TARL approach, student learning outcomes in class can improve.  

This research aims to describe the improvement in learning outcomes in spatial volume material using the TARL approach for class IV students at SDN 01 Kanigoro. This research was carried out using a type of Classroom Action Research (PTK) which was carried out in 2 cycles which aimed to determine the increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes through the TARL learning approach. The research subjects were 12 class IV students at SDN 01 Kanigoro. The research results show an increase in student learning outcomes in mathematics subjects using the TARL approach at SDN 01 Kanigoro. Based on the results of pre-cycle action activities, there were 3 students who completed and 9 students who did not complete. In the first cycle, there were 7 students who completed and 5 students who did not complete. while in the second cycle there were 11 students who completed it and 1 student who did not complete it. In conclusion, by using the TARL approach, student learning outcomes in class can improve.

This study aims to determine the pattern of educational interaction that occurs between teachers and students, and how the impact and factors that influence the mathematics learning process. The pattern of educational interaction is a process of teaching and learning interaction activities carried out by teachers and students in the classroom in order to influence the course of the learning process to achieve certain goals. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects of the study were mathematics teachers and students of grade IX of SMP N 3 Nusawungu and students of grade VIII of SMP PGRI 18 Cimanggu. In determining the research subjects in this study, a purposive sampling technique was used, namely a technique for taking samples of data sources with certain considerations. Data collection techniques used observation sheets, interview guidelines, and field notes. The data analysis used was a qualitative descriptive data analysis based on Flanders' analysis theory. The results of this study are that educational interactions that occur in mathematics learning produce 3 interaction patterns, namely teacher-centered interaction patterns, student-centered interaction patterns, and balanced teacher-student interaction patterns. Interaction patterns will have many impacts on the learning process such as discussions between students, questions and answers between teachers and students, noise and silence. The impact will appear according to the teaching method used by the teacher, as well as factors that influence the learning process such as student attitudes, motivation, and learning approaches used.    

This study investigates the relationship between mathematics self-efficacy and problem-solving ability, exploring the role of the Jigsaw cooperative learning model in enhancing both factors. Self-efficacy, defined as students' belief in their ability to successfully perform mathematical tasks, has been shown to significantly impact students' problem-solving capabilities. The research focuses on understanding how this belief influences academic performance and how the Jigsaw model, which fosters collaborative learning, affects students’ self-efficacy and problem-solving skills. A survey-based research design was employed, with participants consisting of university students enrolled in mathematics courses. Data collection involved administering a self-efficacy scale to assess students' confidence in solving mathematical problems and a problem-solving test to evaluate their abilities. Path analysis was used to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and problem-solving skills, and the effect of the Jigsaw model was evaluated by comparing pre- and post-test scores between the experimental and control groups. The results revealed a strong positive relationship between self-efficacy and problem-solving ability (β = 0.45). Additionally, the Jigsaw model significantly enhanced this relationship, improving both students' self-efficacy and problem-solving performance. These findings highlight the importance of fostering self-efficacy in mathematics education and the effectiveness of the Jigsaw cooperative learning model in achieving this goal. The study provides valuable insights into improving teaching strategies in mathematics, particularly for subjects requiring critical thinking and problem-solving skills, by promoting a more interactive and supportive learning environment.

This study aims to implement the cooperative learning model of Team Games Tournament (TGT) to improve students' understanding of mathematical concepts on fractions at SDN 07 Tilamuta. The research method used is classroom action research (CAR) with two cycles, each consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects of this study were 30 fifth-grade students. The results indicate that the application of the TGT learning model can enhance students' understanding of mathematical concepts. This is evidenced by the increase in the average test scores of concept understanding in each cycle. In the first cycle, the average student score was 65, which increased to 80 in the second cycle. Furthermore, students' learning activities also improved, marked by their active participation in group discussions and game tournaments. In conclusion, the implementation of the TGT cooperative learning model is effective in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts on fractions at SDN 07 Tilamuta. It is recommended that teachers consider using this learning model in teaching mathematics for other topics as well.

Courses are a place for study material that must be studied by students and must be delivered by a lecturer. Courses are an important element in the smallest unit of student learning transactions, which are served by educational institutions to measure their achievement index. The course achievement index is seen based on the value intervals set by the educational institution. Udayana University is one of the educational institutions in Indonesia and is famous in Bali for one of its study programs, namely the mathematics study program which is within the scope of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The Udayana University Mathematics Study Program has 8 assessment letter scales, namely A, B+, B, C+, C, D+, D, E with the provision that the achievement index for each course is above the letter scale C. One of the purposes of having an achievement index is that it can be used in determine the taking of prerequisite courses for other courses.

The Active Learning method is active learning. Most practitioners and observers refer to it as a learning by doing strategy. The approach views learning as a process of building understanding through experience and information. With this approach, learners' unique perceptions, knowledge and feelings influence the learning process. The problems in this study are (1) How is student interest in learning in the application of the Active Learning learning model using smart wheel games multiplication material of class III mathematics lessons SDIT Baitul Ilmi (2) Whether the application of the Active Learning learning model using smart wheel games can increase student interest in learning multiplication material of class III mathematics lessons SDIT Baitul Ilmi. This research includes Classroom Action Research (PTK) conducted in two cycles using quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis methods.  Each cycle consists of four stages, namely design, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects of this study were third grade students of SDIT Baitul Ilmi, totalling 33 students. The research data was obtained using teacher and student observation sheets and student learning interest test results, then the data was analysed using the percentage formula. The results obtained are (1) teacher activity in cycle I using the Active Learning model from 87.50% to 93.75% in cycle II, (2) student activity in cycle I using the Active Learning model 54.64% to 85.17% and, (3) the results of student learning interest in Mathematics subjects cycle I using Active Learning 32.25% to 83.87% in cycle II. This shows that the results of students' confidence in Mathematics subjects using the Active Learning model show very positive results. Based on the results of this study, it can increase students' interest in learning to be more active and the teacher's ability to improve for the better. 

The Active Learning method is active learning. Most practitioners and observers refer to it as a learning by doing strategy. The approach views learning as a process of building understanding through experience and information. With this approach, learners' unique perceptions, knowledge and feelings influence the learning process. The problems in this study are (1) How is student interest in learning in the application of the Active Learning learning model using smart wheel games multiplication material of class III mathematics lessons SDIT Baitul Ilmi (2) Whether the application of the Active Learning learning model using smart wheel games can increase student interest in learning multiplication material of class III mathematics lessons SDIT Baitul Ilmi. This research includes Classroom Action Research (PTK) conducted in two cycles using quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis methods.  Each cycle consists of four stages, namely design, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects of this study were third grade students of SDIT Baitul Ilmi, totalling 33 students. The research data was obtained using teacher and student observation sheets and student learning interest test results, then the data was analysed using the percentage formula. The results obtained are (1) teacher activity in cycle I using the Active Learning model from 87.50% to 93.75% in cycle II, (2) student activity in cycle I using the Active Learning model 54.64% to 85.17% and, (3) the results of student learning interest in Mathematics subjects cycle I using Active Learning 32.25% to 83.87% in cycle II. This shows that the results of students' confidence in Mathematics subjects using the Active Learning model show very positive results. Based on the results of this study, it can increase students' interest in learning to be more active and the teacher's ability to improve for the better.