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Low back pain is a discomforting condition that can cause various disorders and potentially disrupt a person's quality of life, such as causing decreased work productivity. Therefore, it is important for the community, especially farmers in Bulakrejo Hamlet, Ngawi Regency. To improve understanding of low back pain, efforts are needed to expand farmers' knowledge regarding this condition, including its definition, prevention, and treatment in Bulakrejo Hamlet. The method applied was providing physiotherapy education through health promotion about low back pain using leaflets as a medium for information delivery. A question and answer session was also conducted to measure the level of understanding of farmers in Bulakrejo Hamlet and provide exercises that can address problems of weakness, stiffness, limitations and pain in the back muscles. The activity ran smoothly and the material was easily understood by farmers in Bulakrejo Hamlet. Evaluation results showed an increase in farmers' knowledge, from 40% to 90%. The extension activity proved effective in increasing farmers' understanding of low back pain cases.

This study discusses the spiritual development of adolescents and Christian youth in facing the challenges of the digital age. The focus of this research is on the role of parents, churches, and Christian educators in shaping the spirituality of Christian youth and youth. The results of the study show that parents, churches, and Christian educators have a very important role in guiding Christian youth and youth in their faith journey. Digital literacy teaching strategies based on Christian values and engaging adolescents and youth directly in the ministry process are some of the ways that can be done to strengthen their faith and character. In addition, this study emphasizes the importance of sustainable and contextual spiritual coaching in order to be able to answer spiritual needs in the midst of the rapid flow of information and the influence of modern culture. The Church is also expected to be able to provide a safe space for dialogue for youth and youth to express their struggles of faith. Thus, comprehensive and collaborative coaching can help create a resilient young generation of Christians, rooted in God's word, and able to face the various moral and spiritual challenges of today.

This study aims to analyze the errors made by eleventh-grade students of SMA Swasta Eria in solving word problems related to quadratic equations and quadratic function graphs using Newman’s error taxonomy. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method involving 25 students who were given essay-type tests to measure both conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. Data were collected from students’ written answers and analyzed according to Newman’s stages, which include reading, comprehension, transformation, process skills, and encoding. The findings reveal that errors occurred across all stages, with transformation errors and encoding errors being the most dominant. These mistakes generally stemmed from students’ inability to extract key information into correct mathematical models, inaccuracies in arithmetic operations, and insufficient understanding of fundamental quadratic concepts and their graphical representations. The results highlight the importance of instructional approaches that emphasize conceptual understanding, varied practice problems, and proper mathematical notation. Regular application of Newman’s error analysis is expected to help teachers provide more targeted feedback and improve students’ problem-solving abilities.

This qualitative case study examines how the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach can be adapted to general English classes in a higher education institution in Timor-Leste to answer the long-standing question of how students can acquire speaking proficiency in a multilingual learning environment. The paper brings into focus the incorporation of CLT into classroom activities with special emphasis on the application of role play, pair work, seminars, simulations, and task-based learning as means of promoting interactive and communicative competence. A descriptive qualitative case study design was used to develop in-depth knowledge of contextual teaching and learning experiences, the perspectives of the participants, and naturally occurring practices in the institutional setting. Semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis were the data-gathering methods. Purposive sampling was used to select the two lecturers and seven students directly involved in teaching general English. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, which made it possible to identify repeated themes and patterns that revealed both opportunities and difficulties in implementing CLT in context. The results of the study indicate that, despite the adaptation of the CTL approach in teaching practices, its implementation is often sporadic due to concerns about English proficiency, teacher training, and flexibility in using local and official languages during instruction. The research demonstrates the necessity of adapting CLT methods to the local education environment and arranging long-term professional development for lecturers. This study helps us understand how context-sensitive CLT approaches can lead to improved results in teaching and learning English in Timor-Leste. The interactive approach and the systematic teacher model could significantly improve students' communicative competence.

Currently, the issuance of Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the National Capital is a concrete step taken by the Government to seek the relocation and development of a new National Capital, because economic growth has so far been considered too Java-centric by some in the community. However, it cannot be denied that after the issuance of this law it triggered new problems, including the problem regarding the position of the Head of the Archipelago Capital Authority. Therefore, through this research, we will answer issues related to the position of the Head of the Archipelago Capital Authority along with the logical consequences related to his role based on the regional government system. Normative legal research methods or what is usually called doctrinal legal research, the approaches used are the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The research results show that the position of the Head of the Nusantara Capital Authority is as head of a special regional government at the provincial level. The logical consequences received from this regulation are that the election, appointment and dismissal are carried out directly by the President as per the President's prerogative, the regions are centralized, and there is no Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) as an instrument of regional autonomy.

The Socialization Program of Self-Token Economy Techniques was carried out at the Muhammadiyah Nuruddin Orphanage with the main goal of increasing the academic motivation of orphanage children through a token-based reward system approach. Children in orphanages often face challenges such as low motivation to learn, lack of incentive systems, lack of confidence, and an unconducive learning environment. To answer these problems, this program prioritizes the Self-Token Economy technique as an educational and applicative intervention strategy. The implementation method consists of the preparation stage, the implementation of socialization, and impact evaluation. The target of the activity was 15 orphanage children who were actively involved in the entire series of programs. This activity also involves strategic partners who play a role in providing facilities, technical assistance, and program sustainability planning. The results showed an increase in participants' academic motivation, characterized by increased participation in learning activities, understanding of the award system, and the emergence of independent learning initiatives. In addition, this program produces outputs in the form of scientific publications as a form of dissemination of knowledge and good practices in developing the academic motivation of orphanage children. In conclusion, the Self-Token Economy technique has proven to be effective as a social intervention approach that can be applied in the orphanage environment to support the achievement of children's education more optimally.

An answer to the worldwide need for solutions to food security, data fusion technology that combines climate data with satellite imagery greatly improves the accuracy of agricultural yield predictions; this study intends to examine the advancements, methods, and key contributions of this area. By sifting through 62 papers pulled from Scopus, this research employs the SLR methodology. Document type, data source, open access, subject area, and year of publication (2020–2024) are some of the categories filtered through by Boolean keywords in the selection process. To assess patterns in publications, the efficacy of machine learning models, and key contributions, bibliometric analysis was performed. An upward tendency in publication has been identified by the analysis, particularly beyond the year 2023. Integrating geographical and temporal data has been a great success with machine learning models like Random Forest, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting. Data resolution, integration of data from several sources, and a real-time framework are still missing pieces to the puzzle when it comes to generalizing research outcomes. More complex data fusion approaches, multiregional datasets, and advanced machine learning models to back more accurate agricultural predictions are all things that this study notes as needing additional investigation in the future. To further innovate agricultural yield prediction, multidisciplinary collaboration is also crucial.

The quality of education is a crucial issue in human resource development, because the quality of educational services has a direct impact on learning outcomes, the relevance of graduates, and the competitiveness of the nation. However, the implementation of quality management in educational institutions still faces challenges in conceptual, strategic, and practical aspects. This article aims to answer the research question: how are the basic concepts of educational quality understood and implemented in the context of educational management in Indonesia? The method used is a literature review with a qualitative approach. Data were obtained from scientific articles sourced from Google Scholar and Publish or Perish with the keyword “basic concepts of quality.” Of the 22 articles found in the 2021–2025 range, five articles were selected through a screening and validation process for further analysis. The results of the study show three main themes. First, educational quality is understood as a quality standard that encompasses effectiveness, efficiency, and student satisfaction. Second, quality improvement strategies emphasize the role of Total Quality Management (TQM) and school-based management (SBM) involving all elements of educational institutions. Third, quality implementation is realized through academic management, learning quality, and a continuous monitoring system. The conclusion shows that education quality management is an integrated process, not only focusing on results but also on continuous improvement. Further research is recommended to expand the focus on the integration of digitalization in education quality monitoring.  

This study was motivated by the reality that people do not fully understand the proper use of Indonesian, especially in terms of standard vocabulary, terminology, and synonyms. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to promote Indonesian language skills through educational content in the form of digital posters on Instagram in order to reach a wider audience. In addition, the author also used the Kahoot! application as an evaluation tool to measure social media users' understanding of standard vocabulary. The method used in this study was a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The subjects of this study were the general public who are active users of social media, especially on the Instagram platform, and there were 34 respondents. The object of this study was the respondents' answers to the quiz on the Kahoot! application. The results of this study concluded that there is still a low level of enthusiasm among the public, especially students, in using Indonesian. However, this can be minimized through the use of social media, such as the creation of interesting educational content in the form of digital posters, which have proven to be effective as an effort to foster Indonesian language in the era of digitalization.

This study aims to develop a web-based Virtual Assistant to improve the efficiency of academic information services at SMA Negeri 1 Parittiga. The research was motivated by the delays and inaccuracies in information delivery caused by the manual system still used in the school. The system development was carried out using the Research and Development approach with the Waterfall model, which includes the stages of needs analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation. The main technologies used are Natural Language Processing (NLP) and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) machine learning algorithm, which allow the assistant to understand and respond to user questions in natural language in a contextual way. The system architecture uses Flask as the backend, Vue.js as the frontend, and Laravel for administrative data management. The testing results show that the system has an accuracy level of 88.4% in providing correct answers and a user satisfaction level of 92%, surpassing the target success rate of 80%. These findings prove that integrating NLP and LSTM can enhance the system's ability to understand conversational context and speed up the distribution of academic information. The study concludes that a web-based Virtual Assistant is an effective solution for the digitalization of school information services and has the potential to support the implementation of artificial intelligence technology in secondary education in Indonesia.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has given birth to deepfake technology which has the potential to be misused to damage a person's digital identity. This research aims to analyze the mode of misuse of deepfake technology in Indonesia, examine its legal implications based on applicable laws and regulations, and examine the urgency of special regulation of deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. Applicable, as well as examining the urgency of special arrangements against deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, and data collection is carried out through literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials tertiary. The results show that deepfake abuse can take the form of spreading fake videos, face forgery and digital identity-based fraud that harms victims socially, legally and psychologically. Although several articles in the ITE Law, Personal Data Protection Law, and Criminal Code can be used to charge perpetrators, these regulations have not specifically and explicitly regulated the characteristics and technical aspects of deepfake-based crimes. This creates obstacles in law enforcement and victim protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special regulations or amend existing laws so that the legal system in Indonesia is able to answer the challenges of deepfake technology appropriately, fairly, and effectively.

Holding a socialization activity to teach 6th grade students at SD 014662 the habit of saving money from an early age. This activity aims to foster students' interest in saving money. Character education, including learning about money and the habit of saving money from an early age, is the main basis for this activity because many elementary school students are still not interested in saving money. The main objectives of this outreach program are to raise awareness of the benefits of saving, encourage students to get into the habit of saving, train them in self-control, introduce them to basic financial services, and enhance their creativity by making piggy banks from recycled materials. The program implementation method is divided into several stages, namely coordination, media preparation, outreach, and piggy bank making. This activity was carried out face-to-face at SD 014662 Desa Perk.Gunung Melayu. The target of this activity was 6 sixth-grade students of SD 014662 aged between 11 and 12 years old. Various activities were carried out, including presenting material on the definition, benefits, and socialization of how to save money. In addition, there were also practical activities, namely making piggy banks from used cans and determining savings targets. The savings socialization activity was carried out smoothly and succeeded in arousing students' interest in saving money. They also gained a better understanding of the meaning, benefits, and methods of saving money. All sixth-grade students appeared enthusiastic and interested, listening attentively to the material and actively asking and answering questions. The activity of making and decorating piggy banks from used cans also successfully stimulated the students' creativity. In addition, students began putting their remaining pocket money into the piggy banks and setting savings targets, indicating a shift in habits from being consumptive to being more economical. From the results of these activities, it can be concluded that socializing the habit of saving from an early age with a practical and interactive approach is very effective in increasing interest and forming disciplined habits in managing children's money.

Improving the quality of education has become a strategic issue in efforts to strengthen the competitiveness and credibility of educational institutions in the era of globalization. One crucial approach to achieving this goal is developing a quality culture as a system of values, attitudes, and habits oriented towards continuous improvement. This article aims to systematically review how the concept of quality culture is applied in the educational context and answer the question: how do strategies for strengthening quality culture contribute to improving the performance of educational institutions? This research uses a qualitative approach using the Literature Review (LR) method. The data sources were scientific articles from 2020–2025 accessed through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) with the keyword "quality culture." Of the 30 articles found, 5 were selected for thematic analysis. The review results revealed three main trends: (1) the importance of academic leadership and supervision in fostering a quality culture, (2) the role of internal quality assurance systems in consistent quality implementation, and (3) the impact of quality culture on improving institutional performance. In conclusion, quality culture is a key element in the success of sustainable education. Further research is recommended to examine digital-based and collaborative quality culture models.

Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon in every organization, whether in business, education, or social contexts. If not managed properly, conflict has the potential to reduce performance; however, if handled constructively, it can become a source of innovation. Based on this issue, this study aims to answer the main question: how is conflict understood and managed according to recent literature findings? The method used is a literature review by searching for articles through several online databases using the keywords "organizational conflict," "conflict management," "types of conflict," and "resolution strategies." From an initial search result of 17 articles, after a screening process, 15 articles met the criteria for further analysis. The analysis results reveal three main themes. First, conflict in organizations can be categorized into several types, such as intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup conflicts. Second, the sources of conflict often stem from differences in interests, ineffective communication, and unequal distribution of resources. Third, conflict resolution strategies vary, including mediation, collaborative communication, compromise, deliberation, and approaches based on religious values.

Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon in organizational life and has the potential to greatly affect performance, interpersonal relationships, and institutional sustainability. The complexity of interactions in educational, business, and social environments makes this issue increasingly relevant for in-depth study. This study aims to examine the development of scientific studies on types of conflict and conflict management strategies over the past six years. The main focus of the study is to answer two questions: what types of conflict are most dominant in organizations, and how are conflict resolution strategies applied in various institutional contexts? The research method used is a literature review with the main keyword “types of conflict,” through searches in several scientific databases. From the selection results, five relevant articles were obtained and then analyzed based on research themes and trends. The analysis results show three main findings. First, conflicts within organizations can be classified into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intergroup conflicts. Second, conflict resolution strategies emphasize the importance of effective communication, collaboration, mediation, and participatory leadership in creating sustainable solutions. Third, ethical and religious dimensions are also important aspects in building fair and harmonious resolutions. This study confirms that effective conflict management requires a multidimensional approach that integrates managerial, psychological, and moral values. Researchers are encouraged to conduct comparative studies between institutions to enrich their understanding of organizational conflict dynamics.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the question-and-answer method in mathematics learning. The research method employed is a literature review using a descriptive qualitative approach. Findings from several relevant studies indicate that the question-and-answer method enhances students' learning outcomes, fosters active participation, and strengthens critical thinking and communication skills. Variations in its implementation, such as multi-directional questioning, chain questioning, and experiment-based questioning, enrich classroom interaction and help students grasp abstract mathematical concepts. Furthermore, the method promotes an interactive learning environment where students are encouraged to think critically, reflect on their understanding, and actively engage with their peers. The collaborative nature of the question-and-answer technique supports the development of social skills, making it an effective tool for both cognitive and social learning. Therefore, the question-and-answer method can be considered an effective instructional strategy to improve the quality of mathematics learning, particularly in enhancing problem-solving abilities, fostering a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts, and improving student-teacher interactions.

This study aims to examine the application of behaviorism learning theory in enhancing student engagement in mathematics learning, particularly arithmetic sequences and series. The study was conducted at SMK Karya Serdang Lubuk Pakam with 24 tenth-grade students in a single meeting on September 17, 2025. The research team delivered the material, provided stimulus in the form of problems written on the board, and applied positive reinforcement by giving rewards to students who dared to and successfully answered. Data were collected through observation, field notes, and brief interviews. The results showed a significant increase in student engagement: more students volunteered to solve problems on the board, the classroom atmosphere became more lively, and participation in discussions improved. Although some students remained hesitant, the behaviorist strategy proved effective in enhancing motivation and engagement. These findings reinforce the theories of Thorndike, Pavlov, and Skinner, which emphasize the stimulus–response relationship and reinforcement as the basis of learning (Hamruni et al., 2021; Yusup, 2024).

Patient satisfaction is a feeling that arises from the performance of health services that have been obtained after the patient compares it with what was expected. Rather than the reality that occurs there are still complaints about outpatient registration services based on electronic medical records, Frequent obstacles are if the network is disrupted, then access to the EMR can be hampered or cannot be accessed at all and the limited capacity of the waiting room is also an obstacle, especially with the large number of patients during peak hours so that many patients wait outside the waiting room. This study aims to determine the level of patient satisfaction in outpatient registration based on EMR. This study uses a quantitative method with a population of 13,750 and a sample of 99 outpatients. Based on the results of the study in 2025, it can be concluded that patient satisfaction with RME-based outpatient registration in the aspect of tangibles can be categorized as "Less Satisfied" especially regarding facilities such as AC/Television, from the aspect of reliability it can be categorized as "Satisfied" even though there are a few respondents who answered "Less Satisfied", from the aspect of responsiveness it can be categorized as "Satisfied" even though there are some patients who feel "Less Satisfied", from the aspect of assurance in RME-based outpatient registration it can be categorized as "Satisfied" but there are a small number of patients who answered "Less Satisfied" and from the aspect of empathy it can be categorized as "Satisfied" even though there are some patients who answered "Less Satisfied". So the researcher's suggestion is that the Hospital improves the quality of the waiting room, especially AC, television, increases the number of chairs and provides adequate seating for all patients, so that patients are more comfortable and avoid overcrowding

This community service activity aims to improve the understanding and skills of the community of Selebung Village, Batukliang District, Central Lombok Regency, in using the Riset Inovasi (Rinov) application as a means of registration for the Liga Sinova competition. The main problem faced by the community is the limited information regarding technical procedures and competition requirements. The implementation methods included observation, coordination with village officials, material planning, and a one-day training session. The training began with a pre-test, presentation of material from the official module, a question and answer session, practice in registering for a Rinov account, and concluded with a post-test and group photo. The evaluation results showed an increase in participants' understanding, as seen from the comparison of pre-test and post-test scores with an increase of 25%, so that participants were able to register their accounts in a more focused manner. Additionally, this activity encouraged village officials to provide follow-up assistance, ensuring the program's sustainability. Thus, this training contributed to community empowerment through the use of the Rinov application and strengthened their participation in the Liga Sinova competition.

Dependence on chemical fertilizers has caused a decline in soil quality, groundwater contamination, and rising agricultural production costs due to unstable fertilizer prices. In recent years, frequent fertilizer crises have revealed the fragility of reliance on inorganic fertilizers within the national agricultural system. Hence, a transformation toward environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture is urgently required. This study employed a scoring technique to analyze field observation data, which were narrated based on the written methodology. Respondents’ answers were categorized and classified according to their assumptions or opinions, with scores determined using a Likert scale. The Likert scale measures attitudes, opinions, and perceptions of individuals or groups regarding specific social phenomena. The results showed that key driving factors—such as affordable fertilizer prices, support from agricultural extension workers, and social encouragement from the community—achieved scores above 82%. This finding indicates that external conditions are quite favorable for promoting the use of organic fertilizers. However, major challenges remain, including the limited availability of organic fertilizers in the field and farmers’ long-standing dependency on chemical fertilizers. To address these challenges, it is essential to enhance the market availability of liquid organic fertilizers (POC) through collaboration between producers and farmer groups. Continuous technical assistance should be provided, including demonstration plots that display tangible improvements in rice yields using POC. Furthermore, government support in the form of targeted subsidies or special incentives for farmers transitioning to organic fertilizers is vital, while strengthening the role of farmer groups and agricultural extension workers as catalysts for the adoption of environmentally friendly innovations.