Publication Search

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has encouraged the widespread use of chatbots on social media platforms, transforming patterns of digital communication and interaction. This study aims to examine the role of chatbots in shaping social interaction, fandom dynamics, and users’ digital identities within contemporary online culture. The research employs a literature review approach using grounded theory as an analytical framework to identify patterns, themes, and emerging concepts from relevant academic publications published between 2021 and 2025. Articles were collected through academic databases and systematically selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicate that chatbots have shifted from being purely functional technological tools to becoming cultural actors that influence emotional engagement, community formation, and identity expression in digital spaces. Chatbots contribute to creating perceived emotional closeness, strengthening fandom interactions, and facilitating self-expression, particularly within popular culture and creative industries. However, the study also highlights several challenges, including emotional dependency, algorithm-driven homogenization of preferences, gender bias, and aggressive behavior in human–machine interactions. Cultural context plays a significant role in shaping user acceptance and interpretation of chatbots. These findings imply that chatbot development and implementation should consider not only technical efficiency but also social, psychological, and ethical dimensions to ensure responsible and inclusive digital interaction.

This study aims to describe the perspectives of economic actors regarding the importance of money in daily interactions and transactions. Money, as a medium of exchange, not only facilitates the transfer of goods and services but also shapes more efficient and structured economic behavior. In everyday activities, economic actors view money as an instrument that provides value certainty, transactional convenience, and flexibility in managing needs and expenditures. The role of money is also understood as a factor influencing socio-economic relationships, as interactions between individuals are often grounded in transactional processes that require trust and universally accepted exchange values. Furthermore, the development of payment technologies has broadened economic actors’ understanding of money, especially within the context of digitalized transactions. This study illustrates that money is not merely a transactional tool but also a crucial element in shaping the socio-economic dynamics of modern society. The findings are expected to contribute to microeconomic discussions related to how economic actors utilize money as a fundamental instrument in daily economic activities.

The innovation of learning-based instructional videos holds great potential to enhance interaction during the learning process. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using learning-based videos compared to traditional teaching methods. Using a qualitative approach with classroom action research (CAR), data were collected from 91 students across two schools through questionnaires and direct observation. The findings reveal that video usage not only enhances students’ learning motivation but also fosters active engagement in class discussions. Visually and interactively presented videos assist students in understanding complex concepts, despite challenges such as technological limitations and insufficient teacher training. This study concludes that the innovation of video-based learning significantly contributes to improving teaching effectiveness and student motivation, emphasizing the need for improved technological infrastructure and teacher training to optimize technology-based learning.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi pemasaran yang diterapkan oleh Honor of Kings dalam meningkatkan loyalitas pengguna di pasar global. Metodenya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi pemasaran Honor of Kings melibatkan kombinasi digital marketing, kolaborasi dengan influencer lokal, adaptasi budaya, serta penguatan komunitas game. Penyesuaian konten dengan preferensi budaya lokal menjadi kunci dalam menciptakan kedekatan emosional dengan pengguna. Selain itu, pembaruan konten secara berkala dan interaksi dua arah dengan pemain melalui komunitas memperkuat loyalitas pengguna. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi pemasaran yang berorientasi pada nilai dan budaya lokal mampu meningkatkan keterlibatan dan retensi pemain dalam pasar global yang kompetitif

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi komunikasi pemasaran digital dalam meningkatkan penjualan pada Usaha Buraq Telur di Terminal Pangkajenne, Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada tingginya tingkat persaingan antar pelaku usaha telur di pasar lokal yang menuntut strategi pemasaran yang lebih adaptif, khususnya melalui pemanfaatan media digital sederhana seperti WhatsApp dan Facebook. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, di mana data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak NVivo 12 Plus untuk mengorganisasi dan mengidentifikasi tema-tema strategis dalam praktik komunikasi pemasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi komunikasi pemasaran digital terbukti efektif dalam mendukung peningkatan penjualan. Personal selling menjadi strategi dominan dengan proporsi 29,38%, diikuti oleh promosi penjualan (25,28%) dan pemasaran langsung (20,94%). Aspek ini menunjukkan bahwa interaksi personal, penawaran khusus, dan komunikasi digital sederhana mampu membangun kedekatan dengan konsumen sekaligus meningkatkan loyalitas. Dari perspektif bauran pemasaran, indikator harga menempati posisi tertinggi sebesar 27,86%, disusul produk (26,24%) dan tempat (25,30%), sedangkan promosi berada di posisi terendah yaitu 20,60%. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa strategi penetapan harga yang kompetitif, kualitas produk yang terjaga, serta distribusi yang tepat memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan penjualan, meskipun promosi digital masih sederhana. Kesimpulannya, keberhasilan strategi komunikasi pemasaran digital pada Usaha Buraq Telur dipengaruhi oleh kombinasi antara komunikasi interpersonal, bauran pemasaran yang seimbang, serta pemanfaatan media digital yang konsisten. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi praktis bagi UMKM dalam mengoptimalkan strategi digital untuk meningkatkan daya saing di pasar lokal.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi pemasaran digital melalui Instagram dalam meningkatkan penjualan pada UMKM Kedai 2 Putri di Desa Sipodeceng, Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Latar belakang penelitian didasari oleh fenomena meningkatnya penggunaan media sosial sebagai sarana promosi bisnis, khususnya di kalangan UMKM yang membutuhkan strategi efektif untuk menjangkau konsumen lebih luas. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif, di mana data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi yang melibatkan pemilik, karyawan, serta pelanggan Kedai 2 Putri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi pemasaran digital yang diterapkan melalui Instagram meliputi empat indikator utama, yaitu pembuatan konten (content creation), berbagi konten (content sharing), membangun interaksi (connecting), dan pembangunan komunitas (community building). Dari keempat indikator tersebut, pembuatan konten menjadi faktor paling dominan dalam menarik minat konsumen dan memperkuat citra merek, karena visual produk yang menarik dan konsistensi unggahan terbukti mampu meningkatkan interaksi serta mendorong keputusan pembelian. Selain itu, strategi pemasaran digital juga diperkuat oleh elemen bauran pemasaran (7P) yang mencakup produk, harga, tempat, promosi, orang, proses, dan bukti fisik. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pemanfaatan Instagram secara optimal dapat meningkatkan visibilitas, keterlibatan pelanggan, serta penjualan UMKM.

This research was conducted at Malahayu 03 Elementary School, Brebes Regency. The objectives of this research are (1) To describe the impact of bullying on students' social interactions (2) To describe the factors that influence students' social interactions after experiencing bullying. This type of research uses Qualitative research using interview and Documentation techniques. Based on the results of research conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation at Malahayu 03 Elementary School, it can be concluded that bullying has a significant impact on students' social interactions, especially for victims. These impacts can be seen in the following aspects: (1) Emotional and psychological: Students who are victims of bullying show symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness, prolonged sadness, fear of expressing opinions, and experiencing pressure to be accepted by the group. (2) Decreased social interaction: Victims tend to be alone, avoid group activities, and withdraw from the social environment of the class. (3) Decrease in academic achievement: It was found that victims of bullying experienced a decline in academic grades and difficulty concentrating while studying, as a result of the mental pressure they experienced. (4) School environment: The existence of a culture of seniority and the lack of serious handling by the school towards perpetrators of bullying causes victims to feel increasingly unsafe.

This study aims to describe the role of digital media in the dynamics of teaching and learning interactions in educational environments. The development of information and communication technology has brought about significant changes in the learning system, where digital media has now become an integral part of teaching and learning activities. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with data collected through journals and books related to digital-based learning. The results indicate that digital media plays a significant role in increasing the effectiveness and flexibility of the learning process. Digital media helps teachers deliver material more engagingly, facilitates two-way communication between teachers and students, and supports faster and more efficient learning evaluation. However, the use of digital media also creates new dynamics, such as reduced direct social interaction and the emergence of challenges in maintaining student learning motivation. The effectiveness of digital learning is greatly influenced by teachers' digital literacy readiness, student discipline, and the support of school infrastructure and policies.

Early childhood represents a golden period that is vital for the development of all aspects of a child’s abilities, particularly language skills. Speaking ability plays a central role as it serves as a child’s primary means of communication and social interaction. However, not all children achieve speech milestones appropriate for their age. Speech delays can negatively affect social, emotional, and academic growth if not identified early. This study aims to identify speech delays in early childhood through classroom interactions and to analyze the role of teachers in early detection and stimulation of language skills. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the study involved ten children aged 4–6 years at Siti Khadijah Kindergarten. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model comprising data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Findings revealed that two children showed signs of speech delay, characterized by limited vocabulary, unclear pronunciation, and difficulty forming simple sentences. The main contributing factors were a lack of verbal stimulation at home and excessive gadget use, which reduced direct communication. Activities such as circle time, role-playing, and storytelling were found effective for detecting and stimulating speech development. Teachers play a crucial role as early detection agents, working collaboratively with parents to ensure continuous stimulation at home. Strengthening teachers’ capacity to observe, identify, and support children with speech delays is essential for promoting optimal language development.

Symbolic interactionism is an approach that examines how symbols and meanings are created through interactions between individuals within a learning context. This approach explores how individuals use symbols to communicate, interact, and understand the world around them. In the context of the learning process, symbolic interactionist analysis can provide a deep understanding of how learning occurs through interactions between teachers and students, as well as among students themselves. Through this analysis, we can observe how symbols such as language, gestures, and expressions are used to communicate ideas and concepts being taught in the classroom. Additionally, symbolic interactionist analysis can also help us understand how individuals construct their identities within the learning environment. In the modern era of education, the interaction between teachers and students has become one of the crucial aspects of the learning process. Through social interaction and the use of symbols, individuals can shape their perceptions of themselves and how they are viewed by others. This can affect their motivation and engagement in learning. Thus, symbolic interactionist analysis offers valuable insights into understanding the learning process and how interactions between individuals play a key role in the construction of meaning and understanding. Through this understanding, we can improve the quality of learning and provide more meaningful learning experiences for students. Communication does not only occur through words but also through nonverbal communication, including facial expressions, body movements, and other gestures. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how symbolic interactionism plays a role in learning and how nonverbal communication influences the dynamics of classroom interaction.

Penelitian ini mengkaji strategi pemasaran live shopping pada platform TikTok Shop dan pengaruhnya terhadap minat beli konsumen dengan pendekatan prinsip syariah. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui studi pustaka sistematis, penelitian ini menganalisis strategi pemasaran digital seperti flash sale, interaksi langsung, dan promosi yang diterapkan dalam live shopping TikTok serta mengkaji bagaimana aspek etika dan kepatuhan syariah memengaruhi keputusan pembelian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi antara strategi pemasaran modern dan prinsip syariah seperti kejujuran, keadilan, kemaslahatan produk, dan kesadaran tauhid mampu meningkatkan minat beli konsumen Muslim sekaligus membangun loyalitas dan citra positif pada platform. Temuan ini memberikan rekomendasi praktis bagi pelaku usaha untuk memformulasikan strategi pemasaran yang tidak hanya efektif secara komersial tetapi juga sesuai nilai-nilai Islam. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi baru dengan mengintegrasikan analisis strategi pemasaran live shopping TikTok Shop menggunakan pendekatan prinsip syariah secara komprehensif. Studi ini tidak hanya menilai efektivitas flash sale dan interaksi langsung dalam meningkatkan minat beli, tetapi juga mengevaluasi aspek kejujuran, keadilan, dan kemaslahatan produk yang jarang dikaji secara mendalam dalam konteks pemasaran digital Islami. Pendekatan ini menegaskan pentingnya integrasi nilai-nilai Islam dalam strategi pemasaran digital demi membangun loyalitas konsumen Muslim secara berkelanjutan.  

This study was conducted at TK Negeri Lebiti, Togean District, Tojo Una-una Regency, Central Sulawesi, with the aim of determining the effect of the demonstration method on the social interaction skills of early childhood students. The background of this research is based on the importance of developing children’s social abilities from an early age through learning activities that involve direct participation and interaction. The main problem examined in this study is whether the demonstration method significantly influences the improvement of children’s social interaction skills. This research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of two classes of children aged 4–6 years, comprising 12 children in the experimental class and 20 children in the control class, making a total of 32 participants. The experimental class was taught using the demonstration method, while the control class used conventional learning methods. Data were collected through observation and assessment of children’s social behaviors during learning activities. The collected data were analyzed using statistical techniques to test the research hypothesis. The findings are expected to provide empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of the demonstration method in improving children’s social interaction skills within the context of early childhood education.

This study aims to examine how social interactions between stakeholders at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN) Yogyakarta affect the performance of outsourced security guards. In the context of higher education, outsourced security guards hold a strategic position in maintaining campus security, so the dynamics of social relationships involving them, both with internal and external parties, are important aspects to examine. The research approach used was qualitative, combining field observation methods, in-depth interviews with seven key informants, and documentation review. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions using the Miles and Huberman model. The results show that open communication, regular appreciation, and structured coordination contribute significantly to improving motivation, discipline, and the quality of security services. Healthy competition between members encourages increased professionalism, while conflicts that arise in daily interactions can be managed effectively through a persuasive approach and collective support from colleagues and superiors. These findings confirm that the performance of outsourced officers is not solely determined by formal work systems or hierarchical instructions, but also by the quality of social relationships established in the work environment. Thus, positive social interactions play a crucial role in creating optimal performance and can serve as a model for relevant managerial practices for other higher education institutions.

Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh keadilan organisasi terhadap keterlibatan kerja pegawai di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas IIA Binjai. Tujuannya adalah untuk memahami sejauh mana penerapan keadilan organisasi, yang meliputi dimensi keadilan prosedural, distributif, interaksional, dan informasional, dapat meningkatkan motivasi, dedikasi, serta kinerja pegawai demi menunjang efektivitas pelayanan publik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode survei melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada 107 pegawai. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji normalitas, regresi linear sederhana, uji signifikansi, dan koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadilan organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keterlibatan kerja, dengan nilai koefisien determinasi sebesar 45,2%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa persepsi keadilan dalam organisasi memberikan kontribusi yang substansial terhadap tingkat semangat (vigor), dedikasi (dedication), dan penyerapan (absorption) pegawai dalam menjalankan tugas. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengungkap adanya kebutuhan penambahan sumber daya manusia agar distribusi beban kerja menjadi lebih proporsional dan tidak menimbulkan ketimpangan yang berdampak pada ketidakadilan. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa keadilan organisasi merupakan faktor penting dalam membangun lingkungan kerja yang produktif dan mendukung keterlibatan pegawai secara optimal. Disarankan agar manajemen Lapas Kelas IIA Binjai terus memperkuat prinsip keadilan dalam sistem kerja, distribusi pelatihan, dan pengelolaan SDM guna menciptakan suasana kerja yang adil, kondusif, dan berkelanjutan.

Latar belakang penelitian ini didasari oleh tingginya tekanan kerja yang dihadapi pegawai pemasyarakatan, khususnya dalam tugas-tugas yang menuntut kontrol emosi dan interaksi sosial yang intens. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kecerdasan emosional terhadap kelelahan emosional pada pegawai Rutan Kelas I Samarinda. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan survey design. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada 92 responden petugas pemasyarakatan di Rutan Kelas I Samarinda. Melalui pengujian determinasi didapatkan nilai R square sebesar 0,173. Hal ini menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh variabel kecerdasan emosional sebagai variabel bebas sebesar 17,3% terhadap variabel kelelahan emosional sebagai variabel terikat sedangkan sisanya sebesar 82,7% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak dijelaskan dalam penelitian ini. Dari hasil perhitungan uji signifikansi didapatkan nilai 0,000 < 0,05. Hal ini menandakan bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima yang berarti adanya pengaruh variabel kecerdasan emosional terhadap kelelahan emosional.  Dari hasil uji regresi linear sederhana diperoleh persamaan Y = 36,581 + (-0,219X), hasil kofisien regresi yang bernilai negatif menunjukkan bahwa kedua variabel memiliki pengaruh yang negatif. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif dan signifikan antara kecerdasan emosional terhadap kelelahan emosional pegawai Rumah Tahanan Negara Kelas I Samarinda.

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu kondisi medis yang dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi serius, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, stroke, dan gagal ginjal . Manajemen perawatan diri (self-care management) menjadi faktor penting dalam mengontrol tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi . Self-care management mencakup regulasi diri, kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan, pemantauan tekanan darah, serta interaksi dengan tenaga medis . Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif korelasional dan metode cross-sectional . Sampel penelitian berjumlah 159 pasien hipertensi yang berobat di RS Islam Sultan Agung Semarang. Dari analisis univariat, mayoritas responden berada dalam rentang usia 45-59 tahun, berpendidikan terakhir SD, bekerja sebagai wiraswasta, serta memiliki tekanan darah tinggi selama rata-rata 3 tahun. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan signifikan antara self-care management dan tekanan darah sistolik (p = 0,035) serta tekanan darah diastolik (p = 0,041) . Kesimpulannya terdapat hubungan antara self-care management dengan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi . Dengan meningkatkan self-care management, pasien dapat mengelola tekanan darah secara lebih efektif.

Perkembangan media sosial telah mengubah strategi pemasaran digital secara signifikan, dengan TikTok Shop menjadi salah satu kanal e-commerce yang berkembang pesat untuk memperkuat keterlibatan merek dan loyalitas konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh komunikasi pemasaran online, konten marketing, dan brand engagement terhadap loyalitas merek pada platform TikTok Shop dengan studi kasus merek lokal Shiyu Shopeu. Pendekatan penelitian bersifat kuantitatif dengan desain survei potong lintang terhadap 120 responden yang dipilih secara purposive, mencakup konsumen aktif yang telah melakukan pembelian melalui TikTok Shop. Data primer diperoleh melalui kuesioner skala Likert lima poin, sedangkan analisis dilakukan menggunakan regresi linier berganda setelah melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas, dan asumsi klasik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketiga variabel independen memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap loyalitas merek (nilai F-hitung = 103,26; Sig. < 0,001), dengan brand engagement sebagai variabel dominan (t-hitung = 5,922; Sig. < 0,001), sementara nilai R² = 0,692 mengindikasikan bahwa 69,2% variasi loyalitas merek dapat dijelaskan oleh model. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya interaksi emosional dan keterlibatan aktif konsumen dalam membangun komitmen merek di lingkungan digital yang dinamis. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam memperkaya literatur pemasaran digital, serta memberikan rekomendasi strategis bagi pelaku usaha untuk mengoptimalkan komunikasi daring dan konten kreatif guna meningkatkan loyalitas pelanggan secara berkelanjutan.

Positive social interaction among nursing students can be disrupted by Toxic Friendship and Body Shaming, which affect empathy, communication, and the quality of nursing care in the future. This study aims to analyze the correlation between Body Shaming and Toxic Friendship with social interaction among Nursing Students at Universitas Indonesia Maju in 2025. The research method used was quantitative with a descriptive correlational design and a cross-sectional approach. A cluster sampling technique was applied, involving 82 respondents. Data were collected using social interaction, Body Shaming, and Toxic Friendship questionnaires measured with a 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation. The results showed that: (1) the majority of respondents had a moderate level of Body Shaming, with 60 students or 73.2%; (2) the majority of respondents had a high level of Toxic Friendship, with 52 students or 63.4%; (3) there was a significant relationship between Body Shaming and social interaction among Nursing Students at Universitas Indonesia Maju with a p-value of 0.00 < 0.05; and (4) there was a significant relationship between Toxic Friendship and social interaction among Nursing Students at Universitas Indonesia Maju with a p-value of 0.00 < 0.05. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between Body Shaming and Toxic Friendship with social interaction. The study suggests socializing the impacts of Body Shaming and Toxic Friendship.

Grobbak Korea merupakan salah satu UMKM yang ada di Kota Salatiga yang membutuhkan pendampingan dalam pemanfaatan media sosial dan platform online untuk meningkatkan pemasaran digitalnya. Permasalahan utama adalah kurangnya pemanfaatan media digital secara optimal, serta tidak adanya strategi konten yang konsisten dan terarah. Kegiatan pendampingan dilakukan pada tanggal 27 April 2025 - 9 Juni 2025. Media sosial yang dikembangkan antara lain melalui Instagram dan TikTok. UMKM Grobbak Korea juga melakukan promosi produk Grobbak Korea melalui Website dan Linktree. Dari kegiatan yang dilakukan terbukti dapat membantu memberikan dampak positif dalam pemasaran UMKM. Aktivitas seperti pengaktifan kembali akun media sosial, pembuatan konten terjadwal, pengunggahan foto produk serta pembuatan Website dan Linktree tersebut mampu meningkatkan interaksi dengan pelanggan. Peningkatan jumlah pengikut Instagram dan video konten di platform TikTok telah menunjukkan bahwa media sosial menjadi solusi efektif pemasaran digital bagi UMKM.

Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are global nutritional issues affecting children, particularly in developing countries. The interaction between these two conditions can lead to a more complex condition known as Vitamin A Deficiency Anemia (VADA). This study aims to review the molecular relationship between Vitamin A deficiency and iron metabolism leading to VADA, as well as its impact on children's health. The methodology used in this article is a literature review of various clinical studies, epidemiological research, and relevant molecular experiments. The results show that VADA is primarily a functional iron deficiency, where iron absorption is impaired despite overall body iron levels not being critically low. This mechanism involves the regulation of hepcidin, redistribution of iron, and its effects on erythropoiesis. Additionally, therapy with Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to increase erythropoietin and hemoglobin production in children with dual deficiencies. The implications of these findings highlight the need for more integrated therapeutic strategies that consider both Vitamin A and iron status simultaneously. Further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms more deeply involved in this interaction and to develop more effective therapies for children with VADA.