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The transformation of the digital economy has become a significant phenomenon in Indonesia’s economic development, driven by rapid advances in information and communication technology. The digital economy is viewed as a strategic instrument to accelerate economic growth, enhance financial inclusion, and strengthen the competitiveness of business actors, particularly micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). This study aims to analyze the transformation of the digital economy in Indonesia by examining its opportunities, challenges, and impacts on the national economy. The research adopts a qualitative approach using a literature review method, drawing on relevant national and international academic journals. Data analysis is conducted through a descriptive-qualitative approach by linking empirical findings with the theoretical frameworks of innovation economics and endogenous growth theory. The findings indicate that the digital economy offers substantial opportunities to improve efficiency, productivity, financial inclusion, and the creation of new digital-based employment. However, the transformation also faces major challenges, including the digital divide, limited human resource capacity, and issues related to regulation and data security. The implications of this study highlight the importance of strengthening digital infrastructure, enhancing digital literacy and skills, and developing adaptive governance frameworks to ensure that the digital economy contributes optimally and sustainably to Indonesia’s economic development.

The development of digital technology has brought significant changes to the delivery of da'wah messages to young people. Audiovisual media has become an effective means of attracting interest, enhancing understanding, and increasing the participation of mosque youth in development activities. This service aims to analyze the use of audiovisual media as a means of developing mosque youth at Barisan Mujahid Matita (BMM), Medan. The method used is a qualitative approach through observation and audiovisual production training, which can improve the skills of young people in creating da'wah content, strengthen understanding of development material, and boost enthusiasm in participating in mosque activities. In addition, audiovisual media has proven to help BMM enhance the quality of documentation and publication of activities. In conclusion, audiovisual media is an effective instrument in the development of young people, especially in the context of creative digital da'wah. Digital Mosque Youth

Depression is one of the mental health problems that often arise in patients with chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney failure. This condition not only impacts the patient's quality of life, but also affects the treatment process and the burden on the family. However, mental health literacy in the community is still low, so targeted preventive and curative efforts are needed. The Community Service Program (PKM) aims to improve people's mental health through educational interventions with scientific booklet media that are easy to understand and apply. The activity method is carried out in a participatory manner, including the preparation stage, socialization, educational implementation, and evaluation. Education is provided to the community with a focus on preventing depression through a healthy lifestyle, stress management skills, and early intervention efforts by seeking professional support. Evaluation is carried out through pre-post tests, observations, and group discussions. The results of the activity showed an increase in public knowledge about depression, a change in attitudes to be more open in expressing feelings, as well as practical skills in relaxation, maintaining sleep patterns, and building social support. Participants also better understand the importance of seeking professional help when depressive symptoms are getting worse. The conclusion of this PKM is that the scientific booklet has proven to be effective as a preventive and curative educational intervention medium, and can be an innovative strategy in improving the mental health of people affected by chronic diseases.

In the book Bina Belajar Al-Qur'an dan Hadith for grade V MI published by Erlangga Publisher in accordance with the madrasah curriculum (KMA) No. 183 of 2019, this book is analyzed by researchers in meeting the needs of 21st century learning, especially in developing critical thinking skills, creativity, communication, and collaboration. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of textbooks based on four aspects of the National Education Standards Agency (BSNP) standards, namely the feasibility of content, feasibility of presentation, language and graphics. This study uses a literature study approach (library study) which is used to collect various data sources from the book Bina Belajar Al-Qur'an dan Hadith, journals and others. The results of the study show that this book is in the very feasible category, with the suitability of the material to KMA No. 183 of 2019, the use of communicative language, and consistent graphic displays. However, deficiencies were found in the presentation aspect, such as the absence of concept maps, learning objectives, and the lack of contextual illustrations. Overall, this book remains relevant and can support the learning of the Qur'an and Hadith in MI.

Education functions as a central pillar in shaping the quality of human capital, encompassing knowledge, skills, and health, and thus plays a significant role in influencing Indonesia’s Human Development Index (HDI). This study employs a qualitative literature review by examining key theoretical frameworks in the economics of education, such as Becker’s Human Capital Theory and Schultz’s investment model, supported by relevant national empirical data. The findings indicate a very strong relationship between education and HDI improvement. This is reflected in a correlation coefficient of 0.943 between education expenditure and Indonesia’s HDI during the 2004–2023 period. The results suggest that an increase in education spending of IDR 1 trillion has the potential to raise the HDI by approximately 0.002 points. These findings confirm that investment in education not only enhances the quality of human resources but also directly contributes to sustainable national development. Despite the positive trend and the achievement of an HDI score of 75.02 in 2024, several challenges persist, particularly regional disparities, unequal access to education, and quality gaps between urban and rural areas. Therefore, more inclusive education policies, equitable access, and strengthened vocational education and training are essential to ensure that the benefits of human capital development are distributed evenly across all regions of Indonesia.

The main objective of the Citizenship Education (PKn) course in higher education is to develop students into individuals with nationalist, participatory, and critical characters towards national dynamics. Conventional learning approaches that are still dominant in higher education, such as one-way lectures and memorization of materials, are considered less able to encourage active participation and the development of critical thinking patterns of students in the Citizenship Education (PKn) course. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the application of innovative learning methods in improving students' activeness and critical thinking skills. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through classroom observations, interviews with lecturers and students, and analysis of lecture documents from three study programs at Merdeka University of Malang. The results of the study showed that the application of learning strategies such as Project Based Learning, role playing, utilization of interactive multimedia, collaborative discussions, and nationality-based simulations were able to significantly increase students' participation and critical understanding. This method is relevant to the needs of learning in the era of globalization that demands digital literacy, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and contextual problem solving. Based on these findings, this study recommends the integration of innovative methods into the Civics curriculum in higher education, pedagogical training for lecturers, and the provision of technological infrastructure that supports the implementation of competency-based learning in the era of globalization.

This study explores the integration of critical pedagogy with digital literacy, aiming to reconceptualize digital literacy beyond its traditional focus on technical proficiency and operational skills. Traditional digital literacy models emphasize the ability to navigate and use technology, primarily focusing on operational tasks such as managing digital devices, utilizing software, and performing specific functions. However, these models often overlook the broader implications of technology on society, including its role in shaping power dynamics and perpetuating social inequalities. By integrating critical pedagogy, this study argues that digital literacy should not only encompass technical skills but also encourage learners to critically assess the social, political, and cultural implications of digital tools. The critical digital literacy approach promotes social justice, equity, and empowerment by encouraging learners to question, reflect on, and challenge the ways in which technology influences their lives and society at large. Through critical engagement with digital tools, learners are empowered to challenge existing power structures, fostering social transformation. The study discusses how educators can integrate critical digital literacy into teaching practices, moving beyond traditional skill based models by encouraging critical thinking, ethical use of technology, and a deeper understanding of the role digital technologies play in shaping societal structures. Moreover, the study highlights the transformative potential of critical digital pedagogy, proposing it as a tool for educational equity and social change. By reconceptualizing digital literacy through a critical pedagogical lens, this study offers a framework that empowers students to become not just proficient digital users but active participants in societal transformation, contributing to a more inclusive and just digital future. The study also suggests areas for future research, including empirical investigations on the practical implementation of critical digital literacy frameworks across various educational settings and contexts.

Entrepreneurial interest has increased significantly in recent years among both the general public and university students. This trend has encouraged higher education institutions to integrate entrepreneurship education into almost all academic programs. One group that has gained increasing attention in entrepreneurship studies is students of health-related programs, such as midwifery, nursing, and pharmacy, as these fields offer substantial opportunities for the development of health-based services and products. Although many studies have focused on entrepreneurial interest among health students, the research methods, variables, and findings vary considerably. Therefore, a comprehensive literature review is needed to synthesize existing research and provide a clearer understanding of entrepreneurial interest within this population. This study aims to review and summarize 15 selected studies examining entrepreneurial interest among students in health-related study programs. A literature review method was employed by analyzing research objectives, theoretical frameworks, research designs, variables, and key findings of the selected studies. The results of this review indicate that entrepreneurial interest among health students is influenced by several factors, including entrepreneurial motivation, knowledge and skills, self-efficacy, social environment, and institutional support. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for higher education policymakers and future researchers in developing more effective and contextually relevant entrepreneurship education strategies for students in the health sector.

Cooking oil is a staple food widely used in daily cooking. However, repeated use of cooking oil, resulting in its conversion into used cooking oil, can have negative impacts on both health and the environment. Used cooking oil that has changed color and quality is carcinogenic and has the potential to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease if consumed again. Furthermore, improper disposal of used cooking oil can cause environmental pollution because it is difficult to decompose. This study aims to examine the wise management of household waste, especially used cooking oil, by utilizing it into products with utility value. One form of utilization is processing used cooking oil into environmentally friendly soap for laundry purposes. This activity was carried out as a form of community service through training in making soap from used cooking oil with the addition of essential oils for aromatherapy for residents of Pasar Rawa Village, Gebang District, Langkat Regency. The research method used was qualitative, with observation and direct participation in the training activities. The results showed that participants, particularly housewives, demonstrated high enthusiasm and were actively involved in both the presentation and the soap-making practices. This activity not only raised public awareness of the importance of managing used cooking oil waste but also provided new skills that have the potential to support family economic growth.

The cigarette industry in Dawe District, Kudus, has been the backbone of the local economy for decades. However, this heavy dependence on a single industrial sector creates economic vulnerability, especially when production fluctuations or policy changes affect the tobacco industry. An economic empowerment program through agricultural entrepreneurship skills is highly relevant in this context. Modern agriculture using wick hydroponic technology and mini Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) offers an appropriate solution because it has characteristics that are suited to the geographic and socioeconomic conditions of the Dawe community. This PKM program has proven that economic empowerment through technology and skills transfer can be an effective strategy for increasing community income. Based on the results achieved, it is recommended to replicate similar programs in other areas with similar characteristics. Furthermore, ongoing monitoring and evaluation are necessary to ensure the sustainability of the businesses pioneered by participants. Collaboration with relevant agencies and microfinance institutions can strengthen participants' access to capital for broader business development.

The development of live streaming and shop social media has made TikTok a potential digital platform to support community entrepreneurship. TikTok functions not only as an entertainment medium but also as a means of promoting and selling products online. This Community Service (PkM) activity aims to optimize the use of TikTok as an entrepreneurial medium for Dasa Wisma (Dawis) women. The activity was carried out in four stages: preparation, implementation, evaluation, and reporting. The methods used included lectures, discussions, questions and answers, and hands-on practice in creating and managing TikTok content for business purposes. The training results showed that the Dawis women were able to understand and practice using TikTok as a sales medium, from account creation, promotional video content creation, to interacting with potential buyers. Evaluation of participant satisfaction and understanding showed a positive response to the training implementation. Thus, this activity successfully increased the knowledge and skills of the Dawis women in utilizing TikTok as an entrepreneurial medium and supported the development of digital technology-based online businesses.

Optimizing human resource (HR) performance through a business process reengineering (BPR) approach is a crucial strategy in a competitive and dynamic industrial environment. This study qualitatively examines through a literature review how BPRs radically redesign business processes to improve productivity, quality, time efficiency, and reduce operational costs, with a focus on HR aspects such as recruitment, training, performance appraisal, and career development. The BPR theory by Michael Hammer and James Champy emphasizes the principles of results-based workflow reorganization, the integration of information technology such as ERP and AI, and the empowerment of HR to eliminate task redundancy. In the Indonesian industrial context, the integration of BPR with digital transformation supports Industry 4.0, where HR acts as a catalyst for innovation through adaptive skills and cross-functional collaboration. The study results show that BPR implementation strategies including as-is process analysis, to-be design, change management, and continuous evaluation increase employee motivation, retention, and sustainable competitive advantage. Case studies such as PT Telkom Indonesia and PT Cahaya Mega Group demonstrate efficiency increases of up to 100%. This approach not only streamlines operations but also builds an organization resilient to market and technological disruption.

Islamic entrepreneurship education integrates ethical, moral, and spiritual values with practical business practices. This study examines the perspective of the Prophet Muhammad’s hadith on entrepreneurship, emphasizing principles such as honesty, independence, creativity, risk-taking, and social responsibility. Using a qualitative approach, primary hadith sources and scholarly interpretations are analyzed to identify both values and practical implementations of entrepreneurship education in Islam. Findings reveal that the Prophet emphasized self-reliance, productive work, and ethical business conduct, providing practical guidance such as utilizing available resources, step-by-step mentoring, and progressive skill development. Additionally, Islamic entrepreneurship education prioritizes character formation, integrity, and social contribution alongside economic gain. Practical examples from hadith illustrate methods for instilling entrepreneurial values, including prohibitions against unethical transactions, encouragement to work with one’s own hands, and support for independent income generation. The study shows that integrating moral guidance from hadith with business training produces competent, responsible, and ethically grounded entrepreneurs. This framework offers a comprehensive model for modern entrepreneurship education, balancing profitability, ethical conduct, and societal welfare. The research contributes to understanding how Islamic values can form the foundation of sustainable and morally conscious business practices, providing educators and practitioners with actionable insights for cultivating entrepreneurship aligned with Islamic teachings.

Non-formal institutions, such as farmer groups, play a strategic role in increasing farmer capacity and strengthening agricultural production systems at the village level. This study aims to analyze the role, function, and institutional dynamics of the Bina Satu Farmer Group in supporting tomato farmers in Parabubu Village, Mego District. A descriptive qualitative approach was used, with data collection techniques including observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the Bina Satu Farmer Group serves as a learning platform, a collaborative unit, and a liaison between farmers and external institutions. This institution functions in disseminating information on tomato cultivation technology, strengthening access to production inputs, and enhancing farmers' bargaining power in marketing. However, several weaknesses were identified, such as low member participation in routine meetings and limited managerial skills among administrators. Overall, the existence of this farmer group has significantly contributed to increasing the knowledge, productivity, and independence of tomato farmers in Parabubu Village.

Early Childhood Education (PAUD) emphasizes the principle of child-centered learning through meaningful and contextual play activities. Environment-based learning is one of the approaches that is relevant to the characteristics of early childhood because it provides a real learning experience and is close to the child's life. This study aims to describe in depth the implementation of environment-based play learning and its impact on cognitive, language, social-emotional, and motor development in early childhood. The research method used was qualitative descriptive with group B child subjects in PAUD Mawar. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that environment-based play learning is able to increase children's active involvement, curiosity, communication skills, cooperation, and motor skills. The conclusion of this study shows that environment-based play learning is effectively applied in PAUD Mawar and can be used as an alternative to contextual and holistic learning strategies.

Raining activities on making ketupat weaving for adolescents are important to implement as an effort to preserve Indonesia’s local cultural heritage. Ketupat weaving is a traditional skill that contains cultural, social, and philosophical values, which are at risk of fading among younger generations. This community service program was specifically designed for adolescents with the aim of providing hands-on experience and practical skills in traditional ketupat weaving. The training was conducted through several stages, including preparation, direct practice, guidance, and evaluation. Participants were actively involved in the entire process, starting from selecting materials, learning basic weaving techniques, to completing the final woven ketupat forms. The results of the activity indicate positive outcomes, including the improvement of participants’ traditional crafting skills, increased awareness of cultural values embedded in ketupat weaving, and strengthened social interaction among adolescents. In addition, the training contributed to fostering a sense of cultural pride and responsibility in preserving local traditions. Overall, this community service activity demonstrates that practical and participatory cultural training can serve as an effective medium for cultural transmission, character development, and social engagement among adolescents, while supporting the sustainability of local cultural heritage in the modern era.

This study aims to describe the implementation of ecobrick activities as an environmentally friendly initiative and as a strategy to enhance fine motor development in early childhood aged 4-6 years in Jatirejo Village, Pasuruan Regency. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using observation, interviews, documentation, and hands-on ecobrick practice. The findings indicate that the ecobrick process-which includes collecting plastic waste, washing, drying, cutting, inserting plastic pieces into bottles, and compressing the contents-effectively improves children’s fine motor skills, particularly in hand-eye coordination, finger strength, accuracy, and cutting ability. Children demonstrated positive responses, including high enthusiasm, curiosity, and increased awareness of environmental preservation. The activity also strengthened children’s social development through cooperation, communication, and shared responsibility. Overall, ecobrick activities function not only as an innovative waste-management solution but also as an educational medium that holistically supports child development and instills environmental awareness from an early age.

This study aims to explore the contribution of Christian Religious Education in developing the character of people with disabilities, grounded in Jean Vanier’s perspective on inclusive community and human dignity. People with disabilities are often marginalized due to persistent social stigma, which limits their access to education, meaningful participation, and employment opportunities, particularly within faith-based educational contexts. Employing a qualitative research approach through an in-depth literature review, this study examines key concepts in Christian Religious Education, the characteristics and lived experiences of individuals with disabilities, and the challenges and strategies associated with inclusive educational practices. The findings indicate that Christian Religious Education can function as an effective empowerment framework by integrating spiritual formation with the development of social skills, self-confidence, and communal belonging. Based on Jean Vanier’s inclusive vision, the study highlights practical implications for local churches, Christian schools, and faith-based communities, such as fostering inclusive learning environments, implementing participatory pedagogical models, and strengthening community-based support systems for people with disabilities.Furthermore, reducing social stigma through value-based education and community engagement emerges as a critical strategy to enhance educational participation and social integration. These findings contribute to the discourse on inclusive Christian education and offer contextual strategies applicable to local academic and ecclesial settings in promoting the dignity and empowerment of people with disabilities.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of role-playing methods on learning interest and number concept mastery in 4-5-year-old children at TK Inomata, Suwawa Selatan District, Bone Bolango Regency. The approach used is a quantitative experimental method with purposive sampling of 8 children, and data collection was carried out through observations of aspects such as enjoyment, focus, activity, and enthusiasm, using a 1-4 scale. The results show that the average learning interest score using the traditional method was only 5.86 (low category), with details: enjoyment 1.71, focus 1.29, activity 1.29, and enthusiasm 1.57. In contrast, the role-playing method of trading/store games showed an average score of 13.86 (very good category), with details: enjoyment 3.57, focus 3.43, activity 3.29, and enthusiasm 3.57. This significant improvement indicates that the role-playing method is more effective in creating interactive, enjoyable, and contextual learning, as well as supporting number comprehension through everyday activity imitation and social skill development. It is recommended to routinely apply this method in early childhood education (PAUD) with adequate teaching aids, as well as involve parents to support the holistic development of children during the golden age.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role as the backbone of Indonesia’s economy through their significant contribution to employment creation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, many MSMEs continue to face structural challenges, including limited managerial capacity, low levels of innovation, and weak adaptation to digital transformation. In response to these challenges, entrepreneurship education has emerged as a strategic instrument for strengthening MSME competitiveness and sustainability. This study aims to analyze the role of entrepreneurship education as a development strategy for MSMEs in supporting Indonesia’s economic growth. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design, this research examines several MSMEs that have participated in entrepreneurship education and training programs organized by government and educational institutions. The findings reveal that entrepreneurship education contributes to strengthening entrepreneurial mindset, improving managerial and financial skills, encouraging business innovation, and enhancing digital technology adoption among MSME actors. Moreover, entrepreneurship education supports business resilience and market expansion, enabling MSMEs to adapt to dynamic economic conditions. These findings indicate that entrepreneurship education is not merely a capacity-building tool, but a strategic policy instrument for developing competitive and sustainable MSMEs. Therefore, the institutionalization of integrated and continuous entrepreneurship education is essential to optimize the role of MSMEs in fostering inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Indonesia.