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Pesidi Village, located in Grabag Subdistrict, Magelang Regency, is a highland region with promising potential in agriculture and livestock, particularly sheep farming. However, one of the major challenges faced by local farmers is the limited availability of forage during the dry season, coupled with the low utilization of agricultural by-products such as rice straw. These constraints often hinder livestock productivity and pose risks to feed security. To address this issue, a community service program was conducted with the aim of introducing and demonstrating local-based feed processing technologies, including silage, ammoniation, and Urea Mineral Block (UMB) production. The activity was implemented in several stages: problem identification, socialization, education, training, and monitoring of farmer implementation. Through this participatory approach, farmers were given hands-on training and practical guidance on processing alternative feed sources to ensure the availability of nutritious and sustainable livestock feed. The results showed that farmers began adopting UMB as a feed supplement due to its practicality and visible benefits in maintaining livestock health and productivity. However, silage and ammoniation methods were not yet widely adopted, mainly due to limited experience, lack of supporting equipment, and the perception that the processes were relatively complex. Despite these challenges, the program succeeded in raising farmer awareness of the importance of feed diversification and the optimization of agricultural waste. The training provided valuable insights into how the integration of silage, ammoniation, and UMB can increase feed efficiency, reduce dependency on fresh forage, and support sustainable livestock management. The implementation of these three technologies holds significant potential to enhance sheep farming productivity in rural highland communities, while simultaneously strengthening food security and supporting environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

This study aims to: (1) produce e-LKPD based on problem-based learning oriented to mathematical problem-solving ability and self-confidence of high school students on the material of equations and quadratic functions and (2) describe the feasibility of PBL-based e-LKPD oriented to mathematical problem- solving ability and self-confidence of high school students on the material of equations and quadratic functions seen from the aspects of validity,  practicality, and effectiveness. This type of research is research and development using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Malinau with the research subject of class X-3 students totaling 35 students. Data collection was carried out using interview techniques, observation, e-LKPD validation sheets, pretest-posttest, and questionnaires. To determine the validity, the e-LKPD assessment sheet of material and media experts was used, practicality used student and teacher response questionnaires, and effectiveness used mathematics problem solving ability test questions and student self-confidence questionnaires. Data analysis consisted of qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data analysis was conducted by analyzing the results of interviews, observations, and comments or suggestions given to make improvements to the e-LKPD products developed. Quantitative data analysis was conducted by converting quantitative data into qualitative data in the form of certain categories, normality test using shapiro-wilk, t-test with paired samples test, and N-Gain score. The results showed: (1) PBL-based e-LKPDs oriented towards mathematical problem solving skills and self-confidence of high school students on the material of quadratic equations and functions have been produced, (2) PBL-based e-LKPDs developed meet product feasibility, namely valid with excellent categories based on material and media experts; practical with very practical categories based on teacher responses and practical based on student responses; effective on math problem solving skills with classical completeness of 77%, the t-test results obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 which means that there is a difference in the average ability to solve mathematical problems before and after learning using e-LKPD, the N-Gain result is 0.65 with moderate criteria, and effective on student self-confidence with an increase in the average score of each indicator before and after learning,  the N-Gain result is 0.49 with moderate criteria, and the t-test results with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05.

SD Negeri 27 Salafen in Raja Ampat has not yet implemented varied video learning media. This study aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective Doratoon-based video learning media for use in the learning process. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), adopting the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and other data collection instruments. The subjects of this study were 24 students from grade V of SD Negeri 27 Raja Ampat. Based on the results, the development of Doratoon-based video learning media showed very positive results. Validation was conducted by two validators, namely a material expert and a media expert. The material expert’s validation resulted in an average percentage of 97%, while the media expert achieved an average percentage of 86%, both falling into the "Very Valid" category. This indicates that the developed media met very good criteria for use in the learning process. The practicality of the learning media was measured using a respondent questionnaire, which showed an average percentage of 95.1%, classified as "Very Practical." Additionally, the effectiveness of the learning media was assessed using another respondent questionnaire, resulting in an average percentage of 95.7%, which is classified as "Very Effective." Based on the trial results from grade V students, the average score obtained was 87%, which is categorized as "Very Good." Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the development of Doratoon-based video learning media is valid, practical, and effective for use in the learning process at SD Negeri 27 Salafen. This media is expected to serve as a solution to improve the quality of learning, making it more interactive and engaging, and can be used as an innovative alternative for learning in schools, especially in remote areas like Raja Ampat. This study also provides an important contribution to developing digital-based learning technology in such regions.

This study aims to develop interactive learning media for logic gate material in Industrial Electronics Engineering subjects at SMK Negeri 5 Batam by utilizing Adobe Flash CS6 integrated with CircuitVerse. This media is designed to provide a more interesting, interactive, and applicable learning experience, so it is expected to improve students' understanding of the concept of logic gates which is a basic material in the field of electronics. The study uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach with a 4D development model that includes the Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. Research data were collected through validation by material experts and media experts, as well as practicality tests involving students. Data collection instruments were in the form of validation sheets and student response questionnaires. The validation results showed that the developed learning media obtained a score of 88.20% from material experts and 93.88% from media experts, both of which are in the "very valid" category. The practicality test involving grade XI students obtained a score of 92.80%, indicating that the media is "very practical" to use in the learning process. This interactive media combines elements of text, images, animation, and digital circuit simulations using CircuitVerse, so students can learn logic gate concepts visually and directly practice them virtually. This integration not only makes it easier for students to understand the theory but also trains problem-solving and critical thinking skills. The findings of this study indicate that interactive learning media based on Adobe Flash CS6 and CircuitVerse has great potential to increase learning motivation, student engagement, and conceptual understanding of logic gate material. This media is also relevant to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum, which emphasizes project-based learning, independent learning, and complete competency mastery.  

This research aims to develop a mathematics teaching module based on differentiated learning integrated with the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) method, specifically for the topic of spatial structures ("get up room") for students at Nanasi 1 Elementary School. The development process follows the 4D model, which includes the stages of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. In the Define stage, analysis revealed the absence of instructional modules that align with students' learning styles and needs. Consequently, learning objectives were formulated based on geometric elements and problem-solving criteria. During the Design stage, a prototype module and validation instruments were produced. Validation was conducted by two experts, yielding high scores for both content and visual presentation—each achieving 90% validity. Practicality assessments also showed strong results, with content rated at 90.8% and visual aspects at 90%, categorizing the module as “very valid” and “very practical.” The integration of the PjBL method was implemented to enhance active student participation, encouraging collaborative exploration and real-world application of mathematical concepts. The developed module is considered suitable for supporting differentiated mathematics instruction in elementary schools. It accommodates diverse learning styles and promotes student engagement through project-based tasks. The findings suggest that combining differentiated learning with PjBL fosters a more inclusive and effective learning environment, particularly in geometry-related topics. This module not only meets pedagogical standards but also contributes to the advancement of innovative teaching practices in primary education.

This study focuses on the development of an interactive web-based learning platform for Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems, aimed at addressing the conceptual challenges faced by electrical engineering students when learning PID through conventional teaching methods. Despite its foundational role in control theory, PID remains difficult to grasp without practical visualization and hands-on experimentation. To bridge this gap, the research introduces a practical and accessible platform that enhances conceptual understanding through real-time simulations and physical interaction. The proposed system integrates key hardware components including an ESP-32 microcontroller, DC motor, rotary encoder, BTS 7960 motor driver, and I2C LCD. The platform’s web interface is built using HTML, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript, enabling intuitive user interaction. Motor response data is captured via the ESP-32 and transmitted to the web interface using the WebSocket protocol, allowing users to instantly visualize system behavior as PID parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd) are adjusted. This dynamic feedback mechanism enables students to observe changes in system characteristics such as rise time, overshoot, and settling time in real time. To evaluate the platform’s feasibility, practicality, and educational effectiveness, beta testing was conducted among electrical engineering students using Likert-scale questionnaires. The results demonstrated that users were able to successfully interpret the impact of PID tuning on system performance. The average evaluation score reached 75.13%, indicating strong agreement regarding the platform’s educational value and its effectiveness in enhancing learning outcomes. In conclusion, the study affirms that the developed web-based platform offers a feasible, engaging, and pedagogically effective alternative to traditional learning approaches. By combining interactive simulations with physical experimentation, the platform significantly improves students’ understanding of PID control systems.

This study aims to develop and produce a product used as a learning medium in grade V, namely a learning video media based on the Canva application in the Science lesson Harmony in Ecosystems to improve student learning outcomes. This type of research and development (RnD) uses the ADDIE model which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The product developed must go through a validity test conducted to determine the feasibility, effectiveness and practicality before being used in learning. The feasibility test was obtained from the review of media experts obtaining a score of 90% and material experts obtained 85% in the very feasible category, the practicality of this media was obtained from the review of practitioner experts with a score of 96% in the very practical category. The effectiveness of the learning media product was obtained from the results of student tests that before using the product, 6 out of 29 students completed with a percentage of 20% completion, after using the product the percentage increased to 93% experiencing an increase of 73% with a total of 27 out of 29 students completing. This shows that the media developed is effective in improving student understanding as seen from student learning outcomes. The developed media is feasible, practical, and effective for use in the Harmony in Ecosystems learning material.

This research was conducted to determine the feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of big book media in reading learning for first-grade beginners of the Karimah Quran Memorization Elementary School, Berastagi. This research was R&D using the ADDIE development model. The subjects were 20 first-grade students. Data collection techniques included interviews, questionnaires, and tests. The instruments used in this study included interviews, expert instruments (tests, media, and materials), practical instruments (teacher response questionnaires), and student learning outcome tests. Data analysis techniques used in this study included qualitative and quantitative data. The results showed that the product's feasibility achieved a percentage of 85% and was categorized as feasible. The product's practicality score was 92%, categorized as very practical. The product's effectiveness score was 0.75, categorized as effective. It can be concluded that the use of Big Book as a reading medium for first-grade beginners at Tahfiz Quran Karimah Elementary School in Berastagi is feasible, practical, and effective.

Metacognitive skills in learning are an important indicator that can be measured. Based on the test of metacognitive skills when pre-study obtained the results that the metacognitive skills of learners are still relatively low. One of the learning strategies that can be used to improve the metacognitive skills of learners is a learning strategy oriented self regulated learning (SRL) by utilizing textbooks in the form of supplement books. Therefore, this study aims to describe the feasibility of self-regulated learning (SRL) oriented acid-base material supplement books to improve metacognitive skills of learners. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) according to the Borg and Gall model. Validity Data obtained through validator assessment using validation questionnaire. Practicality Data obtained through the results of the questionnaire responses of students supported by the results of the observation sheet activities of students. Practicality Data were obtained through pretest and posttest of learners metacognitive skills supported by the results of metacognitive inventory questionnaire. The validation results showed that the content and construct validity criteria were declared valid with a median of 5. Practicality is stated to be practical in terms of the results of the questionnaire responses of students who showed a very strong category with the percentage of content criteria, language, presentation and graphics of 94,25%, 90,67%, 95% and 98,3% respectively with the results of the average percentage of observation sheet activity of students at 96,67%. Effectiveness is stated to be effective in terms of Paired Sample t-test results with sig. values 0.05 and N-gain pretest and posttest scores of metacognitive skills in the high category with the results of the metacognitive inventory questionnaire showed a very strong category with an average percentage of 90,8%. The results showed that the book supplement oriented material acid base self regulated learning (SRL) feasible to use as a solution to improve the metacognitive skills of learners.

Automatic motorcycles are widely used due to their practicality and ease of operation. 

The rapid development of technology requires education to adapt to more interactive learning innovations. One manifestation of this is the availability of various digital learning tools, including electronic learner worksheets (E-LKPD) based on Liveworksheet. However, many teachers have not optimized this interactive media, resulting in a lack of interactivity in learning. This study takes a research and development approach with the 4D development model: defining, designing, developing and disseminating. The aim is to identify the development procedure, feasibility, and practicality of electronic LKPD based on Liveworksheet. Research data were obtained through validation sheets from experts, as well as teacher and student response questionnaires in small and large group trials. The validation results showed a very high level of feasibility. Material validation reached 97%, media validation 97%, and language validation 93%, all in the “very feasible” category. Meanwhile, the level of practicality was also very satisfactory. Teacher responses reached 93.3%, indicating that they considered this media to be very practical. Similarly, students' responses; the small group trial obtained 96.3%, and the large group trial obtained 94.2%. Based on the results of the teacher and student response questionnaires, it can be concluded that the Liveworksheet-based electronic LKPD is very practical to be implemented in the learning process.

This research is a type of Research and Development (R&D) aimed at producing an Electronic Student Worksheet (E-LKPD) based on Liveworksheets on the topic of the human digestive system for fifth-grade students at SDN 114/X Pandan Jaya, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. This product was developed to address the lack of interactive teaching materials in IPAS (Science) learning and to align learning with the characteristics of 21st-century learners who are familiar with digital technology. The development model used is ADDIE, which includes five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. In the analysis stage, it was found that teachers had not yet used student worksheets in the learning process, while students showed high interest in digital learning media. The product was developed in accordance with the curriculum and student characteristics, and then validated by content experts (98.26%), language experts (93.33%), and media experts (84%), all of which fall into the very valid category. The product was then tested on teachers and students. The questionnaire results indicated that the E-LKPD is practical to use, with a practicality score of 98.18% from the teacher and 86% from students. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the Liveworksheets-based E-LKPD is valid, practical, and suitable to be used as an interactive teaching material in IPAS learning for fifth-grade elementary school students.

This study aims to develop learning media based on the Wordwall application in mathematics learning for grade 3 at MI Salafiyah 1 Kauman. The background of this study is the low interest and motivation of students in participating in mathematics learning, which is caused by less interesting learning methods and the lack of use of interactive media. By utilizing the Wordwall application, it is expected to increase student involvement through fun educational games. The method used in this study is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The development process begins with needs analysis, learning media design, media development using the Wordwall application, media implementation in learning, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the media developed. The results of the study showed that the Wordwall-based learning media developed had high validity with an average score of 90% from material and media experts. The practicality of the media was also obtained with an average score of 85% from teachers and students. The trial of media implementation in mathematics learning showed an increase in student motivation and learning outcomes. So, students will be more active in participating in learning and show a better understanding of the material being taught. Thus, Wordwall-based learning media has proven effective in increasing the motivation and learning outcomes of grade 3 students at MI Salafiyah 1 Kauman.

Automatic transmission motorcycles, especially those with 110cc engines, are increasingly in demand by the public because of their practicality. The performance of this motorcycle is greatly influenced by the transmission system, especially the Drive pulley and Roller components. The correct setting of the Drive pulley angle and Roller mass can improve engine performance and reduce noise, thus supporting driving comfort. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in the Drive pulley angle and Roller mass on engine performance, in terms of power (HP), torque (Nm), and noise level (dB) at several engine speeds. The variations tested include the Drive pulley angle of 13.5°–14° and the Roller mass of 13–15 grams, with testing at 5000, 6000, 7000, and 8000 RPM. The test results show that the combination of the angle and Roller mass affects engine performance. At 5000 RPM, the combination of the 14° angle and 15 gram Roller produces the highest power, torque, and noise. At 6000 RPM, the combination of 13.8° and 13 grams produces a maximum power of 6.86 HP and 8.15 Nm of torque, with a noise of 97.40 dB. While at 7000–8000 RPM, the combination of 13.5° and 15 grams provides the best performance with 7.10 HP and 6.30 Nm of torque, accompanied by a noise of 104.17 dB. In general, increasing the angle and mass of the Roller increases performance, but is followed by an increase in noise.

The development of information technology has driven changes in society’s transaction patterns, one of which is online transactions. Although electronic payment systems are increasingly common, the Cash on Delivery (COD) method remains popular due to its perceived safety and practicality. However, this method also raises legal issues, particularly concerning consumer protection and dispute resolution. This study aims to examine online transactions and COD payments based on the Indonesian Civil Code (KUH Perdata), as well as to analyze the dispute resolution procedures that may arise. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that COD transactions constitute valid agreements if they meet the conditions outlined in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. However, in practice, cases of breach of contract and unlawful acts are still frequently found. Dispute resolution may be pursued through court litigation or alternative dispute resolution (ADR). In conclusion, legal protection for consumers in COD transactions needs to be strengthened through clearer and more specific regulations to ensure consumer rights remain protected.

This study aims to produce animated video based learning media using the Canva application for class VII students of mts Miftahul Huda Karangsono Ngunut Tulungagung. Development is an effort carried out systematically to produce products toimprove skills and insights. Animated video learning media functions as a tool in the learning process that is intended to convey messages and can prooke students thoughts feelings and desires to learn. Canva is an alternative graphic desaign media that can be used in creating learning materials to create a more interesting and enjoyable learning process. The research uses research and development methods (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model. The subjects of the study were students of class VII MTs Miftahul Huda Karangsono Ngunut Tulungagung. Data collection techniques are feasibility data which includes validity, practicality, and effectiveness. Data analysis techniques include student needs analysis techniques, media feasibility, validity, practicality and media effectiveness. The results of research and development of animated video based learning media using the canva application showed positive result, the media was declared suitable for use. Based on the validity of media experts (80%) and material ezperts (96,1%), the media was also declared practical by teachers with questionnaire and observation results of (90%) and (87,5%). In terms of effectiveness, the media was able to improve student learning outcomes with classical completeness of 83,3% (small scale) and 85,71% (large scale), and received a positive response from students with a percentage of (92,4%) and (86,38%). Thus, the development of animated video based learning media using the canva application has proven to be feasible for use in the learning process. The validation results from media and material experts show a high level of validity, while the reesults of observations and questionnaires show that this media is practical for teachers to use and interesting for students. In addition, the effectiveness of the media is shown through increased student learning outcomes and high positive responses. Therefore, the development of animated video based learning media using the canva application can be an alternative in delivering material, especially in social studies subjects in class VII MTs.   

This research was motivated by the results of observations, interviews, and tests conducted with 1th students at SDN Mojoroto 4. On the observations, it was found the teacher relied solely on the school’s textbook as a learning resource and used a lecture-based teaching method. There was a lack of innovation in instructional delivery, which led to students having limited vocabulary mastery and difficulty in constructing words. Interviews with some students revealed that they quickly became bored with the monotonous learning process. Therefore, a language game-based module was needed to address these issues. The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the validity of module, (2) To determine the practicality of the module, and (3) To determine the effectiveness of the module. The development model used was ADDIE, which includes the following stages: (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation. The validity test results showed that the module expert gave a score of 92%, and the material expert gave a score of 80%. Practicality test results from teacher response questionnaires reached 94%, student responses in the limited trial reached 95%, and in the wider trial reached 92%. Effectiveness test results showed a classical percentage of 100% in both limited and wider trials. It can be concluded that the developed language game-based module is valid, practical, and effective.

Various studies show that learning evaluation instruments in the field still dominantly emphasize memorization aspects and do not fully measure students' higher-level thinking skills. The mismatch between learning objectives and evaluation instruments has an impact on the low validity of learning outcomes. This research aims to identify fundamental principles in the development of test-based evaluation instruments and assess their effectiveness in representing learning outcomes. This research adopts qualitative method with descriptive-analytical research type and uses literature review technique. Data were collected through documentation study of national journal articles, textbooks, and relevant digital documents. The technique applied to analyze the data was content analysis. The findings of this study indicate that an effective evaluation instrument must fulfill the principles of validity, reliability, objectivity, and practicality, and be supported by the principles of integration, pedagogical value, accountability, and continuity. Instruments built based on these principles not only act as instruments for measuring cognitive achievement, but also as reflection tools that encourage the spirit of learning and continuous improvement of teaching.  

This study aims to explore the role and impact of the development of digital payment systems, particularly the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS), on the financial management practices of out-of-town students in the 2024 cohort. Using a descriptive qualitative approach and data collected through open-ended questionnaires distributed to 50 students of the Accounting Study Program at UPI, the research examines sources and management of monthly funds, the influence of QRIS on consumptive behavior, the role of QRIS in daily transactions, the handling of unexpected expenses, and students' financial awareness. The results indicate that QRIS is widely used for daily spending transactions, especially for purchasing food and beverages, due to its practicality and convenience. However, the findings also suggest a tendency for increased consumptive behavior among students who use QRIS. Nonetheless, a small portion of students reported that QRIS facilitates easier control over spending through visibility of balances and transaction histories. This study highlights the importance of financial literacy alongside the adoption of digital payment technologies to optimize students' financial management.

In mathematics, especially in the material of linear equations of one variable, learning media has a very vital role to maximize the success of the learning process. Through realistic mathematics learning methods, it can help students use interactive media to more easily understand complex concepts. The purpose of this research is to explain the steps for creating Adobe Animate-based learning media on PLSV material and to assess how useful it is as a tool in learning activities. Research and development (R&D) applies the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The results of the assessment stated that Adobe Animate-based learning media for the PLSV topic is very suitable for use as a supporting tool in learning the subject. Small-scale trials showed a practicality of 93%, while large-scale trials showed a practicality of 95%.