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Fungal infections are a common health problem in tropical regions, including Indonesia, since humid conditions support microbial growth. Candida tropicalis is a pathogenic species frequently identified as the cause of both superficial and systemic candidiasis. The rising resistance to synthetic antifungal agents such as fluconazole and ketoconazole highlights the need for safer and more effective alternative therapies. Propolis, a resinous substance produced by Trigona sp. bees from various plant sources, contains flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids with important biological activities, including antimicrobial and antifungal effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract of propolis from Balikpapan against the growth of Candida tropicalis using the disk diffusion method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the extract. Antifungal activity testing showed that concentrations of 80%, 90%, and 100% significantly inhibited fungal growth, with the largest inhibition zone of 27.93 mm observed at 100% concentration. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences among treatments. Thus, ethanol extract of Trigona sp. propolis from Balikpapan demonstrates strong potential as a natural antifungal agent. These findings support the use of propolis as a natural-based therapeutic alternative for fungal infections and contribute to the development of herbal pharmaceutical products.

The research aims to determine red onion plants' growth and production response (Allium cepa L.) on Planting Distance Treatment and Eco enzyme Concentration. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatment factors. The first factor is the Planting Distance treatment consisting of 3 levels, namely J1 = 15 cm x 15 cm, J2 = 20 cm x 15 cm, and J3 = 25 cm x 15 cm. The second factor is the Eco enzyme Concentration, consisting of 3 levels, namely E1 = 0.8 ml ee / 240 ml water, E2 = 1.6 ml ee / 240 ml water, and E3 = 2.4 ml ee / 240 ml water. The study results showed that the Planting Distance treatment significantly affected root length and tuber diameter per sample. However, they had no significant effect on fresh tuber weight on the growth and production of shallots. The Eco enzyme concentration treatment had no significant effect on all observation treatments. The interaction between Planting Distance and the Eco enzyme concentration had no significant effect on all observation treatments.

The study used a pseudo-experimental design with a posttest-only control group design pattern. The population included the entire class VII, and the sample was randomly selected of two equivalent parallel classes, totaling 22 students each. The experimental class received the discovery learning treatment, while the control class used conventional methods. The research instrument is in the form of learning outcome tests in the form of objectives and essays that have been tested for validity and reliability. Data were analyzed through normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test of two independent samples at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed significant differences between the two groups. The average posttest score of the experimental class was 80.68 higher than the control class of 72.72. The analysis of the t-test yielded a t_hitung value of 2.74 greater than t_tabel 2.01, which means that the null hypothesis was rejected. The frequency distribution in the experimental class also showed a concentration of scores in the high category, while the control class was more dominant in the medium category. These findings confirm that discovery learning not only improves cognitive learning outcomes, but also encourages students' active engagement, motivation, and critical thinking skills. This study concludes that the implementation of discovery learning is effective in improving science learning outcomes in the classification of living things. Implicitly, teachers are advised to integrate this approach as an alternative to student-centered science learning strategies.

White Feces Disease (WFD), which infects Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), poses a serious challenge in aquaculture due to its potential to cause mass mortality and substantial economic losses. One of the main causes of this disease is bacterial infection from the genus Vibrio. The use of natural substances, such as garlic (Allium sativum) extract, is considered a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for disease control. This study aimed to examine the effect and determine the optimal concentration of garlic extract in inhibiting the growth of Vibrio sp. isolated from WFD-infected L. vannamei ponds, cultured on TCBS media. The study was conducted in vitro using the disc diffusion method with four extract concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) against two bacterial isolates, designated as isolate A and isolate B. The results showed that garlic extract was able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp., with the largest inhibition zone observed in isolate A at 75% concentration (14.8 mm) and in isolate B at 100% concentration (19.3 mm). These findings indicate the potential of garlic as a natural antibacterial agent to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and support the sustainability of shrimp aquaculture.

Leaves of Etlingera walang (Blume) RMSm have been empirically used in traditional medicine to relieve stomach disorders and are known to contain secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Salmonella typhi infection can cause typhoid fever with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, while Candida tropicalis is a fungus that can infect the gastrointestinal tract and lead to digestive disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves against S. typhi and C. tropicalis. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and ketoconazole as positive controls, and DMSO as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. However, the results showed that the extract did not produce inhibition zones against either test microorganism. Extract evaluation indicated a moisture content of 12.23%, total ash 13.39% (above the standard), acid-insoluble ash 1.25%, total plate count 1.8 × 10 ⁴ , and mold and yeast count 1.0 × 10 ³. The findings suggest that although the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves contains secondary metabolites and is traditionally used for stomach ailments, it does not exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. typhi or C. tropicalis.

The research aims to determine red onion plants' growth and production response (Allium cepa L.) on Planting Distance Treatment and Eco enzyme Concentration. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatment factors. The first factor is the Planting Distance treatment consisting of 3 levels, namely J1 = 15 cm x 15 cm, J2 = 20 cm x 15 cm, and J3 = 25 cm x 15 cm. The second factor is the Eco enzyme Concentration, consisting of 3 levels, namely E1 = 0.8 ml ee / 240 ml water, E2 = 1.6 ml ee / 240 ml water, and E3 = 2.4 ml ee / 240 ml water. The study results showed that the Planting Distance treatment significantly affected root length and tuber diameter per sample. However, they had no significant effect on fresh tuber weight on the growth and production of shallots. The Eco enzyme concentration treatment had no significant effect on all observation treatments. The interaction between Planting Distance and the Eco enzyme concentration had no significant effect on all observation treatments.

Burn injuries are a significant health problem because they damage the skin’s protective barrier, increase the risk of infection, and may cause severe complications if not treated properly. The healing process is complex and involves several cellular events, in which fibroblasts play a key role by producing collagen and forming granulation tissue. Recently, there has been growing interest in natural, herbal-based therapies for wound care. Tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica) were chosen in this study because they contain flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins, all of which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerating properties. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract gel of tamarind leaves at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% in promoting fibroblast proliferation and healing of burn wounds in male rats (Rattus norvegicus). An experimental randomized design was used with six groups: normal control, neative control, positive control, and three treatment groups. Clinical observation and histopathological analysis showed that the extract gel accelerated wound closure significantly compared to the negative control. Fibroblast proliferation was higher in all treatment groups, with the 10% extract giving the best result, similar to Bioplacenton. These findings highlight tamarind leaves’ potential as a safe and affordable alternative for burn wound therapy.

Colitis is an inflammatory characterized by thickening of the mucosal wall of the colon. The Colon In Loop examination is one of the diagnostic procedures for colitis, utilizing contrast media to assess the functional condition of the colon. At the Radiology Installation of RSUD (Regional General Hospital) Banyumas, the radiological procedure for Colon In Loop was performed on post-colostomy patients, thus differs from previous studies. This study aims to identify the examination procedure of Colon In Loop at RSUD Banyumas, the rationale for using Anteroposterior (AP) and Lateral projections, and the reason for not performing evacuation before the administration of negative contrast media. This qualitative descriptive study employed a case. The subjects included three radiographers, one radiology nurse, and one radiology specialist. The object of study was the Colon In Loop Post Colostomy examination procedure in colitis cases. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation. Data analysis involved data reduction and data presentation. confirmed with theory, and narrative presentation leading to conclusions. Result shows contrast media consisting of 250 grams of barium sulfate dissolved in 1000 ml of water (25% w/v). The examination is performed in stages followed by AP and Lateral projection imaging to evaluate contrast distribution in the colon. Negative contrast media administration is performed without prior evacuation to enhance patient comfort and reduce examination time. When administering negative contrast media, evacuation is not performed before air is introduced. This is done based on the patient's condition, to shorten the examination time, and due to considerations regarding the quality of barium sulfate; thus, evacuation could impair barium adherence to the colon mucosa. In conclusion, AP and lateral projections are considered adequate for establishing a diagnosis of colitis. The omission of evacuation is based on patient condition, time efficiency, and the suboptimal quality of barium. It is recommended to perform evacuation and increase barium concentration to improve adherence to the colon mucosal wall.

Background: Anemia is one of the public health problems commonly found among adolescent girls, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. This condition affects concentration, academic performance, and productivity, making early detection an essential step to prevent long-term complications. Objective: This study aims to determine the results of early detection of anemia based on clinical symptoms and hemoglobin (Hb) levels among adolescent girls at SMPN 18 Palembang. Methods: This research used a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 132 seventh-grade female students were selected randomly. Data were collected through an anemia symptom questionnaire and hemoglobin level measurement using a hemoglobinometer. Results: The study found that 23.5% of respondents were anemic (Hb < 12 g/dL), and 48.5% showed symptoms of anemia. However, the sensitivity of symptoms in detecting anemia was only 39%, specificity was 19%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 60.93% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 8.82%. Conclusion: Based on the findings, symptom-based detection alone is not sufficiently accurate to diagnose anemia. Hemoglobin level examination is still required as a more valid and objective screening method for the early detection of anemia in adolescent girls In addition to medical intervention, the study advocates for increased awareness and education about anemia, its causes, and prevention methods among students, parents, and educators. Addressing nutritional deficiencies, especially iron intake, through dietary improvements and supplementation is essential in combating anemia in adolescent girls.

The prevalence of social media addiction is continuously increasing worldwide, including in Indonesia. Instagram has become the most widely used platform among students aged 18–25 years. Although Instagram provides many benefits, spending too much time on the application can cause learning concentration problems, procrastination, and a decrease in Grade Point Average (GPA). The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between Instagram social media addiction and GPA among students of the Diploma Three Nursing Program at Universitas Abulyatama. This study applied a cross-sectional quantitative correlational design. The sampling technique used proportional random sampling, involving 78 students from a total population of 362 students. The research instruments consisted of cumulative GPA data and The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS). The study was conducted at the Diploma Three Nursing Program of Universitas Abulyatama from April 26 to May 9, 2025. Data analysis was performed using bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test. The results showed that the majority of respondents were in the moderate category of Instagram addiction (56 students, 71.8%), followed by the high category (22 students, 28.2%). Meanwhile, GPA distribution indicated that 35 students (44.9%) were in the very high category, 24 students (30.8%) in the high category, and 19 students (24.3%) in the moderate category. The bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test obtained a p-value of 0.001 (≤ 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between Instagram addiction and GPA. In conclusion, there is a correlation between Instagram social media addiction and students’ academic performance. Although Instagram use is widespread, students are expected to develop good time management skills and prioritize academic responsibilities to minimize the negative impact of social media use.

Organic agriculture plays a vital role in Indonesia’s agricultural development, with a key challenge being how to boost productivity efficiently and sustainably. Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) derived from natural materials provides an eco-friendly option to improve soil fertility and crop yields. Bamboo shoots (Bambusa spp.), rich in organic carbon and gibberellin, present strong potential as LOF raw material to support plant growth. This study evaluated the effect of bamboo shoot-based LOF on the growth and yield of white radish (Raphanus sativus). The research was conducted from May to August 2025 in Kalolok, Batupapan Village, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi, at an altitude of 775 m. LOF was produced by fermenting 200 kg of ground bamboo shoots with 4 kg palm sugar, 1 liter EM4, and 200 liters water for 14 days. Treatments consisted of 0, 100, 200, and 300 ml per liter of water, applied twice at two-week intervals starting 14 days after planting. Using a randomized block design with four treatments and three replications, variables observed included plant height, leaf number, tuber size, and yield. Results showed that 300 ml/liter LOF gave the best outcomes: tallest plants (27 cm), most leaves (15.89), largest tubers (29.37 cm length; 6.06 cm diameter), and highest weight (731 g/plant; 6936.67 g/plot). These effects are linked to balanced nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) enhancing vegetative growth and tuber development. Thus, bamboo shoot-based LOF at 300 ml/liter is recommended as an effective organic fertilizer for white radish.

A research project entitled Optimisation of Gandasil D Use to Increase Kale (Barassica Oleracea Var. Acephala) Productivity in Hydroponic Systems was conducted at the Pakkea Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, North Toraja Regency, from March to June 2025. This research project aims to determine the response of Ab mix nutrients and Gandasil D fertiliser in the DFT system to the growth and production of kale plants. The method used in this study was a randomised block design (RAK) with 6 levels of Gandasil D concentration. (KO = Control), (K1 = 0.5 grams/litre of water), (K2 = 1 gram/litre of water), (K3 = 1.5 grams/litre of water), (K4 = 2 grams/litre of water), (K5 = 2.5 grams/litre of water) with 3 replications and with AB MIX concentrations, 0 to 7 days after planting = 400 ppm, 8 to 14 days after planting = 600 ppm, 15 to 21 days after planting = 800 ppm, 22 to 28 days after planting = 1000 ppm, 29 to 35 days after planting = 1200 ppm, 36 days and onwards until harvest = 1500 ppm. The variables observed in this study were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, and plant stem diameter. The results showed that a concentration of Gandasil D 2.5 grams/litre of water gave the best results with an average plant height of 37.93 cm, 12.56 leaves, leaf length of 24.16 cm, leaf width of 14.31 cm, stem diameter of 11.69 mm, and harvest weight of 232.89/plant. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by a post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. The analysis of the feasibility of farming showed an R/C ratio of 1.03, which means that kale cultivation using a hydroponic system and the aforementioned nutrient concentration is feasible and profitable.

This article examines the legal consequences of a delayed notification of a share acquisition under Indonesian competition law, focusing on the case of PT X's takeover of PT Y. The central issue is PT X's failure to report the acquisition to the Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition (KPPU) within the mandated 30-day period, as stipulated by Law Number 5 of 1999 and its implementing regulation, Government Regulation Number 57 of 2010. The notification was submitted with a significant delay of 2,023 days, a clear violation of the statutory requirements. As a result of this non-compliance, the KPPU, through its Decision No. 31/KPPU-M/2020, imposed an administrative fine on PT X amounting to   IDR 1,050,000,000.00 (one billion fifty million rupiah). Beyond the direct financial penalty, the violation led to severe indirect repercussions, including significant    reputational damage, which threatened to erode investor confidence and disrupt existing business relationships. The KPPU's firm and consistent enforcement in this case highlights the critical function of the post-merger notification system in Indonesia as a preventative mechanism to assess transactions that could lead to excessive market concentration. The decision underscores the legal principles of     transparency, fairness, and accountability that underpin Indonesian competition law. This case serves as a powerful deterrent, signaling to all business actors that non-compliance will not be tolerated. Ultimately, such rigorous enforcement is crucial for fostering a culture of legal adherence, maintaining market integrity, and building a more transparent and competitive business ecosystem that supports sustainable economic growth in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the influence of using non-digital or “traditional” learning media on the learning concentration of Grade X students in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). The background of this research is based on the phenomenon of increasing student distractions caused by the use of gadgets and digital media, which often reduce focus during the learning process. Therefore, alternative learning strategies are needed by utilizing simple media that emphasize direct interaction between teachers and students. The research method used is quantitative with a survey approach through questionnaires distributed to Grade X students as respondents. The study population consists of all Grade X students at one senior high school, with the sample determined using Slovin’s formula to ensure representativeness. Data were analyzed using simple regression techniques to measure the extent of the influence of non-digital learning media on students’ concentration levels in PAI learning. The results of the study show a positive and significant effect, where non-digital learning media such as blackboards, flashcards, and simple teaching aids were proven to help increase focus, reduce distractions, and strengthen comprehension of religious subject matter. In addition, the use of traditional media encourages active student participation through discussions and hands-on activities, making the learning process more interactive. Thus, this study concludes that non-digital learning media remain relevant as effective alternatives, particularly in PAI learning for Grade X students, and can serve as a practical solution in addressing the challenges of the digital era, which is filled with potential distractions.

Anemia is a global health problem affecting approximately 30% of adolescents worldwide, with the highest prevalence among women aged 15-49. In Indonesia, data from the Ministry of Health in 2019 showed that the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls reached 32%, with cases higher than in adolescent boys (27.2% vs. 20.3%). Anemia in adolescent girls negatively impacts growth, increases susceptibility to infection, and affects concentration and academic performance. Research Methods This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) as a dietary intervention to control anemia in adolescent girls. This quantitative study used a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design with 19 adolescent girls from MA Bahrul Ulum Lamongan. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Respondents consumed 100 grams of pandan leaf pudding daily for seven days. The results of statistical analysis using the Paired Samples T-Test showed that there was a significant difference in hemoglobin levels (p <0.05) in respondents before and after consuming pandan leaf pudding. These results indicate that consuming pandan leaf pudding is effective in increasing hemoglobin levels in the study group.

This study was motivated by the low performance of students’ drop shot skills in elementary school badminton extracurricular activities, where the success rate of shots remained low despite regular training. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of drop shot training using two methods—fixed targets and variable targets—on improving students’ shot accuracy. The study employed an experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 30 students selected through purposive sampling, with the requirement of having participated in badminton extracurricular activities for at least one year. The participants were divided into two groups: 15 students underwent fixed-target training, and 15 students underwent variable-target training. The training program was implemented over six weeks with a frequency of three sessions per week. The results indicated that both training methods significantly improved students’ drop shot accuracy. However, the variable-target training group showed greater improvement compared to the fixed-target group. This was due to the training variation, which required better concentration, adaptability, and decision-making, making it more similar to real game conditions. These findings highlight the importance of applying varied training methods in developing students’ basic badminton skills. Therefore, this study provides practical implications for coaches to prioritize variable-target training methods in coaching programs to enhance the effectiveness of technical skills, particularly the drop shot.  

Abandoned mining sites often experience a decline in soil fertility, which impacts soil quality and agricultural sustainability. This study aims to explore the potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens in rehabilitating limestone mining lands and enhancing the growth of Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) trees grown in polybag media. Sengon was selected as a pioneer species due to its resilience in degraded soils and its ability to improve soil structure. This study used an experimental design involving eight different treatments, which included the application of manure and varying concentrations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Evaluations were conducted on the 25th and 50th days by measuring plant growth parameters such as plant height, root length, and key soil chemical properties, including pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results showed that the application of 15 mL of Pseudomonas fluorescens on day 50 resulted in optimal plant growth, as indicated by an increase in plant height, root length, and soil quality improvement. The application of Pseudomonas fluorescens also enhanced soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity, all of which contributed to the improvement of soil fertility in the limestone mining land. This study provides evidence that Pseudomonas fluorescens can play a role in the rehabilitation of abandoned mining lands and improve the growth of Sengon trees, contributing to the recovery of degraded ecosystems.

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is known to contain various bioactive compounds such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, brazilin, and gallic acid. These compounds play an important role as antioxidants that can ward off free radicals and absorb UVA and UVB radiation that are harmful to the skin. Ultraviolet radiation is known to accelerate premature aging and cause tissue damage, so a topical formulation is needed that can provide protection while maintaining skin health. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and sunscreen ability of sappan wood extract in the form of lip balm with varying extract concentrations. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method, while the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined by the Mansyur method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Sappan wood extract was formulated into four lip balm preparations, namely F0 (control without extract), F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). Physical tests including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and organoleptic were conducted to ensure the quality of the preparation. The results showed that sappanwood extract had an IC50 value of 23.62 ppm which was categorized as very strong antioxidant activity. In the lip balm formulation, the IC50 values ​​obtained were F0 = 246.76 ppm (very weak), F1 = 92.68 ppm (strong), F2 = 78.03 ppm (strong), and F3 = 63.58 ppm (strong). The SPF test showed a protection value of F0 = 2.11 (minimum), F1 = 13.64 (maximum), F2 = 14.25 (maximum), and F3 = 18.28 (ultra). Thus, lip balm made from sappanwood extract has the potential as a cosmetic preparation that not only meets physical criteria, but also provides high antioxidant activity and effective sunscreen protection.

Traditional games are an important part of cultural heritage that carry educational values and can serve as an enjoyable and effective learning medium for children. Through the Community Service Program (KKN), university students organized traditional game competitions during the Independence Day celebration with village children. The activities aimed not only to provide entertainment but also to foster children’s learning motivation, enhance social interaction, and develop their personal character. This study employed observation, interviews, and documentation to collect accurate data. A total of 30 children were recorded as participants, although the actual number of participants in the competitions was higher. Ten children were purposively selected as interview respondents to gain deeper insights into their experiences. The results revealed that most children felt happy and enthusiastic while participating in the competitions. They also acquired important educational values such as teamwork, concentration, patience, perseverance, and enthusiasm for learning. Moreover, the majority of respondents stated that participating in the traditional games motivated them to be more engaged in school learning and encouraged them to study harder after the activities. Therefore, the revitalization of traditional games during the Independence Day celebration can serve as an effective alternative medium to enhance children’s learning motivation, strengthen social interaction, and preserve local cultural heritage. This study suggests that integrating cultural activities into educational practices can positively influence children’s attitudes toward learning while maintaining the community’s cultural identity.

Traditional games are an important part of cultural heritage that carry educational values and can serve as an enjoyable and effective learning medium for children. Through the Community Service Program (KKN), university students organized traditional game competitions during the Independence Day celebration with village children. The activities aimed not only to provide entertainment but also to foster children’s learning motivation, enhance social interaction, and develop their personal character. This study employed observation, interviews, and documentation to collect accurate data. A total of 30 children were recorded as participants, although the actual number of participants in the competitions was higher. Ten children were purposively selected as interview respondents to gain deeper insights into their experiences. The results revealed that most children felt happy and enthusiastic while participating in the competitions. They also acquired important educational values such as teamwork, concentration, patience, perseverance, and enthusiasm for learning. Moreover, the majority of respondents stated that participating in the traditional games motivated them to be more engaged in school learning and encouraged them to study harder after the activities. Therefore, the revitalization of traditional games during the Independence Day celebration can serve as an effective alternative medium to enhance children’s learning motivation, strengthen social interaction, and preserve local cultural heritage. This study suggests that integrating cultural activities into educational practices can positively influence children’s attitudes toward learning while maintaining the community’s cultural identity.