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This essay examines Nigeria's leadership dilemma and civil-military relations in the twenty-first century. The connections between the civilian authority (CAU) and non-governmental civilian organizations are known as civil-military relations (CMR) organizations (NGCG) against the military. However, peacebuilding is a strategy for fostering reconciliation and capacity building that aims to stop conflict or its resumption. The study looks at South West Nigeria's peacebuilding and civil-military relations from 2011 to 2018. The documentary research approach was used for this study, while content analysis was used to examine the work's content. Data for the research project was gathered through observation and documentary investigations. Agency theory is the theory used in this investigation. The results showed that: the military voluntarily accepts their subordinate status to the civilian authority or his representatives because of a constitutional provision that allows for their subordination to civilian authority; Additional results indicate that there was a bad peace between the military and non-governmental civilian groups because of the disputes between the two groups, which were centered on mass harassment and intimidation. The National Assembly should pass legislation requiring only former military personnel to serve as ministers of defense and police, respectively, according to the study's recommendations. Once more, the National Assembly should establish the Independent Monitoring Operation on Military (IMOM) from among non-governmental civilian organizations to keep an eye on troops' movements and actions. It should also have the authority to reprimand and sanction soldiers.

This study discusses the comparative implementation of the 2013 Curriculum (K13) and the Independent Curriculum in elementary education at UPT SD Negeri 060816. The main focus of this study is to analyze the differences in implementation, identify the challenges and advantages of each curriculum, and evaluate their impact on learning effectiveness. The research method used is observation and interviews with grade 4 and 6 teachers as the main respondents. The results of the study show that the 2013 Curriculum is more structured with complete learning materials, while the Independent Curriculum provides flexibility for teachers and students in the project-based learning process. However, there are significant challenges in the implementation of the Independent Curriculum, including limited learning resources, demands for teacher creativity, minimal parental participation, and difficulties in project-based assessments. However, both curricula have their respective advantages in developing student competencies. This study is expected to contribute to understanding the effectiveness of both curricula at the elementary education level and become a reference for policy makers in improving the quality of learning in schools.

In the modern construction industry, accuracy and efficiency in volume calculations are crucial aspects of project success. This study compares two methods for calculating the volume of pile caps and reinforcement: the manual method and the Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based method. The manual method has long been used but has limitations in terms of time efficiency and a higher risk of errors. In contrast, the BIM method offers more accurate and efficient calculations through software-based digital modeling. This study employs a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach by analyzing volume calculation data using both methods. The results indicate that the BIM method has a higher level of accuracy, with a concrete volume of 1,822.87 m³ and reinforcement of 148,862.80 kg, compared to the manual method, which produced a concrete volume of 1,842.17 m³ and reinforcement of 150,279.05 kg. The comparison of pile cap volume calculations shows that the BIM method achieves 98.95% effectiveness in concrete volume calculations and 99.06% effectiveness in reinforcement calculations compared to the manual method. Additionally, the BIM method has proven to be more efficient in reducing calculation time and minimizing input errors. Thus, BIM is more recommended for large-scale projects that require high accuracy and efficiency in construction volume calculations. However, the manual method remains relevant as a validation tool and for small projects with technological limitations. This study highlights the importance of adopting digital technology in the construction industry to enhance productivity and project planning effectiveness.    

This study aims to identify the problems of learning methods of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) in grade IV students of SDN 060866. The results showed that conventional teacher-centered learning methods were still dominant, causing low student interest and learning outcomes. Most students have not reached the Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM) with a percentage of completeness of only 25%. Teachers face obstacles such as lack of student interest, a less conducive learning environment, and limitations in applying innovative learning methods. To overcome this, teachers plan to implement project-based learning methods that are more interactive and relevant to students' daily lives. This study concludes that more varied and student-centered learning strategies are needed to improve students' motivation and learning outcomes.

Food allergies are medical conditions caused by particular immunological reactions brought on by exposure to certain foods. All age groups can experience food allergies, albeit the prevalence varies between children and adults, with children experiencing this condition more frequently than adults. Find food ingredients or substances that can trigger allergies, often known as allergens. This project attempts to determine whether or not the food includes allergies by applying the SVM data mining method to a public dataset of food goods and allergens that was acquired via Kaggle. High accuracy, effective memory use, and the ability to handle non-normally distributed data are some of the benefits of the SVM method. Data collection is the first step in the research process. Data pre-processing, which includes data transformation, handling missing values, and copy objects, comes next. Validation comes next. Split validation with 90% training data and 10% testing data, 10-fold cross validation, and split validation with an 80%–20% ratio were all compared in this study. The SVM method is applied after the dataset has passed validation, and the confusion matrix is used for the last evaluation step. SVM has an accuracy rate of 97.24% when using 10-fold cross validation, according to the accuracy value produced by the validation process comparison. Split validation yields an accuracy value of 97.50% when the ratio of training data to testing data is 90% to 10%. In contrast, an accuracy rate of 98.75% was achieved by using split validation with a ratio of 80% and 20%.

The evolving construction industry requires a deep understanding and mastery of aspects related to construction, particularly in terms of costs, which are a key factor in project execution. Cost estimation or the Budget Plan (RAB) is essential as a guide during the construction process. This study aims to analyze the effect of brick size on the unit price of wall installation in simple buildings. The study was conducted around the city of Padangsidempuan, taking several samples of brick sizes commonly used in simple building construction. Data calculation procedures used AHSP (Analysis of Unit Price Work) based on the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 1 of 2022. The results of the study show that the smaller the brick dimensions, the higher the unit price for the installation of red brick walls.

This study aims to find out whether Project Based Learning using scrapbooks has an effect on improving student learning outcomes in human excretory system material at SMA Negeri 1 Motoling. This study was conducted using an experimental method with a pre-test post-test control group design research design. The sample in this study consisted of two classes, namely class XI 5 as an experimental class with 20 students and class XI 7 as a control class with 20 students. The results of the research in the experimental class found that the maximum post-test score was 90, and the minimum score was 65 with an average number of 77. In the control class, the maximum post-test score was 85 and the minimum score was 20 with an average of 46.26. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of the use of the project-based learning model using scrapbooks on student learning outcomes at SMA Negeri 1 Motoling on the material of the human excretory system.

The Investment Management Institution (LPI) was established based on the mandate of the Job Creation Law in Chapter X concerning Central Government Investment and the facilitation of National Strategic Projects in Article 154 paragraph (3) which states that Central Government Investment can be implemented by the Minister of Finance as the State Treasurer or an institution given special authority (sui generis). In the field of taxation, there is special treatment in terms of transactions involving the Investment Management Institution (LPI) including transactions both directly and indirectly with the entities it owns. In terms of bankruptcy, the Investment Management Institution (LPI) is treated specially and cannot be declared bankrupt unless it can be proven to be insolvent. And the nature and norms or rules set by the Investment Management Institution or LPI only apply specifically to parties who cooperate or make business agreements with the Investment Management Institution (LPI) and do not apply generally to everyone, so that its nature is a consensus between the parties.

Mangrove forests are crucial coastal ecosystems that play an important role in enhancing the resilience of coastal communities. Indonesia has the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world, covering an area of 3,489,140 hectares. However, unfortunately, this ecosystem is continuously being degraded due to various exploitative and destructive activities. In response to this, in 2020, the Indonesian government launched the Mangrove for Coastal Resilience Program (M4CR) to restore 600,000 hectares of damaged mangrove forests. This program is being implemented by several agencies, such as the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Peatland and Mangrove Restoration Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Indonesian Environment Fund (BPDLH). The program is funded through a grant from the World Bank amounting to USD 419 million or IDR 6.5 trillion. The BPDLH plays a crucial role in managing the funds for the M4CR project to ensure proper financial governance and allocation to strengthen coastal areas through mangrove rehabilitation. This article examines the financial governance authority of the BPDLH within the M4CR project through normative legal research and library studies. The findings of this research highlight the authority and limitations of the BPDLH in managing the project funds..

A business feasibility study is an in-depth analysis process to assess whether a business or project is feasible to run. This process includes a review of various interrelated aspects, such as market aspects, finance, field facts, and other factors. The market aspect focuses on demand, supply, and competition in the market that is the target of the business, while the financial aspect assesses the business's ability to generate profits and meet financial obligations. Financial analysis involves planning funds, capital structure, and estimating costs and revenues needed for operations. Investment, financing, and dividend decisions are very important in managing a company's finances, especially for start-up companies. The use of analysis tools such as financial ratios and the Economic Value Added (EVA) method allows companies to assess their financial performance and efficiency. Risk analysis is also an important part of decision making to minimize potential losses. Overall, a business feasibility study helps companies plan long-term strategies, manage risks, and ensure the continuity and growth of their business.

This community service activity aims to integrate theory and practice through the construction of simple shelters by the academic community of the Vocational Program at Gorontalo State University. The activity is motivated by the need to improve the technical competence and social skills of building architecture students. The method used is participatory action learning, involving students and faculty members from planning to evaluation. The activities include group division, case studies at brick and block factories, construction of the lower, middle, and upper structures, and final assessment. The results showed that 70% of students mastered construction skills in accordance with simple building standards, with the final product being a functional shelter. The main challenges faced were team coordination and time management. Discussions confirmed that this model is effective in enhancing technical skills, teamwork, and understanding of sustainable construction, and is worth replicating in other vocational programs. The shelter construction also provided an opportunity to reflect on real-world applications of architectural theory, while addressing pressing community needs. Through active participation, students gained firsthand knowledge in applying design concepts and construction techniques that are crucial to the construction industry. Furthermore, the activity demonstrated the potential for developing students' abilities to apply architectural concepts that are not only relevant to academic requirements but also to practical, community-based construction needs. The project also emphasized the importance of sustainable building practices, focusing on materials and methods that minimize environmental impact. The construction of the shelter not only provided practical experience but also enriched students' knowledge in creating environmentally friendly and sustainable construction solutions.

The resolution of disputes in infrastructure projects requires an effective mechanism to ensure smooth project implementation. The fraudulent bank guarantee case in the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road project revealed weaknesses in public procurement oversight, where PT Setdco submitted a falsified bank guarantee, potentially causing losses to the Ministry of Public Works (PU) amounting to IDR 26.09 billion. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism in this case. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative approach, utilizing primary data such as arbitration documents and contracts, and secondary data from legal literature and media reports. The findings indicate that arbitration conducted through BANI provided a fast, fair, and binding solution for the disputing parties. However, the effectiveness of arbitration relies on the supervision of award implementation and regulations supporting accountability. In conclusion, arbitration can be a reliable mechanism for resolving infrastructure disputes if supported by an adequate system.

PT. XYZ is an international company operating in the energy sector, especially oil and gas, with a focus on fabrication and construction activities for large-scale projects. One of the main production processes that is very influential is welding. To ensure welding quality, PT. XYZ uses the Non-Destructive Testing – Ultrasonic Testing (NDT-UT) method. However, during the inspection process, problems are often found in the form of rejects due to defects that do not meet welding quality standards. Some types of defects detected include LOF (Lack of Fusion), LOP (Lack of Penetration), and ESI (Excessive Spatter Inclusion). This research aims to determine the percentage of the most dominant welding defects, identify factors that cause defects, and provide recommendations for improvements to improve welding quality. The method used is Statistical Quality Control (SQC) with the help of tools such as check sheets, histograms, Pareto diagrams, scatter diagrams, control charts and fishbone diagrams. Based on the data collected, a LOF defect of 5,434 mm was found, an ESI defect of 1,990 mm, and an LOP defect of 1,030 mm. SQC analysis shows that the dominant defect is LOF with a percentage of 64%. The main causal factors come from methods, humans, machines and materials. Therefore, companies need to make improvements and developments to reduce product defects so that they can improve welding quality.

Global phenomena highlight the increasing attention to entrepreneurship as a solution to reduce unemployment and promote sustainable economic growth (SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth). On a local level, vocational high school (SMK) graduates in Indonesia face the challenge of low entrepreneurial intention, which has the potential to exacerbate youth unemployment rates. This study aims to explore entrepreneurship learning strategies and the contribution of teacher behavior in shaping the entrepreneurial intentions of SMK students through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The novelty of this research lies in integrating two key elements—innovative learning strategies and teacher behavior as role models—which have been minimally discussed in previous literature. The urgency of this research stems from its contribution to SDG 4 (Quality Education), by strengthening entrepreneurship education as a foundation for developing a competitive workforce. The method employed in this study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which involves collecting and analyzing relevant journal articles using VOSviewer software based on selected keywords. The findings indicate that project-based and collaborative learning approaches enable students to directly experience real-world business challenges, such as developing business ideas and working in teams to solve practical problems. Teacher behavior, serving as both facilitator and motivator, plays a crucial role in encouraging students to dream big, believe in their abilities, and view entrepreneurship as an attractive career path. The implications of this research provide practical insights for educators and policymakers in designing effective entrepreneurship curricula while supporting the SDG agenda, particularly in promoting quality education, decent work, and inclusive economic growth. This study contributes to the reinforcement of sustainable entrepreneurship education in Indonesia.

Global phenomena highlight the increasing attention to entrepreneurship as a solution to reduce unemployment and promote sustainable economic growth (SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth). On a local level, vocational high school (SMK) graduates in Indonesia face the challenge of low entrepreneurial intention, which has the potential to exacerbate youth unemployment rates. This study aims to explore entrepreneurship learning strategies and the contribution of teacher behavior in shaping the entrepreneurial intentions of SMK students through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The novelty of this research lies in integrating two key elements—innovative learning strategies and teacher behavior as role models—which have been minimally discussed in previous literature. The urgency of this research stems from its contribution to SDG 4 (Quality Education), by strengthening entrepreneurship education as a foundation for developing a competitive workforce. The method employed in this study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which involves collecting and analyzing relevant journal articles using VOSviewer software based on selected keywords. The findings indicate that project-based and collaborative learning approaches enable students to directly experience real-world business challenges, such as developing business ideas and working in teams to solve practical problems. Teacher behavior, serving as both facilitator and motivator, plays a crucial role in encouraging students to dream big, believe in their abilities, and view entrepreneurship as an attractive career path. The implications of this research provide practical insights for educators and policymakers in designing effective entrepreneurship curricula while supporting the SDG agenda, particularly in promoting quality education, decent work, and inclusive economic growth. This study contributes to the reinforcement of sustainable entrepreneurship education in Indonesia.

The construction industry in Indonesia is growing rapidly, playing a crucial role in the country's economic, political, and social development. However, alongside this rapid growth, issues such as project delays are inevitable. The construction project of the Indonesian Maritime Polytechnic, for instance, has experienced significant delays, which can lead to increased costs, waste of human resources, and disputes among the involved parties. Understanding the primary causes of these delays is essential for developing effective strategies to avoid future delays. This analysis uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the root causes of delays. Data was collected through surveys of respondents involved in the project, including project managers, field staff, and consultants. The analyzed causes of delays include insufficient funding, increases in raw material costs, additional costs, contract document errors, poor communication, and slow decision-making. To minimize delays and their impacts, several recommendations can be made: effective strategic planning, improved communication, increased staff, accurate initial cost estimates, and good management. By implementing these recommendations, the Indonesian Maritime Polytechnic construction project can be completed more effectively and efficiently, and future delays can be avoided.

The corruption case in Indonesia, specifically the BTS project scandal by the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, reflects serious challenges in public financial management. According to information from Transparency International, Indonesia still ranks as a country with a high level of corruption. The BTS project, aimed at improving internet access in remote areas, has been revealed to suffer from budget misuse and corrupt practices by high ranking officials. To address this issue, forensic audits and digital evidence have become crucial tools in uncovering crimes. However, challenges such as a lack of trained human resources, limited technological infrastructure, and inter-agency coordination hinder the effectiveness of law enforcement. Integrated efforts to enhance the capacity of law enforcement and technological infrastructure are needed to effectively combat corruption and create a clean and transparent government.

This study examines the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model through a miniature ecosystem project to enhance the creativity of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri Winajaya III. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group. The results revealed a significant improvement in students' creativity after implementing the PjBL model. Students demonstrated increased abilities in designing, developing, and evaluating projects. Additionally, PjBL facilitated collaborative and independent learning. These findings highlight the relevance of PjBL to the Merdeka Curriculum, which emphasizes project-based learning to foster 21st-century skills.

Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar IPAS siswa kelas V MIs Al Anshar menggunakan Model Project Based Learning (PjBL). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilakukan dalam 2 siklus. Subjek penelitian yaitu 23 orang siswa kelas V MIs Al-Anshar. Instrument pengumpulan data berupa lembar observasi siswa dan guru. Sedangkan Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu teknik observasi, tes hasil belajar dan dokumetasi. data dianalisis menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadi peningkatan aktivitas dan hasil belajar siswa. Hal ini terlihat pada siklus I dari jumlah siswa sebanyak 23 orang siswa, 3 orang siswa masuk kategori kurang aktif (13,04%), 8 orang siswa kategori cukup aktif (34,78%), 11 orang siswa kategori aktif (47,83%) dan 1 orang siswa kategori sangat aktif (4,34%) meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 3 orang siswa masuk kategori cukup aktif (13,04%), 4 orang siswa kategori aktif (17,39%), 16 orang siswa kategori sangat aktif (69,56%). Sedangkan untuk hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I dari 23 orang siswa, jumlah siswa yang tuntas 15 orang siswa (65,21%). Sedangkan jumlah siswa yang belum tuntas 7 orang (34,78%). Hal ini menunjukan bahwa pada siklus I ketuntasan secara klasikal belum tercapai maka dilanjutkan pada siklus ke II. Hasil belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan pada siklus ke II sebesar 18,04 %, dari 23 orang siswa, jumlah siswa yang tuntas 21 orang siswa (91,31%). Sedangkan jumlah siswa yang belum tuntas 2 orang (8,69%). Hal ini menunjukkan persentase ketuntasan minimal secara klasikal sudah tercapai.

In the rapidly evolving digital era, the use of mobile applications has become a fundamental necessity across various sectors, including the construction industry. PT Home Center Indonesia, which specializes in providing and installing furniture for building projects, faces challenges in the QC Pass Land recording process, which is currently done manually. This practice poses risks of data loss, miscommunication with vendors, human errors, and data invalidity, ultimately disrupting work efficiency. This study aims to develop a mobile application to replace the manual recording system in the QC Pass Land process for the Sky House BSD project. The application is designed to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of data recording while minimizing the risk of information loss through the implementation of a structured digital system. Additionally, the application is equipped with a feature that allows the inclusion of photo evidence, thereby improving data validity. The results of developing this mobile application are expected to accelerate the recording and furniture installation process, reduce the time required for data verification, and provide a solution that can be implemented in future projects. Through this practical work, the implementation of the application is anticipated to run effectively and contribute significantly to improving the QC Pass Land process at PT Home Center Indonesia.