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This research examines criminal law enforcement strategies against perpetrators of illegal black stone mining in Suwawa, Gorontalo, with a normative-empirical approach. illegal mining activities in this region not only violate the law, but also damage the environment and create social conflicts. Although there is a strict legal basis, its implementation is still weak due to weak coordination between institutions, the involvement of unscrupulous officials, and the lack of economic alternatives for the community. This research identifies that repressive approaches alone are ineffective, so an integrative strategy is needed that includes restorative justice, strengthening customary law, digitizing surveillance, and empowering the local economy. Structural barriers such as power relations, weak surveillance and social resistance are the main hindering factors. This research recommends institutional reform and community engagement as keys to the success of fair and sustainable law enforcement in addressing environmental crimes such as illegal mining.

Social media has become a significant element in shaping youth political identity in the digital age. This research aims to explore how symbolic interactions within online spaces influence the construction of political identity among young people. A case study approach was applied, utilizing documentation of academic literature published within the last decade. The analysis employed critical discourse analysis to understand the dynamics of power, symbols, and political representation on social media platforms. The findings reveal that young individuals actively construct their political identity through various digital content forms, such as memes, informative threads, and visual campaigns. Moreover, platform algorithms and online communities play a substantial role in directing political preferences and reinforcing ideological affiliations. The implications highlight the importance of digital literacy and inclusive participation spaces for youth, while also encouraging policy development based on evidence to support the democratization of digital arenas.

Students, being academically active, may experience reduced physical activity, risking lower extremity strength, particularly in the gastrocnemius muscle. Calf raise exercises can improve this muscle's power. This study aimed to examine the relationship between calf raise frequency and gastrocnemius strength in anesthesia nursing students at Universitas 'Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Using a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design, 41 students were assessed via total sampling. Muscle strength was measured using a leg dynamometer and observation sheet. Wilcoxon and Spearman Rank tests revealed significant improvement (p = 0.000) and a strong relationship between exercise frequency and muscle strength. Most participants (76.2%) reported high exercise frequency and moderate strength improvement. The findings confirm a significant relationship between calf raise frequency and gastrocnemius strength, suggesting the need for increased student awareness of muscle training.

Law plays a fundamental role in creating order, balance, certainty, and benefit in social and state interactions. Legal science, as a dynamic discipline, continues to evolve along with its object of study, based on ethical, moral, and aesthetic principles. This article aims to analyze the relationship between legal codification as an effort to systematize and ensure legal certainty, and the existence and evolution of legal science in the context of modern legal development. This research adopts a normative legal method, focusing on the examination of primary and secondary legal materials, as well as legal analysis as norms and texts. The findings show that legal codification, which emerged from the need for legal certainty and unity, was greatly influenced by Enlightenment political thought, such as the concept of the separation of powers and the doctrine of popular sovereignty. Meanwhile, legal science, rooted in the philosophical foundations of ontology, epistemology, and axiology, faces challenges between theoretical depth and practical demands, yet remains steadfast in its authentic goal of achieving justice. The development of modern law demands a balance between the formal certainty offered by codification and the dynamic nature of legal science in achieving justice amid societal complexity, driving continuous adaptation and reflection.  

This study aims to analyze the use of italics and capital letters in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with text analysis techniques on quotations in the novel that contain italics and capital letters. The results of the study indicate that there are various forms of inconsistencies in the use of italics, especially in words in regional languages ​​(Javanese), foreign terms, and non-standard words that are not italicized as they should be. Meanwhile, errors in the use of capital letters were found in the form of inappropriate capitalization of common nouns, greetings, and after punctuation that does not start a new sentence. Of the total data analyzed, more than half of the quotations showed deviations from applicable spelling rules. These errors have an impact on the clarity of meaning, stylistic nuances, and readers' perceptions of the narrative structure. This study emphasizes the importance of spelling accuracy in literary works, not only as a technical aspect, but also as part of the rhetorical and aesthetic power of the text. These findings are expected to be a reference in editing literary works and teaching Indonesian based on spelling.

This study discusses Indonesia's security diplomacy strategy within the ASEAN framework and its contribution to international security stability. A literature study approach is used to examine the dynamics of Indonesia's diplomacy in regional forums such as the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM), ADMM-Plus, and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). Indonesia, as a country with a strategic geographical and political position, plays an important role in promoting collective security based on cooperation and dialogue. However, the implementation of this diplomacy is faced with various challenges, including great power rivalry in the Indo-Pacific, capability gaps between ASEAN member countries, and the complexity of non-traditional threats such as cybersecurity and transnational terrorism. This study shows that although ASEAN has a regional security mechanism, its effectiveness still depends on the consistent leadership of key countries such as Indonesia in promoting an adaptive, inclusive, and consensus-based approach. The results of the analysis indicate that Indonesia's security diplomacy has the potential to strengthen ASEAN's legitimacy at the international level, as long as it is able to overcome internal limitations and synergize with global interests.

This study aims to analyze the use of italics and capital letters in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with text analysis techniques on quotations in the novel that contain italics and capital letters. The results of the study indicate that there are various forms of inconsistencies in the use of italics, especially in words in regional languages ​​(Javanese), foreign terms, and non-standard words that are not italicized as they should be. Meanwhile, errors in the use of capital letters were found in the form of inappropriate capitalization of common nouns, greetings, and after punctuation that does not start a new sentence. Of the total data analyzed, more than half of the quotations showed deviations from applicable spelling rules. These errors have an impact on the clarity of meaning, stylistic nuances, and readers' perceptions of the narrative structure. This study emphasizes the importance of spelling accuracy in literary works, not only as a technical aspect, but also as part of the rhetorical and aesthetic power of the text. These findings are expected to be a reference in editing literary works and teaching Indonesian based on spelling.

Automatic transmission motorcycles, especially those with 110cc engines, are increasingly in demand by the public because of their practicality. The performance of this motorcycle is greatly influenced by the transmission system, especially the Drive pulley and Roller components. The correct setting of the Drive pulley angle and Roller mass can improve engine performance and reduce noise, thus supporting driving comfort. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in the Drive pulley angle and Roller mass on engine performance, in terms of power (HP), torque (Nm), and noise level (dB) at several engine speeds. The variations tested include the Drive pulley angle of 13.5°–14° and the Roller mass of 13–15 grams, with testing at 5000, 6000, 7000, and 8000 RPM. The test results show that the combination of the angle and Roller mass affects engine performance. At 5000 RPM, the combination of the 14° angle and 15 gram Roller produces the highest power, torque, and noise. At 6000 RPM, the combination of 13.8° and 13 grams produces a maximum power of 6.86 HP and 8.15 Nm of torque, with a noise of 97.40 dB. While at 7000–8000 RPM, the combination of 13.5° and 15 grams provides the best performance with 7.10 HP and 6.30 Nm of torque, accompanied by a noise of 104.17 dB. In general, increasing the angle and mass of the Roller increases performance, but is followed by an increase in noise.

Internal combustion engines generate thermal energy through the combustion of an air-fuel mixture. The incoming air must be filtered, as it contains impurities and particles. While air filters are commonly made from paper, they can also be developed using organic waste materials such as sugarcane bagasse and rice husk. This study aims to analyze the effect of biocomposite air filters on engine power, torque, and specific fuel consumption (SFC), by varying the material composition and the number of pleats, and comparing the results with those of a standard air filter. The method used is a quantitative experimental approach involving dyno testing on a 150 cc motorcycle engine. The tested material compositions include 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 60:40, and 70:30 (sugarcane bagasse\:rice husk), with pleat counts of 28, 26, and 24. Results showed that the biocomposite filter with 28 pleats and a 30:70 composition delivered the best performance, producing 18.47 Hp and 16.66 Nm of torque—higher than the standard filter’s 17.98 Hp and 15.52 Nm. In terms of fuel efficiency, the 26-pleat filter with a 50:50 composition recorded the lowest SFC at 41.90 g/kWh, significantly better than the standard filter’s 53.03 g/kWh. Conversely, the 60:40 composition resulted in the highest SFC due to increased airflow resistance.

This research aims to monitor the performance of a 2x100Wp Solar Power Plant (PLTS) using the parameters of current, power, and solar intensity. The monitoring system is designed to record and analyze the electrical output of the solar panel in real-time. The experimental method is used by collecting data directly through current and voltage sensors, as well as light sensors connected to a microcontroller. Data was collected to see the relationship between solar intensity and electrical power generated. The test results show that the intensity of the sun greatly affects the amount of current and power generated by the solar panel. This monitoring system can be a tool for learning and analyzing the performance of small-scale solar power systems in a laboratory environment.

This research focuses on the implementation of conventional and digital learning media in Christian Religious Education and Character Education at SMP Negeri 8 Palangkaraya. The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of these media in enhancing student understanding and engagement. A quantitative experimental design was employed, involving 106 seventh-grade students divided into groups using different media: educational snake and ladder games for conventional media and interactive PowerPoint presentations for digital media. Data were collected through observations and Likert-scale questionnaires. The findings indicate that both media effectively foster a lively learning atmosphere, with students showing high enthusiasm and participation. The conventional media was particularly beneficial for active learners, while digital media catered to visual learners. The implications suggest that varied media use can enhance teaching quality and accommodate diverse learning styles, making learning more engaging and meaningful.

This study aims to review the legal aspects and impacts of the vehicle tax amnesty policy on increasing Regional Original Income or PAD due to late payment of vehicle tax, which has become one of the strategies adopted by local governments to optimize tax revenues and maintain the validity of vehicle data. This study uses normative juridical as its approach to review laws and regulations and uses relevant literature studies. The results of the study reveal that normatively, this policy has a strong legal basis and has been empirically proven to be able to increase tax revenues in the short term. However, there is a potential for a long-term decline if the policy is not accompanied by adequate supervision and education. Therefore, harmonious, transparent implementation and increased socialization are needed to avoid taxpayer misunderstandings. This study contributes to the understanding of the importance of balance between fiscal incentives and the powerlessness of regional tax governance.

Plyometric training is a physical training method aimed at improving explosive strength and movement speed, which are crucial in martial arts such as silat. This mini-research aims to analyze the effect of plyometric training on enhancing the quality of kicks in silat, particularly in terms of power, speed, and accuracy. The method used is qualitative, involving a plyometric training program over several weeks applied to individuals learning silat, with performance measurements of kicks taken before and after the intervention. The results show that plyometric training significantly improves lower limb explosive power, coordination, and kicking effectiveness. These findings suggest that plyometrics is an effective training approach and can be integrated into physical development programs, particularly to enhance kicking ability.

Allicin is an active compound found in garlic (Allium sativum). It gives garlic its distinctive aroma and flavor, and has powerful antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Allicin is formed when garlic is sliced, cut, or crushed, when the enzyme alliinase reacts with the precursor compound alliin. This compound has a variety of health benefits. Allicin is an important component of garlic that is very effective in improving body health.

The results of parametric statistical analysis focused on increasing the explosive power of leg muscles have a significant effect on the ability to perform screw serves in sepak takraw games in students of SMA Negeri 2 Tondano. This is evidenced by the difference in average values ​​based on the control group and the experimental group, where the experimental group experienced an increase of 4.30, while the control group was only 1.60. The results of the independent t-test showed that the calculated t value of 5.175 was greater than the t table of 2.101 at a significance level of 0.05, which means that there was a very different difference making it significant between the two groups. This study used a pre-test and post-test design with random group division, and data collection was carried out through a service ability test. The research sample consisted of 20 male students of SMA Negeri 2 Tondano, which was the entire population, then divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group, each consisting of 10 people. The method used was an experimental method to directly test the impact of leg muscle explosive power training on improving screw serve skills. This study aims to determine how much influence the training has on the ability of service techniques, with the hypothesis that there is a positive influence of leg muscle explosive power training on screw service skills. The formulation of the problem that is the focus of this study is whether leg muscle explosive power training has an effect on increasing screw service skills in sepak takraw games in students of SMA Negeri 2 Tondano.

This study explores Turkey’s emerging role as a pivotal educational bridge in the context of international higher education, analyzed through the combined lenses of management and international relations. Turkey’s strategic use of education as a form of soft power, alongside its institutional efforts to internationalize higher education, underpins its ambition to foster diplomatic ties and enhance geopolitical influence. By examining cross-border educational partnerships and the mobility of international students from strategically significant regions, this research highlights both opportunities and challenges in Turkey’s educational branding. Despite notable progress, contradictions related to political interference, academic freedom, and quality assurance complicate Turkey’s global reputation as an education hub. The study employs a library research methodology, analyzing secondary sources to provide an integrative perspective on how education management intersects with foreign policy objectives. Findings suggest that Turkey’s educational diplomacy serves as a vital tool for geopolitical leverage but requires addressing internal governance issues to sustain credibility and effectiveness in the global education landscape.

During the era of the Sultanate of Women in the Ottoman Empire, women played a significant role in politics, governance, and various social and cultural fields. Figures such as Hafsa Sultan, Hürrem Sultan, Mihrimah Sultan, Kösem Sultan, and Turhan Sultan were not merely the mothers or wives of sultans, but leaders who held considerable influence in the political decision-making and administration of the empire. Through their positions as Valide Sultan or other royal family members, these women managed to influence both internal and external policies, as well as initiate numerous social and cultural projects. This paper aims to explore the roles of women during the Sultanate of Women, analyzing their impact on the political and social structure of the empire, and highlighting the legacy they left in Ottoman history. Using a historical and analytical approach, this study provides a deeper understanding of how women, despite living in a patriarchal system, were able to play powerful roles in politics and social development.

This study presents an advanced AI-powered framework to detect and prevent cyberbullying across diverse social media platforms using a multiclass classification approach. Addressing the growing complexity and linguistic diversity of online abuse, the research integrates various machine learning (RF, LR, SVM) and deep learning (Bi-LSTM, BERT) models trained on a balanced dataset covering bullying categories based on religion, age, ethnicity, gender, and neutral content. Data preprocessing, tokenization, feature extraction via TF-IDF and CountVectorizer, and class balancing using SMOTE were applied to enhance model accuracy. The proposed system further supports real-time detection through social media APIs, offering dynamic monitoring and intervention capabilities. Among the tested models, Random Forest and BERT achieved the highest classification performance with 94% accuracy. Despite its robust architecture, limitations include dependence on English-language datasets, exclusion of multimodal data (e.g., memes, audio), and API restrictions that challenge scalability. Future development will focus on incorporating vision-language models and optimizing the system for real-time, multilingual, and multimodal environments. This study contributes to digital safety efforts by proposing a scalable and adaptive detection system suitable for safeguarding users from evolving forms of online harassment.

This study explores the intricate relationship between grief and healing as depicted in Nadin Amizah's song "Bertaut." Through a stylistic analysis, the research delves into the poetic elements employed by Amizah to convey the emotional depth of loss and the journey towards recovery. By examining the use of imagery, metaphor, and lyrical structure, the paper highlights how these stylistic choices enhance the listener's understanding of the complexities of grief. Furthermore, the analysis reveals the transformative power of music as a medium for expressing sorrow and facilitating healing. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on the role of art in processing emotional experiences, emphasizing the significance of Amizah's work in contemporary music.

This study examines how colonial power is articulated through the form, spatial layout, and symbolism of Bogor Palace, and how post-independence transformations in function and discourse shape its new identity. As a colonial architectural legacy, Bogor Palace holds historical significance and reflects power dynamics, cultural representation, and spatial acculturation in both colonial and postcolonial contexts. The research highlights the importance of reassessing colonial architecture as a medium for representing power and ideology, especially in buildings that remain national symbols. Using a qualitative approach with literature review and visual analysis, the study applies Michel Foucault’s theory of power and discourse to reveal embedded power structures, and Erwin Panofsky’s iconography and iconology to decode visual symbols and meanings. Findings show that the neoclassical European style of the palace reflects colonial dominance, yet its adaptation through local materials, construction techniques, and climate-responsive elements indicates a complex process of acculturation. Initially marginal, local culture becomes integrated into the building’s design. After independence, the palace was resemanticized from a colonial icon to a national emblem, illustrating a shift in identity and power narratives. Today, restoration efforts not only preserve its historical value but also reaffirm role as a dynamic cultural space shaping Indonesia’s collective memory.