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Stunting merupakan salah satu masalah kurang gizi kronis yang disebabkan kurangnya asupan gizi dalam jangka waktu cukup lama yang ditandai dengan keterlambatan peningkatan berat badan dan tinggi badan serta menyebabkan gangguan seperti mengalami kesulitan dalam mencapai perkembangan fisik dan kognitif yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas pijat tuina dan pemberian susu kedelai dalam memperbaiki gizi pada balita stunting. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kasus kualitatif pada satu subjek, An. T, usia 4 tahun. Intervensi dilakukan dengan melakukan pemijatan tuina selama seminggu dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali dan pemberian susu kedelai 2x/hari selama1 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan berat badan dari 10 kg menjadi 11 kg dan tinggi badan dari 99 cm jadi 99,5 cm. Pemberian pijat tuina dan susu kedelai efektif dalam meningkatkan tinggi badan dan berat badan karna pijat tuina dan susu kedelai mempengaruhi peningkatan nafsu makan pada balita stunting. Intervensi ini dapat dijadikan terapi komplementer dalam penanganan Stunting.  

Coping ability is the ability to cope with pressure and problems. there are several types of coping strategies, including passive and active coping. The purpose of this study is to see how social cognitive theory can be applied in guidance and counseling practice to improve adolescents' ability to handle stress. To find the application of the theory in guidance and counseling, relevant literature has been collected and analyzed using the literature review method. Results show that the principles of Cognitive Social Theory, which include strong social support, the use of active coping strategies, and parental involvement, contribute positively to the development of adolescents' coping skills. The results showed that adolescents who participated in a TSC-based guidance and counseling program showed better emotional resilience and self-efficacy. It was found that strengthening coping skills requires support from peers and family. To ensure that the intervention meets the needs of adolescents, ongoing evaluation is also needed. This study points out some issues when implementing a TSC-based guidance program, such as obtaining adequate training for counselors and ensuring that resources are available. It is expected that adolescents will be able to gain better skills to handle diverse situations and improve their emotional resilience by implementing an effective theory-based approach. Further research is needed, especially to improve adolescents' adaptability in today's increasingly complex environment.  

This study investigates the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in reducing neurotic symptoms among young adults. Neurotic disorders, characterized by excessive anxiety, emotional instability, and psychosomatic complaints, often affect university students during transitional periods. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design, 30 participants were divided equally into an experimental group receiving six sessions of CBT and a control group receiving no treatment. Data were collected through a validated neurotic disorder scale and analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests. Results revealed a significant decrease in neurotic symptoms in the experimental group after the intervention, while the control group showed no meaningful change. The findings support the use of CBT as an effective therapeutic approach for reducing neurotic symptoms through cognitive restructuring and adaptive behavioral training. This research highlights the relevance of culturally adapted CBT in university counseling settings and encourages the development of structured group programs to address mental health issues among young adults. Further studies are recommended to explore broader applications across diverse populations and institutional contexts.

This study aims to improve the cognitive development of children aged 4–5 years through observation of learning activities in a kindergarten. This study uses a descriptive observation method with five children as subjects. Observations were conducted for two days to observe children's abilities in several cognitive aspects, including the ability to find solutions when facing difficulties, group small and large objects, mention numbers 1–10, and distinguish between various colors. Data were collected through field notes using assessment instruments compiled based on indicators of early childhood cognitive development. The results of the study showed that most children were in the Very Well Developed (BSB) category for all observed indicators, although there were some children who were in the Developing According to Expectations (BSH) category. These findings indicate that the learning strategies implemented by educators have been able to stimulate cognitive development optimally, and can be used as a reference in compiling further learning programs.

This study aims to determine the influence of digital comic learning media KLIK (Financial Literacy Comics) on cognitive learning outcomes in social studies subjects of grade VII students of SMP Negeri 22 Malang. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach. The type of research used is an experimental type of research with a Posttest Only Control Group Design research design. The population in this study is all grade VII students of SMP Negeri 22 Malang with the sample used, namely grade VII B students as the experimental class and grade VII G as the control class. The instrument used to measure students' cognitive learning outcomes is test questions. The data analysis techniques used in this study were data instrument tests with validity tests and reliability tests, prerequisite tests with normality tests and homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests using t-tests. The results of the study showed that there was a partial influence of digital comic learning media KLIK (Financial Literacy Comics) on students' cognitive learning outcomes. This is evidenced by the results of data analysis with the help  of SPSS 22 for Windows which shows 0.000 < 0.05 which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.

Assessment is an integral part of the learning process that functions to determine the extent to which learning objectives have been achieved. This article discusses the assessment of cognitive and psychomotor domains in reading comprehension material with a focus on evaluative thinking. The main focus in evaluative reading is the ability of students to assess, criticize, and provide responses to information or texts read. Cognitive assessment is directed at measuring analytical, synthesis, and evaluation skills, while psychomotor assessment touches on aspects of real skills such as delivering oral responses or making written summaries. This study is expected to be a reference for educators in compiling holistic and balanced assessment instruments.

This study aims to examine the role of play in supporting cognitive, language, and mathematical development in early childhood. Play, often considered a recreational activity, has a significant impact on developing various essential skills in children. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review, analyzing various sources regarding the effects of different types of play, such as role play, constructive play, and social cognitive play, on children's development. The main findings show that role play enhances language competence, while constructive play and social cognitive play contribute to the development of children's mathematical and logical skills. This study emphasizes that various types of play can enrich children's learning experiences, supporting their cognitive and social development. The results of this study affirm that play is crucial for the cognitive, language, and mathematical development of young children. Various types of play, such as constructive (puzzle building), social cognitive (cooperation), and role play (pretend play), significantly support children's thinking, learning, motor, social, and language skills.

Elderly aged 60-70 years will experience changes in body condition, both physical and mental changes such as decreased physical fitness and cognitive disorders. This study aims to determine the level of fitness and cognitive disorders of elderly aged 60-70 years who participate in Tai Chi gymnastics. The method used is descriptive analytical with a Cross Sectional approach. The subjects of the study were 20 elderly aged 60-70 years, using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique for physical fitness levels was measured through the Six minutes walk test, while cognitive disorders used the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the average level of male fitness was in the moderate fitness category (40.3%), the good category was (50%) and the very good category (6.3%), while female physical fitness was in the moderate fitness category (75%) and the very good category (25%). Research Results Cognitive disorders in elderly men who were in the normal category were 87.5% and probable cognitive disorders were 12.5%, while in elderly women cognitive disorders were in the normal category were 100%. In conclusion, the level of physical fitness of the elderly is in the good category, while cognitive disorders of the elderly are in the normal category

Early reading is an important foundation in mastering language skills, especially for first grade elementary school students. Problems that often arise at this stage include difficulty in recognizing letters, arranging letters into words, and pronunciation and understanding simple reading. This study aims to analyze the early reading skills of first grade students in terms of cognitive and psychomotor aspects, and to identify factors that hinder their achievement. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with test instruments to assess cognitive abilities and observations to assess psychomotor skills. The subjects of the study consisted of five first grade students. The results showed that most students had very good cognitive abilities in early reading, but their psychomotor abilities tended to be low. A gap was found between theoretical understanding and practical skills of students. This finding emphasizes the importance of a balanced and holistic learning strategy so that students not only understand conceptually, but are also able to apply reading skills in real life.

Based on literature research conducted over the past five years, from 2020 to 2024, this study aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of technology use on students' cognitive development in schools. Digital technology plays a significant role in modern education, both in supporting students' critical thinking, creativity and conceptual understanding, and in introducing risks such as decreased concentration and digital dependency. The method used was a literature study that used a sample of literature covering various levels of education, from elementary school to higher education, using relevant articles and journals. The results of the analysis show that technology can accelerate the learning process and increase students' learning motivation if used appropriately and accompanied by the role of parents or teachers. However, excessive and unsupervised use can lead to cognitive, social and emotional impairment. Therefore, a balanced strategy for using technology is needed so that the benefits can be maximized and the negative impacts minimized.

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of the Odd Semester Final Summative Questions for the Automotive Basic Engineering Subject for Class X SMK TKM Pertambangan Kebumen using the Anates V4 Application. The exam question data, answer keys, and all students' answers were collected through data collection documentation techniques. Furthermore, using the Anates version 4.02 program, item analysis will be carried out to assess the validity, reliability, level of difficulty, discriminatory power, and effectiveness of distractors. This research method is quantitative descriptive research, the data analyzed is not used to accept or reject the hypothesis; instead, the results of the analysis show a description of the observed symptoms, which are represented by numbers or coefficients between variables. The results showed that 95% of the odd semester final summative questions for the Automotive Basic Engineering subject for Class X SMK TKM Pertambangan Kebumen using the Anates V4 Application had validity, with 5% being invalid. For reliability, the questions had a reliability coefficient of 0.78, which indicated that it had a high coefficient. Furthermore, based on the level of difficulty, 2% were included in the easy category; 40% were included in the moderate category; 55% are in the difficult category; and 3% are in the very difficult category. In terms of discrimination power, 25% are in the good category; 57% are in the sufficient category; and 18% are in the poor category. All distractors function well on 90% of the questions.

Mojolaban is one of the sub-districts in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java. Mojolaban Sub-district has a Health Center as its role in the field of public health at the first level with 2 health centers, namely Mojolaban Health Center as the main health center and Jati Malang Health Center as a supporting health center. The 10 largest number of diseases in Mojolaban Health Center is in the elderly. When the elderly experience a degenerative process due to the aging process, one of which is changes in the neurological system so that the elderly experience cognitive decline. The purpose of this program is to help provide education, prevention and maintain these changes so that they do not worsen. The method used is education in the form of counseling and providing leaflets to the Healthy Jaya Abadi Elderly Post Community in Wirun Village. The results of the pre-test and post-test questionnaires to assess understanding showed a significant increase in understanding with an average pre-test value of 20% and an average post-test value of 80%.

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of parental working hours and family socio-economic conditions on children's cognitive development within Indonesian Muslim households. This research uses data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 4 and 5, employing fixed effect regression methodology with Stata 15.1 software. The study sample includes children from Muslim households aged 7-14 years in IFLS 4 and the same individuals aged 14-22 years in IFLS 5. The findings indicate that father’s working hours have a significant positive effect on children's cognitive development. Higher income from longer working hours enables fathers to meet children's basic needs, such as education and healthcare, which contributes to improving their well-being and cognitive abilities. However, mothers' working hours do not significantly affect children's cognitive development. Socio-economic factors, such as children's education, also have a significant positive impact on their cognitive abilities, while children's employment status has a significant negative impact. Overall, longer fathers' working hours contribute to increased family income, which ultimately supports improved socio-economic conditions and children's cognitive development. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of Muslim families and policy recommendations to support family well-being and education based on Islamic values.

This study aims to analyze the application of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) as an innovative strategy to improve students' cognitive in biology class X.IA2 learning at SMA 09 Pekanbaru. The method used was qualitative through interviews with teachers and students and literature review was used to collect and analyze data. The results of the analysis show that PBL improves concept understanding, critical thinking, and problem solving. Teachers revealed that PBL creates more interactive learning, while students feel more motivated and active. The literature review also confirmed that PBL improves students' analytical power, creativity, and independence. The results recommend the widespread application of PBL to improve the quality of learning.

Stunting adalah kondisi di mana balita memiliki tinggi atau panjang badan yang kurang dibandingkan dengan anak seusianya. Masalah gizi kronis menjadi faktor utama penyebab stunting, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai aspek, termasuk status sosial ekonomi, gizi ibu selama kehamilan, kesehatan bayi, dan kurangnya asupan gizi yang memadai. Akibatnya, di masa depan, anak-anak yang mengalami stunting berisiko mengalami kesulitan dalam mencapai perkembangan fisik dan kognitif yang optimal.Berbagai masalah kesehatan pada ibu yang memiliki balita dapat dicegah melalui upaya promosi kesehatan. Promosi kesehatan dirancang untuk memfasilitasi perubahan perilaku individu serta menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung kesehatan. Metode promosi kesehatan merupakan salah satu sarana dalam pendidikan kesehatan, yang perlu dipertimbangkan dengan cermat, memperhatikan materi, kondisi sasaran (termasuk aspek sosial budaya), serta faktor-faktor lain yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan komunikasi, seperti ruang dan waktu.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keefektivitasan metode promosi kesehatan dalam penanganan stunting. Studi ini menggunakan metode literatur tinjauan data yang diperoleh dari sumber data sekunder. Referensi yang dikumpulkan dari database elektronik, yaitu Google Cendekia untuk periode 2021-2024. Dari artikel yang telah dikumpulkan, setiap metode promosi Kesehatan memiliki focus yang berbeda-beda seperti metode ceramah, demonstrasi, peer education, Simulation Game dan health education. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa efektivitas metode promosi Kesehatan dalam penanganan stunting dapat  meningkatkan pengetahuan pengetahuan ibu yang memiliki Balita.

Stunting adalah kondisi di mana balita memiliki tinggi atau panjang badan yang kurang dibandingkan dengan anak seusianya. Masalah gizi kronis menjadi faktor utama penyebab stunting, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai aspek, termasuk status sosial ekonomi, gizi ibu selama kehamilan, kesehatan bayi, dan kurangnya asupan gizi yang memadai. Akibatnya, di masa depan, anak-anak yang mengalami stunting berisiko mengalami kesulitan dalam mencapai perkembangan fisik dan kognitif yang optimal.Berbagai masalah kesehatan pada ibu yang memiliki balita dapat dicegah melalui upaya promosi kesehatan. Promosi kesehatan dirancang untuk memfasilitasi perubahan perilaku individu serta menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung kesehatan. Metode promosi kesehatan merupakan salah satu sarana dalam pendidikan kesehatan, yang perlu dipertimbangkan dengan cermat, memperhatikan materi, kondisi sasaran (termasuk aspek sosial budaya), serta faktor-faktor lain yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan komunikasi, seperti ruang dan waktu.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keefektivitasan metode promosi kesehatan dalam penanganan stunting. Studi ini menggunakan metode literatur tinjauan data yang diperoleh dari sumber data sekunder. Referensi yang dikumpulkan dari database elektronik, yaitu Google Cendekia untuk periode 2021-2024. Dari artikel yang telah dikumpulkan, setiap metode promosi Kesehatan memiliki focus yang berbeda-beda seperti metode ceramah, demonstrasi, peer education, Simulation Game dan health education. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa efektivitas metode promosi Kesehatan dalam penanganan stunting dapat  meningkatkan pengetahuan pengetahuan ibu yang memiliki Balita.

Postural balance is a crucial aspect of daily life that enables individuals to move with stability and safety. Children with Down Syndrome (DS) often experience balance disorders due to cognitive function limitations that affect their motor abilities. This study aims to explore the relationship between cognitive function and balance in children with DS. Cognitive impairments, including memory deficits, attention difficulties, and executive function challenges, can impact a child's ability to control posture and perform motor activities effectively. Additionally, difficulties in movement coordination and sensorimotor responses contribute to poor balance abilities. Understanding the connection between cognitive function and balance can facilitate the implementation of appropriate interventions, such as physical therapy and cognitive stimulation, to improve the quality of life of children with DS. A holistic approach is essential in supporting the development of children with DS to help them achieve greater independence. Parents and families play a vital role in actively participating in the growth and development of children with DS, ensuring that their cognitive function and balance are maintained and enhanced. Consequently, children with DS can become more independent and socially engaged, enabling them to interact with others and build healthy social relationships. Keywords: Down Syndrome, cognitive function, postural balance, parents, family

Abstract. Pedagogical competence is the main ability that educators must have to manage learning effectively. This research aims to discuss the meaning of pedagogical competence, the application of learning theories, and the role of information and communication technology in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. The research method used is literature analysis and theoretical study. The research results show that pedagogical competence includes the ability to understand student characteristics, design learning, and carry out comprehensive evaluations. The application of learning theories, such as behavioristic, cognitive, constructivist and humanistic, has been proven to support the effectiveness of PAI learning. Behavioristics helps build positive habits, cognitive improves deep understanding, constructivists encourage active participation, and humanistics develops students' potential holistically. Apart from that, the use of information and communication technology, such as e-learning, video conferencing and multimedia, is able to encourage learning that is innovative, interactive and in line with the needs of students in the digital era. Thus, the development of PAI teachers' pedagogical competence needs to continue to be improved through targeted training, optimal use of technology, and strengthening learning strategies to produce learning that is relevant to the needs of the times Abstrak Kompetensi pedagogik adalah kemampuan utama yang harus dimiliki oleh pendidik untuk mengelola pembelajaran secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan membahas pengertian kompetensi pedagogik, penerapan teori belajar, serta peran teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis literatur dan kajian teoritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi pedagogik mencakup kemampuan memahami karakteristik peserta didik, merancang pembelajaran, serta melakukan evaluasi secara komprehensif. Penerapan teori belajar, seperti behavioristik, kognitif, konstruktivistik, dan humanistik, terbukti mendukung efektivitas pembelajaran PAI. Behavioristik membantu membangun kebiasaan positif, kognitif meningkatkan pemahaman mendalam, konstruktivistik mendorong partisipasi aktif, dan humanistik mengembangkan potensi siswa secara holistik. Selain itu, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, seperti e-learning, video konferensi, dan multimedia, mampu mendorong pembelajaran yang inovatif, interaktif, dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan peserta didik di era digital. Dengan demikian, pengembangan kompetensi pedagogik guru PAI perlu terus ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan yang terarah, penggunaan teknologi secara optimal, dan penguatan strategi pembelajaran untuk menghasilkan pembelajaran yang relevan dengan kebutuhan zaman.

Quipper School E-Learning is a learning media with an E-Learning system based on open source which is a link between students and teachers in the division of tasks online. Learning using the E-Learning Quipper School media can be done anywhere, providing teaching materials according to the curriculum, students can see the value of learning otcomes directly, students and teachers can discuss through this media so that students become more active. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using Quipper School e-learning media on the learning outcomes of class X High School of ITCI Penajam Paser Utara on the nomenclature of chemical compounds. The type of research used is quasi-experimental research with a Post Test Only Control Group Design. The population in this study were all class X students of High School of ITCI Penajam Paser Utara for the 2023/2024 academic year. Class XI-2 as an experimental class that uses Quipper School e-learning media and Class XI-1 as a control class that does not use Quipper School e-learning media. Data collection uses tests in the form of post-tests and daily tests as well as non-tests, namely student response questionnaires, observation sheets of teacher and student activities. The results of data analysis show that the value of learning outcomes in the experimental class is 86, higher than the control class which is 81, so it can be concluded that the use of Quipper School e-learning has an effect on students' cognitive learning outcomes in thermochemical material.

Abstract. Understanding opportunity material is often a challenge for students at primary to secondary education levels. This article aims to discuss the factors that influence students' understanding of opportunity material. These factors include students' cognitive abilities, learning styles, teaching methods used by teachers, learning motivation, previous learning experiences, and a supportive learning environment. By understanding these factors, it is hoped that teaching opportunity material can be more effective and help students understand the basic concepts of opportunity.   Keywords:Student understanding, opportunity material, influencing factors, mathematics learning.   Abstrak. Pemahaman materi peluang seringkali menjadi tantangan bagi siswa di tingkat pendidikan dasar hingga menengah. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemahaman siswa terhadap materi peluang. Faktor-faktor tersebut mencakup kemampuan kognitif siswa, gaya belajar, metode pengajaran yang digunakan oleh guru, motivasi belajar, pengalaman belajar sebelumnya, serta lingkungan belajar yang mendukung. Dengan memahami faktor-faktor ini, diharapkan pengajaran materi peluang dapat lebih efektif dan membantu siswa dalam memahami konsep-konsep dasar peluang.   Kata kunci: Pemahaman siswa, Materi peluang, Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi, Pembelajaran matematika.